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Endosperm development
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
Structure & Types of ovule
The ovule is a multicellular oval-shaped structure which originates from the placenta and lies inside the chamber of the ovary.
Gymnosperms – Naked
Angiosperms – Integumented
A fully mature ovule consists of the stalk or funicle and the body.
The body of the ovule shows two ends –
Basal end - Chalaza &
Upper end - Micropylar end
Hilum - The point of attachment of the funicle with the body
Body of the ovule
Integuments
Nucellus &
Embryo Sac
Integuments
Protecting layers
Unitegmic or bitegmic
Micropyle-small opening at the apex of the integument, Entrance for Pollen tube.
Nucellus
Parenchymatous, nourishing
Embryo sac/female gametophyte - oval, at the micropylar end; contains egg apparatus.
Egg Apparatus
Egg cell or ovum – Central, forms the female gamete
Synergids - nonfunctional, short-lived
Antipodal cells – 3, non functional, short-lived
Nucleus – 2, Polar nuclei, one fuses with male gamete and grows into the endosperm of the seed.
Types of Ovule
Orthotropous
Anatropous
Hemianotropous
Campylotropous
Amphitropous
Circinotropous
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Endosperm in Angiosperms
This is a part of online class for the undergraduate students of Botany, government First Grade College, Yelahanka, Bangalore
Structure of ovule
The document summarizes the structure of the ovule and types of ovules. It describes that the ovule consists of an integument(s), funicle, nucellus, and micropyle. There are two main types of integuments - unitegmic with one integument and bitegmic with two integuments. Six types of ovules are described based on the position of the micropyle and chalaza relative to the funicle: orthotropous, anatropous, hemi-anatropous, campylotropous, amphitropous, and circinotropous. Anatropous ovules have the body completely inverted so
Deveopment of embryo in monocot and dicot
The document summarizes the development of different embryo types in plants, including dicot and monocot embryos. It describes the key stages of proembryo formation from the zygote through cell divisions that establish the suspensor and hypophysis and organize tissue layers. Specific embryo types discussed include Onagrad, Solanad, Caryophyllad, Chenopodiad, and Piperad. The development of the filament tube structure is also outlined.
Structure of Anther
This document discusses the structure and development of the anther wall in flowering plants. It notes that the anther wall consists of four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. It transports nutrients to developing spores and is involved in exine formation, either through amoeboid intrusion into the anther locule or secretion of substances. The document provides details on the structure and function of each anther wall layer.
Pollen wall & mgu
This PPT explores the structure of pollen wall, origin, function and different attributes along with male germ unit(MGU).
Anther walls and their function
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
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Endosperm development
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue found in seeds after fertilization that provides nutrients for embryo development. There are three main types of endosperm: nuclear, cellular, and helobial. The endosperm can either be absorbed during embryo development, leaving the seed endospermless, or persist as a storage tissue. In some plants the endosperm stores fats, while in grains like wheat and corn it mainly stores starches. Histologically, endosperm cells are isodiametric and fill with storage materials, while some plants have an aleurone layer that secretes enzymes to aid in seed germination.
Structure & Types of ovule
The ovule is a multicellular oval-shaped structure which originates from the placenta and lies inside the chamber of the ovary.
Gymnosperms – Naked
Angiosperms – Integumented
A fully mature ovule consists of the stalk or funicle and the body.
The body of the ovule shows two ends –
Basal end - Chalaza &
Upper end - Micropylar end
Hilum - The point of attachment of the funicle with the body
Body of the ovule
Integuments
Nucellus &
Embryo Sac
Integuments
Protecting layers
Unitegmic or bitegmic
Micropyle-small opening at the apex of the integument, Entrance for Pollen tube.
Nucellus
Parenchymatous, nourishing
Embryo sac/female gametophyte - oval, at the micropylar end; contains egg apparatus.
Egg Apparatus
Egg cell or ovum – Central, forms the female gamete
Synergids - nonfunctional, short-lived
Antipodal cells – 3, non functional, short-lived
Nucleus – 2, Polar nuclei, one fuses with male gamete and grows into the endosperm of the seed.
