This ppt is actually my Performance Task but Bagyong Oddette came and unfortunately I didn't pass this ppt, hope a lot of youngsters being able to use this
Session no. 2.2. biological molecules proteins and enzymesanonymous143
This document discusses proteins and enzymes. It begins by listing learning objectives about classifying proteins by structure and function, explaining protein roles in metabolism, and describing enzyme components and how factors like pH and temperature affect enzyme activity. Students then perform tests to identify proteins, fats, starch and sugars. The document discusses complete and incomplete proteins, what proteins are made of, their four levels of structure, and functions like structure, movement, transport, signaling, catalysis and immune response. It describes hemoglobin, enzymes as biological catalysts, the lock and key model of enzyme action, and factors like temperature, pH and substrate concentration that influence enzyme activity.
This teaching guide lesson introduces students to the major organelles and structures found within cells, including the endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix. Students will demonstrate their understanding by constructing 3D models of whole cells using local materials that show the endomembrane system, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The models aim to help students understand the structures and functions of these organelles.
The document discusses the structures and roles of biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides which serve roles as energy sources and building blocks. Lipids such as triglycerides function as energy stores and membrane components. Proteins have complex structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels which allow them to serve diverse functions essential to life.
This document defines proteins and describes their structure and classification. It states that proteins are biological polymers made from amino acids, and there are 20 essential amino acids. Proteins are classified into seven major classes based on their function, including structural, contractile, storage, transport, signal, enzymatic and defensive proteins. The document also outlines the four levels of protein structure: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure involves local folding into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets; tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape from folding; and quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple folded proteins.
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
Biomolecules are organic compounds needed for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are used for energy storage. Lipids such as fats and oils store energy and act as cell membrane components. Proteins are made of amino acids and have structural and mechanical functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and carry genetic information.
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in Senior High School (STEM) Gene...EngineerPH EducatorPH
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It defines cell division as the process where a cell divides into two daughter cells. The key stages of the cell cycle are interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase involves chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. Metaphase aligns chromosomes at the center. Anaphase separates sister chromatids. Telophase reforms the nuclei and divides the cytoplasm.
Session no. 2.2. biological molecules proteins and enzymesanonymous143
This document discusses proteins and enzymes. It begins by listing learning objectives about classifying proteins by structure and function, explaining protein roles in metabolism, and describing enzyme components and how factors like pH and temperature affect enzyme activity. Students then perform tests to identify proteins, fats, starch and sugars. The document discusses complete and incomplete proteins, what proteins are made of, their four levels of structure, and functions like structure, movement, transport, signaling, catalysis and immune response. It describes hemoglobin, enzymes as biological catalysts, the lock and key model of enzyme action, and factors like temperature, pH and substrate concentration that influence enzyme activity.
This teaching guide lesson introduces students to the major organelles and structures found within cells, including the endomembrane system, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, and extracellular matrix. Students will demonstrate their understanding by constructing 3D models of whole cells using local materials that show the endomembrane system, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The models aim to help students understand the structures and functions of these organelles.
The document discusses the structures and roles of biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides which serve roles as energy sources and building blocks. Lipids such as triglycerides function as energy stores and membrane components. Proteins have complex structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels which allow them to serve diverse functions essential to life.
This document defines proteins and describes their structure and classification. It states that proteins are biological polymers made from amino acids, and there are 20 essential amino acids. Proteins are classified into seven major classes based on their function, including structural, contractile, storage, transport, signal, enzymatic and defensive proteins. The document also outlines the four levels of protein structure: primary structure is the amino acid sequence; secondary structure involves local folding into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets; tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape from folding; and quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple folded proteins.
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
Biomolecules are organic compounds needed for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are used for energy storage. Lipids such as fats and oils store energy and act as cell membrane components. Proteins are made of amino acids and have structural and mechanical functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and carry genetic information.
