Unit 3 Control Flow Testing contains Concept of CFT, Generate Test Input Data, Activities of Generating Test Input Data, Control Flow Graph, Path Selection Criteria, Techniques for Path Selection statement wise, branch wise, predicate wise etc. and Generating Test Input.
Software Test Metrics and MeasurementsDavis Thomas
Explains in detail with example about calculation of -
1.Percentage Test cases Executed [Test Coverage]
2.Percentage Test cases not executed
3.Percentage Test cases Passed
4.Percentage Test cases Failed
5.Percentage Test cases BLOCKED/Deferred
6.Defect Density
7.Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
8.Defect Leakage
9.Defect Rejection ratio [Invalid bug ratio]
10.Percentage of Critical defects
11.Percentage of High defects
12.Percentage of Medium defects
13.Percentage of Low/Lowest defects
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.
Software Test Metrics and MeasurementsDavis Thomas
Explains in detail with example about calculation of -
1.Percentage Test cases Executed [Test Coverage]
2.Percentage Test cases not executed
3.Percentage Test cases Passed
4.Percentage Test cases Failed
5.Percentage Test cases BLOCKED/Deferred
6.Defect Density
7.Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
8.Defect Leakage
9.Defect Rejection ratio [Invalid bug ratio]
10.Percentage of Critical defects
11.Percentage of High defects
12.Percentage of Medium defects
13.Percentage of Low/Lowest defects
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Static testing is a software testing method that involves examination of program's code and its associated documentation but does not require the program to be executed.
Static Testing Techniques
Informal Reviews
Formal Reviews
Technical Reviews
Walk Through
Inspection Process
Static Code Review
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application based on the specifications.
White box testing is a testing technique, that examines the program structure and derives test data from the program logic/code
Software testers are also well trained to take care of bugs that arise during the functioning of any software program. With the right quality assurance training, you will be armed with all the essentials to be qualified as a software tester. It is also essential that you enroll for a duly approved and certified training in quality assurance.
Once you acquire the necessary qa training, you will also learn the two most important skills required in software testing- advanced technical knowledge and communication.
As a proficient software tester, you should ideally possess strong written and verbal communication skills.
Good communication is important to ensure you are able to put our concepts and ideas across so that other team members understand your vision as well as understanding of the situation at hand. Even a small miscommunication can lead to serious errors in the completion of the software project.
The role of a QA professional is quite an integral one since it eases off the burden of other personnel like stakeholders, software developers as well as software managers. These people do not have to constantly worry about the quality, performance as well the errors faced in developing as well as using any new software developed.
Register For A Free DEMO:
website: www.qaonlinetrainings.com
phone: +1-609-308-7395(USA)
Email: training@qaonlinetrainings.com
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/8UfQ8quw0Eg
(**Test Automation Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/automation-testing-engineer-training **)
This Edureka PPT on "What is Integration Testing?" will help you get in-depth knowledge on integration testing and why it is important to subject software builds to integration tests before moving on to next level of testing.
Levels of Software Testing
What is Integration Testing?
Different Approaches to Integration Testing
How to do Integration Testing?
Examples of Integration Testing
Integration Testing Challenges & Best Practices
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In software testing, there are many paths between the entry and exit of a software program. So it’s difficult to fully test all paths of even a simple unit. This is a challenge when we design test cases.
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
Static testing is a software testing method that involves examination of program's code and its associated documentation but does not require the program to be executed.
Static Testing Techniques
Informal Reviews
Formal Reviews
Technical Reviews
Walk Through
Inspection Process
Static Code Review
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application based on the specifications.
White box testing is a testing technique, that examines the program structure and derives test data from the program logic/code
Software testers are also well trained to take care of bugs that arise during the functioning of any software program. With the right quality assurance training, you will be armed with all the essentials to be qualified as a software tester. It is also essential that you enroll for a duly approved and certified training in quality assurance.
Once you acquire the necessary qa training, you will also learn the two most important skills required in software testing- advanced technical knowledge and communication.
As a proficient software tester, you should ideally possess strong written and verbal communication skills.
Good communication is important to ensure you are able to put our concepts and ideas across so that other team members understand your vision as well as understanding of the situation at hand. Even a small miscommunication can lead to serious errors in the completion of the software project.
The role of a QA professional is quite an integral one since it eases off the burden of other personnel like stakeholders, software developers as well as software managers. These people do not have to constantly worry about the quality, performance as well the errors faced in developing as well as using any new software developed.