Types of Ovule
Orthotropous
Anatropous
Hemianotropous
Campylotropous
Amphitropous
Circinotropous
Dr. T. Annie Sheron
Annie Sheron
Kakatiya Government College
Endosperm in Angiosperms
This is a part of online class for the undergraduate students of Botany, government First Grade College, Yelahanka, Bangalore
Structure of ovule
The document summarizes the structure of the ovule and types of ovules. It describes that the ovule consists of an integument(s), funicle, nucellus, and micropyle. There are two main types of integuments - unitegmic with one integument and bitegmic with two integuments. Six types of ovules are described based on the position of the micropyle and chalaza relative to the funicle: orthotropous, anatropous, hemi-anatropous, campylotropous, amphitropous, and circinotropous. Anatropous ovules have the body completely inverted so
Deveopment of embryo in monocot and dicot
The document summarizes the development of different embryo types in plants, including dicot and monocot embryos. It describes the key stages of proembryo formation from the zygote through cell divisions that establish the suspensor and hypophysis and organize tissue layers. Specific embryo types discussed include Onagrad, Solanad, Caryophyllad, Chenopodiad, and Piperad. The development of the filament tube structure is also outlined.
Structure of Anther
This document discusses the structure and development of the anther wall in flowering plants. It notes that the anther wall consists of four layers - epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, and tapetum. The tapetum is the innermost layer and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. It transports nutrients to developing spores and is involved in exine formation, either through amoeboid intrusion into the anther locule or secretion of substances. The document provides details on the structure and function of each anther wall layer.
Pollen wall & mgu
This PPT explores the structure of pollen wall, origin, function and different attributes along with male germ unit(MGU).
Anther walls and their function
Wall layers of anther have different functions most importantly they help in providing nutrition to developing pollens and also help in anther dehiscence.
Types of embryosac
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
Dicot embryogenesis
After double fertilization and triple fusion, the zygote secretes a cellulose wall and divides into two cells - an upper embryonal cell and lower suspensor cell. The embryonal cell divides into eight octant cells which then divide further, forming a surface layer of dermatogen cells and an inner embryonal mass. The dermatogens and embryonal mass cells continue dividing and differentiating to form the various parts of the embryo, including the plumule, cotyledons, radicle, and hypocotyledons.
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This document discusses monocot and dicot embryogenesis. It describes the key structures and regions of the embryonic axis in monocots and dicots, including the epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledons, plumule, and radicle. It also summarizes the different types of dicot embryogenesis based on the contribution of the apical and basal cells, such as the onagrad, asterad, solanad, and chenopodiad types. The embryogenesis process in the monocot Najas is also outlined in detail.
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The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Microsporogenesis
The document summarizes microsporogenesis, the development of the male gametophyte, and pollen morphology. It describes the structure of the anther and the development of microspores through meiosis within the microsporangia. The tapetum layer provides nutrients and enzymes that help separate microspores into pollen grains. Pollen grains contain a vegetative cell that divides to form two sperm cells or a generative cell that divides into two sperm, comprising the male germ unit that travels within the pollen tube. Pollen grains have an outer sculpted exine layer and inner intine layer. Their size, symmetry, and exine ornamentation vary between species.
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This PPT has intended to explore the ovule of angiosperms and its diversity for undergraduate students of plant sciences.
130 ovule development revised
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis involve the formation of microspores and their development into pollen grains containing sperm cells. A key gene involved is QUARTET (QRT), which functions to degrade pectin and allow separation of microspores from the tetrad. Pollen grains contain two cells - a vegetative cell and generative cell.
Ovule development involves the formation of integuments around the nucellus. A megaspore mother cell differentiates and undergoes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The functional megaspore then undergoes three mitotic divisions to form an eight-nucleate embryo sac containing three antipodals, two synergids, two
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2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
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It will be helpful to the students for their quick reference.