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in Senior High School (STEM) Gene...EngineerPH EducatorPH
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Chemistry-1-and-2.pdf
General Chemistry
GenChem
STEM
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Chemistry 1 and 2
Quarter 1 – General Chemistry 1
Matter and Its Properties
Measurements
Atoms, Molecules and Ions
Stoichiometry
Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Chemical reactions and chemical equations
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Gases
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
Gas stoichiometry
Kinetic molecular theory of gases
Quarter 2 – General Chemistry 1
Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic Structure and Periodicity
Chemical Bonding
Organic compounds
Quarter 3 – General Chemistry 2
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids
Physical Properties of Solutions
Thermochemistry
Chemical Kinetics
Quarter 4 – General Chemistry 2
Chemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Equilibrium
Acid-Base Equilibria and Salt Equilibria
Electrochemistry
The document discusses cell division and the cell cycle. It defines cell division as the process where a cell divides into two daughter cells. The key stages of the cell cycle are interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Mitosis is further broken down into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase involves chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown. Metaphase aligns chromosomes at the center. Anaphase separates sister chromatids. Telophase reforms the nuclei and divides the cytoplasm.
The document discusses meiosis, the process by which sex cells are produced. It explains that meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid sex cells, such as eggs and sperm, each with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. This ensures that when an egg and sperm unite, the offspring receives a full set of chromosomes. The stages of meiosis I and meiosis II are described in detail, and meiosis is contrasted with the process of mitosis. The document also notes that errors during meiosis can result in genetic disorders like Down syndrome.
Carbohydrates are organic molecules that provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are four main subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that can be classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides are formed through dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides can be used for storage, such as starch and glycogen, or for structure, such as cellulose and chitin. Oligosaccharides are combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides.
The document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or many organelles, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have a nucleus that houses their DNA and many membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Some organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes are common to both cell types, but eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria that carry out important processes.
The document summarizes key concepts about the plasma membrane and cell transport mechanisms. It defines the plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier that follows the fluid mosaic model. It then describes the main components of the plasma membrane - phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. The document outlines different transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport mechanisms like primary active transport and secondary active transport. It provides examples of transport proteins and discusses endocytosis and exocytosis.
This document describes the different levels of biological organization in multicellular organisms from cells to biosphere. It discusses five levels - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. Cells are the basic unit and make up tissues. Tissues combine to form organs, organs work together in organ systems, and organ systems function as a whole organism. Higher levels depend on and are affected by the levels below them. The document provides examples to illustrate each level of organization.
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document provides information on proteins, including:
- Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules and constitute about 50% of cellular dry weight. They perform structural and dynamic functions in the cell.
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups and have varying side chains that determine their properties.
- The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids as determined by genes. Higher levels of structure include secondary, tertiary and quaternary organization that influence a protein's shape and function.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. It explains the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. It provides details on digestion in each part of the alimentary canal and the roles of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in aiding digestion.
There are 4 main types of biomolecules that make up living things: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These large molecules are composed of carbon and other atoms bonded together. Energy is stored in the covalent bonds of these biomolecules and released when they are broken down during chemical reactions in the body, which allows the body to use the parts to build new molecules and structures.
Endocrine System, Nervous System And Homeostatic Control[1]sacklax40
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and mood through hormone secretion from glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems and uses neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to transmit signals and coordinate responses to changes both internally and externally. Together these systems allow the body to detect changes, process information, and enact responses to maintain a stable internal state.
A detailed lesson plan in biology for grade 9swissmitchick
This document provides a detailed lesson plan for teaching non-Mendelian inheritance patterns to 9th grade biology students. The lesson plan includes objectives, materials, ideas, procedures, and an evaluation section. Key points that will be discussed include incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked traits, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and environmentally influenced traits. Students will participate in a preparatory activity, discussion, practice exercises in groups, and generalization of concepts.
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics of life, including organization, acquiring materials and energy, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth and development, and adaptation. It also discusses the classification of living things into domains, kingdoms, and species. Finally, it covers the organization of the biosphere into populations, communities, ecosystems, and the human impact on biodiversity.
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitosis phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
The document summarizes the four major macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses that macromolecules are composed of smaller molecules called monomers, and three of the four classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) are polymers of these monomers. The document also provides examples of monomers that make up each macromolecule type, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides, and describes some of the key functions of each macromolecule class.
