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1. Cerebrovascular
accident
(Stroke)

2. • A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident is an emergency
medical condition characterised by an acute
compromise of the cerebral perfusion or vasculature.
• A stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment
is crucial. Early action can reduce brain damage and
other complications.
• Stroke carries a high risk of death
• Survivors can experience loss of vision and speech,
paralysis and confusion.

3. • Causes :-
• There are two main causes of stroke :-
• Ischemic stroke :- most common type of stroke. It
happens when the brain’s blood vessels become
narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood
flow.
• Blocked or narrowed blood vessels are caused by fatty
deposits that build up in blood vessels or by clots and
other debris that travel through the bloodstream most
often from the heart and lodge in the blood vessels in
the brain.

4. • Hemorrhagic stroke :-
• It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or
ruptures. Brain haemorrhage can result from many
conditions that affect the blood vessels.
• Factors related to hemorrhagic shock include :
• Hypertension
• Aneurysm
• Trauma
• Obesity

5. • Risk factors –
• Physical inactivity
• Obesity
• Use of illegal drugs
• Hypertension
• Smoking
• High cholesterol
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Age

6. • Complications :-
• Paralysis or loss of muscle movement
• Difficulty in talking and swallowing
• Memory loss or thinking difficulties
• Emotional problems
• Pain or numbness

7. • Signs and symptoms :-
• Sudden numbness
• Confusion
• Trouble in seeing
• Trouble in walking
• Severe headache
• Paralysis
• Fainting
• Dizziness

8. Diagnosis :-
• A physical examination
• Blood tests
• CT scan
• MRI
• Carotid ultrasound
• Cerebral angiogram

9. Treatment :-
To treat an ischemic stroke, we must quickly restore the
blood flow to the brain.
1) Emergency iv medications - clot dissolving drugs
(alteplase)
2) Emergency endovascular procedures
3) Carotid endarterectomy
4) Angioplasty and stents.

10. • Treatment of hemorrhagic stroke :
• Surgery to remove blood and relieve pressure on the
brain.
• Surgical clipping – in this procedure a tiny clip/clamp is
placed at the base of the aneurysm to stop blood flow
to it.
• Coiling – in this procedure a catheter is inserted into an
artery in the groin and guided to the brain and the
surgeon will place tiny detachable coils into the
aneurysm to fill it.