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The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
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This document summarizes the life cycle and reproduction of Anthoceros, a genus of hornworts. It describes the vegetative and sexual reproduction methods. Vegetative reproduction occurs through progressive thallus decay and regeneration, tubers, gemmae, and persistent growing apices. Sexual reproduction involves antheridia that produce antherozoids and archegonia that house eggs. Fertilization occurs when an antherozoid penetrates an egg within the archegonium. A sporogonium develops from the fertilized egg and undergoes meiosis to produce spores. The spores germinate to form a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle.
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Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of; India : 75% Amazon : 43% Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Microsporogenesis
The document summarizes microsporogenesis, the development of the male gametophyte, and pollen morphology. It describes the structure of the anther and the development of microspores through meiosis within the microsporangia. The tapetum layer provides nutrients and enzymes that help separate microspores into pollen grains. Pollen grains contain a vegetative cell that divides to form two sperm cells or a generative cell that divides into two sperm, comprising the male germ unit that travels within the pollen tube. Pollen grains have an outer sculpted exine layer and inner intine layer. Their size, symmetry, and exine ornamentation vary between species.
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This PPT has intended to explore the ovule of angiosperms and its diversity for undergraduate students of plant sciences.
130 ovule development revised
Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis involve the formation of microspores and their development into pollen grains containing sperm cells. A key gene involved is QUARTET (QRT), which functions to degrade pectin and allow separation of microspores from the tetrad. Pollen grains contain two cells - a vegetative cell and generative cell.
Ovule development involves the formation of integuments around the nucellus. A megaspore mother cell differentiates and undergoes meiosis to form a linear tetrad. The functional megaspore then undergoes three mitotic divisions to form an eight-nucleate embryo sac containing three antipodals, two synergids, two
Funaria ( bryophytes)
This document summarizes the morphology and life cycle of the moss Funaria. It belongs to the division Bryophyta, class Bryopsida, order Funariales and family Funariaceae. Funaria hygrometrica is the most common and widespread species. It grows in moist, shady places. The plant body is a gametophyte that is differentiated into a protonema and upright gametophores. It reproduces sexually through antheridia and archegonia on separate gametophores, and vegetatively through fragmentation. Fertilization occurs when sperm are released from antheridia and travel to archegonia. This results in a sporophyte called a sporogonium that
Pollen wall morphogenesis and anther Dehiscence
Pollen wall development is important phenomenon for determining the further morphology of pollen grain .
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
cycas.pptx
This document provides information about the plant Cycas, including its systematic position as a gymnosperm in the division Cycadophyta. It describes key aspects of the Cycas plant body such as its short, tuberous stem covered in tough leaf bases that bears a crown of large fern-like leaves. The document outlines the structure and development of Cycas female cones and ovules, which have an erect structure with a micropyle opening and integument layer that becomes stony during seed formation. References on gymnosperms and the genus Cycas are also provided.
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This document discusses heterospory and the seed habit in plants. It begins by introducing heterospory as the production of two different types of spores, microspores and megaspores, which is considered a prerequisite for seed formation in plants. It then describes how certain plant species like Selaginella show heterospory, with microsporangia producing many microspores and megasporangia containing just a few megaspores. The highest evolved species of Selaginella, S. apoda, has progressed towards characteristics of seed plants like retaining its single megaspore within the sporangium for fertilization. In summary, the key steps in the evolution of the seed habit involved the development
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Initiation of flowering -Genetic & Molecular aspects is an important domain in the field of reproductive biology of angiosperms.The different genes along with the role of vernalization & homeotic genes has been explored here with diagram diagram.
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This upload includes description of structure of microsporangium, microsporogenesis, pollen grain and megasporogenesis.
It will be helpful to the students for their quick reference.
Endosperm
ENDOSPERM
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1. Nuclear Endosperm with examples
2. Cellular Endosperm with examples
3. Helobial Endosperm with examples
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This power point intends to explore the different type of proteins present in the pollen wall of angiosperms.
Albugo
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(2) During asexual reproduction, sporangiophores produce chains of sporangia on the leaf surface that release zoospores or germinate directly to infect other leaves.
(3) During sexual reproduction in unfavorable conditions, antheridia and oogonia are produced deeper in host tissues and undergo fertilization to form thick-walled oospores that overwinter in soil or plant debris.
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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