"Here are the steps to properly set up and maintain a lab notebook:
1. Get a bound notebook with numbered pages. This helps ensure pages aren't removed or replaced.
2. Date each entry and include your name and any lab partners or group members.
3. Clearly state the purpose or problem being investigated.
4. Note any relevant background information or research.
5. State your hypothesis or prediction of what will occur.
6. List all materials and equipment used in the procedures section.
7. Record step-by-step methods and procedures used clearly and concisely.
8. Note any observations, data, and results systematically in tables or graphs as applicable.
This document discusses the fundamental properties and classification of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and it is made of atoms which combine to form elements or compounds. The properties of matter can be extensive, depending on amount, or intensive, not depending on amount. Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states and undergoes physical changes that do not alter its chemical identity or chemical changes that create new substances. Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their own properties, while pure substances have consistent composition and properties regardless of sample.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and are found in plants and animals. The basic parts of a cell include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus containing DNA, and various organelles that perform important functions like producing energy, transporting materials, and breaking down waste. Plant and animal cells have similar structures but also differences like plant cells containing a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that are essential for life. The document provides details on the structures, functions and examples of each. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that perform a wide range of functions. Lipids are nonpolar molecules like fats and phospholipids that form cell membranes. Carbohydrates include sugars that serve as energy stores or structural components. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.
Cells are the basic units of living organisms and contain organic molecules enclosed in a membrane. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. They both play essential roles in storing and expressing genetic information.
The document discusses meiosis, the process by which sex cells are produced. It explains that meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid sex cells, such as eggs and sperm, each with half the number of chromosomes as body cells. This ensures that when an egg and sperm unite, the offspring receives a full set of chromosomes. The stages of meiosis I and meiosis II are described in detail, and meiosis is contrasted with the process of mitosis. The document also notes that errors during meiosis can result in genetic disorders like Down syndrome.
Carbohydrates are organic molecules that provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are four main subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that can be classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides are formed through dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides can be used for storage, such as starch and glycogen, or for structure, such as cellulose and chitin. Oligosaccharides are combinations of monosaccharides and disaccharides.
The document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not have a nucleus or many organelles, while eukaryotic cells found in plants, animals and fungi have a nucleus that houses their DNA and many membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Some organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes are common to both cell types, but eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex with structures like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria that carry out important processes.
The document summarizes key concepts about the plasma membrane and cell transport mechanisms. It defines the plasma membrane as a selectively permeable barrier that follows the fluid mosaic model. It then describes the main components of the plasma membrane - phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. The document outlines different transport mechanisms including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, as well as active transport mechanisms like primary active transport and secondary active transport. It provides examples of transport proteins and discusses endocytosis and exocytosis.
This document describes the different levels of biological organization in multicellular organisms from cells to biosphere. It discusses five levels - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. Cells are the basic unit and make up tissues. Tissues combine to form organs, organs work together in organ systems, and organ systems function as a whole organism. Higher levels depend on and are affected by the levels below them. The document provides examples to illustrate each level of organization.
The document discusses cell theory and the history of cell discovery. It explains that Robert Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope. Anton van Leeuwenhoek later discovered single-celled organisms. In the 1830s-1840s, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow developed cell theory, which states that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The document also describes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document provides information on proteins, including:
- Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules and constitute about 50% of cellular dry weight. They perform structural and dynamic functions in the cell.
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. Amino acids contain amino and carboxyl groups and have varying side chains that determine their properties.
- The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids as determined by genes. Higher levels of structure include secondary, tertiary and quaternary organization that influence a protein's shape and function.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. It explains the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion. It provides details on digestion in each part of the alimentary canal and the roles of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in aiding digestion.
There are 4 main types of biomolecules that make up living things: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These large molecules are composed of carbon and other atoms bonded together. Energy is stored in the covalent bonds of these biomolecules and released when they are broken down during chemical reactions in the body, which allows the body to use the parts to build new molecules and structures.
Endocrine System, Nervous System And Homeostatic Control[1]sacklax40
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system regulates processes like growth, metabolism, and mood through hormone secretion from glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, and adrenal glands. The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems and uses neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to transmit signals and coordinate responses to changes both internally and externally. Together these systems allow the body to detect changes, process information, and enact responses to maintain a stable internal state.
A detailed lesson plan in biology for grade 9swissmitchick
This document provides a detailed lesson plan for teaching non-Mendelian inheritance patterns to 9th grade biology students. The lesson plan includes objectives, materials, ideas, procedures, and an evaluation section. Key points that will be discussed include incomplete dominance, co-dominance, sex-linked traits, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and environmentally influenced traits. Students will participate in a preparatory activity, discussion, practice exercises in groups, and generalization of concepts.