Register For A Free DEMO:
website: www.qaonlinetrainings.com
phone: +1-609-308-7395(USA)
Email: training@qaonlinetrainings.com
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/8UfQ8quw0Eg
(**Test Automation Masters Program: https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/automation-testing-engineer-training **)
This Edureka PPT on "What is Integration Testing?" will help you get in-depth knowledge on integration testing and why it is important to subject software builds to integration tests before moving on to next level of testing.
Levels of Software Testing
What is Integration Testing?
Different Approaches to Integration Testing
How to do Integration Testing?
Examples of Integration Testing
Integration Testing Challenges & Best Practices
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
In software testing, there are many paths between the entry and exit of a software program. So it’s difficult to fully test all paths of even a simple unit. This is a challenge when we design test cases.
This ppt is done by my dear classmate Sap, almost each ppt I have uploaded is copied from net and other sources.I hope this will b a little useful for students..
A WHITE BOX TESTING TECHNIQUE IN SOFTWARE TESTING : BASIS PATH TESTINGJournal For Research
Software Testing is the emerging and important field of IT industry because without the concept of software testing, there is no quality software which is produced in the industry. Verification and Validation are the two basic building blocks of software testing process. There are various testing tactics, strategies and methodologies to test the software. Path Testing is one such a methodology used to test the software. Basically, path testing is a type of White Box/ Glass Box/ Open Box/ Structural testing technique. It generates the test suite based on the number of independent paths that are presented in a program by drawing the Control Flow Graph of an application. The basic objective of this paper is to acquire the knowledge on the basis path testing by considering a sample of code and the implementation of path testing is described with its merits and demerits.
A Path-Oriented Automatic Random Testing Based on Double Constraint Propagationijseajournal
A key issue in software testing is the actual generation of test data from program input domain. Obviously,
more accurate input domain is, more efficient test generation is. This paper presents a path-oriented
automatic random testing method based on double constraint propagation. For a given path, its domain
can be reduced by splitting an input variable domain and executing a double constraint propagation
algorithm. Moreover, a random test data generator is developed according to the reduced path domain and
the test experiments are conducted on a number of programs. Experimental results show that the method
gets more accurate path domain than PRT (path-oriented random testing) approach, and random testing
efficiency can thus be enhanced by using the proposed method.
These slides gives you information about path testing and data flow testing in software testing. These slides will be helpful for Engineering, CSE students.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. CONCEPTS
Two kinds of Basic Statements in Program
Assignment Statements
Conditional Statements
Conditional Statements alters the default
sequential control flow of program.
A program unit must be having a proper entry-point
and exit-point, single or multiple.
Sequence of instruction from Entry-Point to Exit-
Point is called Path. 2
3. CONCEPTS
A specific input value causes a specific path to be
executed.
That performs desired operations to produce
expected output.
More execution of higher number of paths, at
higher cost, may not be effective to relieve defaults.
Control Flow Testing is a kind of Structural Testing
which is performed by programmer to test code
written by them.
3
5. ACTIVITIES IN GENERATE TEST INPUT DATA
Over all idea of generation test input data is to
perform control flow testing.
Those activities performed and intermediate results
are produced.
Input: Source Code & Set of Path Selection Criteria.
Generation of a Control Flow Graph:
aim to visualize all possible paths in program unit.
Graphical Representation of execution.
5
6. ACTIVITIES IN GENERATE TEST INPUT DATA
Selection of Paths:
Paths are selected from CFG to satisfy Path Selection Criteria.
Generation of a Test Input Data:
A Path can be executed if and only if input to program unit
cause all conditional statements to true or false as per CFG.
Such path is called Feasible Path.
Otherwise it’s known as Infeasible Path.
6
7. ACTIVITIES IN GENERATE TEST INPUT DATA
Feasibility Test of Path:
Idea behind it to check the path is to meet the path selection
criteria.
If some path founds to be infeasible, then new paths are
selected to be feasible.
7
8. CONTROL FLOW GRAPH
A CFG is graphical representation of a program.
Three symbols are used.
8
11. PATH SELECTION CRITERIA
A Program Unit with small number of paths,
executing all paths may desirable and achievable.
But if large number of paths, then executing all
path may not be practical.
What paths do I select for testing?
it is more productive for programmers to select a
small number of program paths in an effort to
reveal defects
11
12. ADVANTAGES OF PATH SELECTION
Following, advantages of selecting paths based on
defined criteria:
The programmer needs to observe the outcome of
executing each program construct.
do not generate test inputs which execute the same
path repeatedly. It’s a waste of resources.
