White box testing, also called glass box or transparent testing, involves testing the internal structure or code of a system. It requires knowledge of the system's code and tests each statement, branch, and path of the code. Statement coverage tests that each statement is executed at least once, branch coverage tests all possible outcomes of conditions, and path coverage tests all possible paths through the code. Together these coverage types aim to thoroughly test the internal logic and functionality of the system.

1. STRUCTURE
TESTING
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2. STRUCTURE TESTING
• Also called as white box, glass box, clear box and transparent testing
• It test the structure of system i.e. code
• Tester needs knowledge for software code
• Identifies unreachable code
• In-depth knowledge about the programming language is necessary
to perform white box testing
• White-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system
levels of the software testing process
• We test code for Product/Software i.e. code coverage
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3. STRUCTURE TESTING CONTD.
• Code coverage includes by 3 coverages:
• Statement Coverage
• Branch/Decision Coverage
• Path Coverage
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4. STATEMENT COVERAGE
• This technique is aimed at exercising all programming statements
with minimal tests
• Covers only true conditions
• Verify what code is expected to do
• It doesn't verify every condition, we need branch and path
coverage
• Test case is executed in such a way that every node is traversed
at-least once
• Find shortest path such that all the Edges are covered at-least
once
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5. STATEMENT COVERAGE
Example:
Read x
Read y
if x>y then
print "hello"
End if
x=2, y=1
Number of statements exercised
statement coverage = ------------------------------------------------ * 100
Total number of statements
Read x
Read y
If
x>y Print hello
False True
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6. BRANCH/DECISION COVERAGE
• This technique is running a series of tests to ensure that all
branches are tested at least once
• If checks all scenarios of True/False i.e. IF,WHILE etc conditions
• It validated all the branches of code
• To calculate Branch Coverage, one has to find out the minimum
number of paths which will ensure that all the edges are traversed
• 100% decision coverage guarantees 100% statement coverage
• 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision
coverage
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7. BRANCH COVERAGE
Example:
Read x
Read y
if x>y then
print "hello"
End if
X=10, Y=5
X=2, Y=10
Number of decision outcomes executed
Branch coverage = ------------------------------------------------------------ * 100
Total number of decision outcomes
Read x
Read y
If
x>y Print hello
False True
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8. PATH COVERAGE
• This technique corresponds to testing all possible paths which
means that each statement and branch are covered
• Find all the paths from source to destination
• 100% Path coverage will imply 100% Statement coverage
• 100% Path coverage will imply 100% Branch/Decision coverage
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9. BRANCH COVERAGE
Example:
Read x
Read y
if x>y then
print "hello"
End if
if x==1 then
print “hi”
End if
SC=1, BC=2 and PC=4
Number of decision outcomes executed
Branch coverage = ------------------------------------------------------------ * 100
Total number of decision outcomes
Read x
Read y
If
x<y Print hello
False True
If
x==1 Print hello
TrueFalse
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10. THANKS
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