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics of life, including organization, acquiring materials and energy, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, growth and development, and adaptation. It also discusses the classification of living things into domains, kingdoms, and species. Finally, it covers the organization of the biosphere into populations, communities, ecosystems, and the human impact on biodiversity.
The cell cycle consists of interphase and the mitosis phase. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the chromosomes and cell contents are separated into two daughter cells. Meiosis includes two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates sister chromatids.
The document summarizes the four major macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses that macromolecules are composed of smaller molecules called monomers, and three of the four classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) are polymers of these monomers. The document also provides examples of monomers that make up each macromolecule type, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides, and describes some of the key functions of each macromolecule class.
"Here are the steps to properly set up and maintain a lab notebook:
1. Get a bound notebook with numbered pages. This helps ensure pages aren't removed or replaced.
2. Date each entry and include your name and any lab partners or group members.
3. Clearly state the purpose or problem being investigated.
4. Note any relevant background information or research.
5. State your hypothesis or prediction of what will occur.
6. List all materials and equipment used in the procedures section.
7. Record step-by-step methods and procedures used clearly and concisely.
8. Note any observations, data, and results systematically in tables or graphs as applicable.
This document discusses the fundamental properties and classification of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and it is made of atoms which combine to form elements or compounds. The properties of matter can be extensive, depending on amount, or intensive, not depending on amount. Matter exists in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states and undergoes physical changes that do not alter its chemical identity or chemical changes that create new substances. Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their own properties, while pure substances have consistent composition and properties regardless of sample.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm or egg cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. This results in four daughter cells with half the chromosome number, allowing for genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg, restoring the full chromosome number.
All living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units. Cells come from preexisting cells through cell division. Cells can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and are found in plants and animals. The basic parts of a cell include a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus containing DNA, and various organelles that perform important functions like producing energy, transporting materials, and breaking down waste. Plant and animal cells have similar structures but also differences like plant cells containing a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Continuation of the cell structure and function. This presentation highlights the cell cycle and concentrate on how cell division occur and the steps involved in cell dividing.
2018/2019
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that are essential for life. The document provides details on the structures, functions and examples of each. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that perform a wide range of functions. Lipids are nonpolar molecules like fats and phospholipids that form cell membranes. Carbohydrates include sugars that serve as energy stores or structural components. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis.
Cells are the basic units of living organisms and contain organic molecules enclosed in a membrane. Macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating units called monomers that polymerize. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate. They both play essential roles in storing and expressing genetic information.
Proteins and nucleic acids are important macromolecules that make up cells. Proteins are composed of amino acids and perform critical functions like structure and catalysis. The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. DNA provides genetic instructions and replicates, while RNA has roles in protein synthesis. ATP is an energy-carrying molecule made from RNA nucleotides.
Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules essential for life. They include DNA and RNA and are made of nucleotides. DNA contains the genetic instructions in cells and is organized into chromosomes. It exists as a double helix held together by base pairing between purines and pyrimidines. RNA has several types and functions in protein synthesis or regulation. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids and also have important roles in metabolism. DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleus through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes and higher-order chromatin structures.
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acidExamples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Examples in biomolecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid
Example
This document provides information about the basic biochemistry of cells. It discusses the discovery of cells and cellular structures. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of living organisms and discusses the cellular pool of organic and inorganic materials. It also summarizes cellular metabolism, the basic chemical constituents of cells including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It provides classifications and roles of these biomolecules. Finally, it briefly discusses cellular enzymes and factors that affect enzyme activity.
UNIT IV Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information.pptxAshwiniBhoir2
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Catabolism of purine nucleotides, Hyperuricemia and Gout disease
Organization of mammalian genome
Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
DNA replication (semi-conservative model)
Transcription or RNA synthesis
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
Nucleic acids are macromolecules found in all cells that are involved in storing and transmitting genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA contains the cell's genetic instructions and is located in the nucleus. It takes the shape of a double helix and can make copies of itself. RNA assists in carrying out the instructions in DNA and helps make proteins. Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. Nucleoproteins are proteins linked to nucleic acids and are important components of chromosomes.
This document provides an overview of amino acids and proteins. It discusses the basic structure of amino acids, the 20 common proteinogenic amino acids, and the properties of amino acids. It then describes the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation, are summarized. Applications of proteins in nanoscience are mentioned, such as using proteins for drug delivery and self-assembly.