If same path updates state of program, then repeat
execution of same path is not identical.
Programmer can know the program features that have
been tested and those not tested
12
13. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION
All-Path coverage criteria
If all-path are selected in CFG, then one can detect all
faults.
Except those due to missing path error.
Program may contain infinite number of paths.
So, if all paths are selected to perform testing, then all-
path selection criteria has been satisfied.
13
17. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION [CONT…]
Statement Coverage Criteria
Refers to the individual program statement and
measure the outcome.
100% achieved if all statements are executed.
Its weakest coverage criteria.
All program statements must be represent in CFG with
proper representation.
So, basic problem is to select few feasible path for
covering all nodes in CFG.
So, path length should be longer in increasingly
manner.
17
18. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION [CONT…]
Branch Coverage Criteria
Each node in CFG may have one or two branches.
Covering branch means selecting path that includes
that branch.
Complete branch coverage means selecting a number
of paths such a way that all possible branches must be
included in those path.
18
19. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION [CONT…]
Predicate Coverage
Criteria
Includes logic check
inside program, that
covers all
statements and
branch coverage
criteria.
19
20. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION [CONT…]
So need to design test cases that covers all the
possible conditions (logic).
The False branch of node 5 (Figure 4.9a) is
executed under exactly one condition, namely,
when OB1 = False, OB2 = False, and OB3 = False,
whereas the true branch executes under seven 20
21. TECHNIQUES FOR PATH SELECTION [CONT…]
If all possible combinations of truth values of the
conditions affecting a selected path have been
explored under some tests, then we say that
predicate coverage has been achieved.
For Example, The path taking the true branch of
node 5 in Figure 4.9a must be executed for all
seven possible combinations of truth values of
OB1, OB2, and OB3 which result in OB = True.
21
22. GENERATING TEST INPUT
After having an identified path, main question is
how to select input values?
Such that, when program is executed with such
input values, the selected path gets executed.
So, it needs to identify input to force path
execution.
22
23. GENERATING TEST INPUT
For that some terms need to go through,
1. Input Vector
Collection of all data entities
Fixed prior entering to routine / program.
Like, input arguments, global variables, files, network
connections, timers, etc…
For example, input vector for OPENFILE() function is
presence or absence of file1, file2, file3 and so on.
23
24. GENERATING TEST INPUT
2. Predicate
It’s a logical function evaluated at decision point.
In this figure, OB is a predicate at decision point
24
25. GENERATING TEST INPUT
3. Path Predicate
It’s a set of predicates associated with the path.
25
26. GENERATING TEST INPUT
4. Predicate Interpretation
Predicate interpretation is defined as the process of
symbolically substituting operations along a path in
order to express the predicates solely in terms of the
input vector and a constant vector.
Means, there is no role play of local variables inside
functions because they are not visible to outside
functions.
Those local variables can be easily substituted by the
elements of input vector using symbolic substitution.
26
28. GENERATING TEST INPUT
5. Path Predicate Expression
An interpreted path predicate is called a path predicate
expression with following properties.
composed of input vector and constant vector
set of constraints composed from input vector
Forcing input values can be generated from constraints in path
predicate expression.
If set of constraint can not be solved, then selected path can
not be executed.
An infeasible path is not responsible for path predicate
expression, that dissatisfied.
infeasibility of path forces to choose other path which meet
proper criteria. 28
30. GENERATING TEST INPUT
6. Generating Input Data from PPE
The respective Path Predicate Expression must be
solved in order to generate input data which can force a
program to execute a selected path.
30
31. COINCIDENTAL CORRECTNESS
In spite of the fault available in the code, some test
data produces the correct result, that’s known as
Coincidental Correctness.
For Example,
31
Produces correct result in
CFG at slide number 9
32. CONTAIN INFEASIBLE PATH
A CFG may contain number of paths, shorter or
longer.
Not practical to execute or analyze all paths.
So, define strategy like,
Select as many as sort paths which are feasible
Choose longer path to achieve coverage of statements,
predicates and branches.
Reduce number of infeasible paths through language
design, program design, program transformations.
33. CONTAIN INFEASIBLE PATH
Bertoline and Marre,
gave an algorithm which generate set of feasible paths.
Based on idea, Reduced Flow Graph, called ddgraph.
Yates & Malevries,
Suggests a strategy to select a path with minimum
number of predicates.