This document discusses proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. It provides details on their chemical structures and functions. Proteins are polymers formed from amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. They function as energy stores and structural components. Lipids form large structures through weak interactions rather than covalent bonds. They are nonpolar and amphipathic, functioning in energy storage, cell membranes, and more.
The document discusses the structure and function of four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It explains that carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage and structure. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Proteins have many functions including structure, movement, transport, and communication. Lipids compose cell membranes and are used for energy storage.
The document discusses the key biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - that make up living organisms. It provides examples of each type of biomolecule and explains their structure and functions. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and phospholipids, proteins are made of amino acids in complex structures related to their function, and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis. These biomolecules are the basic building blocks and materials that make up living cells and perform essential functions.
The document summarizes the four major macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It discusses that macromolecules are composed of smaller molecules called monomers, and three of the four classes (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) are polymers of these monomers. The document also provides examples of monomers that make up each macromolecule type, such as monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides, and describes some of the key functions of each macromolecule class.
The document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living cells. It describes the four main types of biological macromolecules as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, and serve functions like energy storage. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform diverse roles such as structure, enzymes, transport. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and control protein synthesis. Each biomolecule has distinct but vital functions that allow cells and organisms to survive.
This document summarizes key aspects of genetics, including the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and their role in replication, transcription, and translation. It describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of DNA and different types of RNA, including their structure and role in protein synthesis. Specifically, it notes that DNA stores and transmits genetic information as sequences of nucleotides, while various RNAs (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) are involved in transcription and translation using this genetic code to produce proteins.
Biomolecules are organic compounds that are present in living organisms. The four primary types of biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbon is the most important element in biomolecules as it can form diverse and complex organic compounds through its ability to form bonds with four other atoms. Proteins are polymers of amino acids, while nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. Amino acids and nucleotides are the basic monomeric units that join together through condensation reactions to form the larger macromolecules. There are 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins in living organisms.
This document defines nucleic acids and their types. It discusses that nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases and sugars. The two main types are DNA and RNA. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is a double-stranded helix. RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine. The document also describes the three types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - and their functions in protein synthesis. It provides details on the structure and role of these biomolecules.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 2 biomoleculesRai University
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the three main types of biomolecules. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform most bodily functions. Carbohydrates are the main energy source and come in simple and complex forms. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and other fatty substances that serve as energy stores and membrane components. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions and have various roles in industrial and biological processes.
This document discusses protein synthesis through DNA and RNA. It begins by explaining how DNA stores instructions for making proteins through genes located on chromosomes. The building blocks of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are described. The three main types of RNA - rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA - are introduced along with their roles in protein synthesis. The 20 amino acids that serve as building blocks for proteins are also listed. The document then outlines the three main steps of protein synthesis: transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to amino acids by ribosomes, and protein folding. Examples are provided to illustrate each step of the protein synthesis process.
Similar to Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules Grade 11 Biology.pptx (20)
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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2. •PROTEINS
• Proteins are also a group of biomolecule alongside
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid. A protein is an
organic compound composed of chains of amino acids.
• Proteins, which make up 20% of our bodies, have
various functions. They can serve as structural
components, transport molecules, enzymes and cell
signals
• All proteins are macromolecules which are synthesized
by polymerizing or stringing together specific
combinations of amino acids. Unlike carbohydrate and
lipid monomers, amino acid monomers are composed
of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms.
3. An amino group
(---NH2)
is the nitrogen-
containing portion.
03
04
01
02
A carboxyl group
(---COOH)
is the portion with a
carboxylic acid
A hydrogen atom
is bonded to the a-
carbon via single bond
An R group
which is also called the
radical group or side
chain, is the variable
group that is unique in
every amino acid.
• Each amino acid consists a central carbon (also called a-carbon) bonded
to four covalent groups. These four attachments are common to all amino
acids, which are follows.
4. standard code for
synthesizing proteins in
our cells uses 20 kinds of
amino acids. Each amino
acid has a unique side
group, which gives
amino acid its special
chemical properties
• Almost 500 types of
amino acids exist in
nature. However, the
5. Based on Nutritional Requirements
Essential amino Semi-essential amino Non-essential amino
acids acids acids
Isoleucine Arginine Alanine, Aspargine
Leucine Histidine Tyrosine, Aspartic acid
Lysine, Methionine Cysteine, Glutamic acid
Phenylalanine Glycine, Proline
Threonine Serine, Hydrosxylysine
Tryptophan, Valine Glutamine, Hydroxyproline
Based on Chemical Properties
Non Polar Polar Aromatic Positively Negatively
Amino acids Charged Charged
Glycine Serine Phenylalanine Lysine Aspartic Acid
Alanine Threonine Tyrosine Arginine Glutamatic Acid
Valine Cysteine Tryptophan Histidine
Leucine Proline
Isoleucine Aspargine
Methionine Glutamine
• Cells link amino acid monomers together by dehydration reactions. This
means that combining two amino acids together yields a water molecule.
This bond between adjacent amino acids is called a peptide bond.
6. 2
1
3 4
The quaternary structure
refers to proteins with
multiple protein subunits.
The secondary structure
refers to the formation of
sheets or helices of amino
acid chains.
The primary structure
refers to the amino acid
sequence of proteins.
The tertiary structure
refers to the three
dimensional structure of
a protein.
• Protein shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment. Any unfavorable change
in temperature, pH, salinity, or some other conditions can cause a protein to unravel
and lose its normal shape. This phenomenon is called denaturation of a protein.
• Our body has thousands of different kinds of proteins. It is possible to make such a
variety of proteins from just 20 kinds of amino acids because of the diversity of their
arrangements and combinations. Ultimately, proteins can be classified into their
structures as follows
7. The urea cycle refers to a set
of biochemical reactions
that produces urea from
ammonium ions in order to
prevent toxic levels in the
body. This cycle occurs in
the liver and, to a lesser
extent, in the kidneys.
Ammonium ions are
produced from the
breakdown of amino acids,
wherein an amine group, or
ammonium ion, from the
amino acid, is exchanged
with keto group on another
molecule
• Urea Cycle
8. The term nucleic in these
biomolecules comes from the
fact that they are found in the
nuclei of eukaryotic cells or
nucleoid in prokaryotic cells.
Their primary functions is to
store and transmit genetic
information in every cell of
living organisms.
Two groups of nucleic
acids exist ---the
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic
acid (RNA).
Nucleic Acid
9. • General Nucleotide Structure:
Nucleic Acids are also biological
polymers that consist of repeating
subunits. Their monomers are called
nucleotides, which are small organic
molecules that may functions as
energy carriers, enzyme helpers,
chemical messengers, and
information repositories.
10. 1. adenine which is abbreviated as A;
2. thymine which is abbreviated as T;
3. cytosine which is abbreviated as C;
and
4. guanine which is abbreviated as G
• In DNA, each nucleotide has one of four different bases:
11. DNA is a doubled-stranded molecule. It is a double helix that resembles a spiral staircase or
twisted ladder, consisting of two polynucleotide chains that are connected through the pairing of
bases. During base pairing, adenine always pairs with thymine, while cytosine always pairs with
guanine.
RNA is usually a single polynucleotide strand, as opposed to the DNA helix, which is composed of
two polynucleotide strands.
The other two differences between DNA and RNA include the ribose sugar in RNA (instead of
deoxyribose in DNA) and the uracil base in place of the thymine in DNA.
In terms of function, RNA is essential in expressing the information contained in the DNA molecule.
Roles of DNA Molecules: 1.) Storage of genetic information, 2.) Expression of genetic information,
3.) Ability to be replicated, 4.) Variation through mutation
One of the functions of RNA is to enable cells to use the protein-encoding information in DNA. The
cell uses the order of nucleotides in DNA to guide the production of RNA and proteins.
Three classes of RNA: 1.) Messenger RNA (mRNA), 2.) Transfer RNA (tRNA), 3.) Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)
12. Difference between DNA and RNA are
DNA RNA
It is double stranded nucleic
acid.
It is single stranded nucleic acid.
It contains deoxyribose sugar. It contains ribose sugar.
It contains Thymine (T) as a
nitrogenous base.
It contains Uracil (U) instead of
Thymine.
It is the genetic and hereditary
material of the cells.
It is involved in synthesis of
proteins.
It is the present in the nucleus of
the cells.
It is present in both nucleus and
cytoplasm.