Introduction to Awadh Architecture
It's History and Architecture Details
Various Architectural Buildings in Lucknow and their features
Survey of an old resedential building and its architectural and construction details.
Introduction to Awadh Architecture
It's History and Architecture Details
Various Architectural Buildings in Lucknow and their features
Survey of an old resedential building and its architectural and construction details.
Vastupurusa
For the basis of Hindú architecture often reference is made to Vastupurusa or “the spirit of the site”. One legend explains this as follows. There was an evil demigod (bhuta) who was born during Siva’s fight with the Asur Andhaka. This bhuta possessed a terrifying countenance and an insatiable hunger. The legend goes that having done great penance, the bhuta won a boon from Siva that allowed him to swallow the three worlds that constitute the Hindu cosmos. As this being stretched himself and began to occupy the heavens, he fell flat on the earth. The various gods and demigods seized this opportunity and pinned various parts of his body to the ground, rendering him helpless. This being came to be called Vast (or Vastupurusa) because the gods and demigods managed to lodge themselves on his body. Legends hold that the deities, in pinning him down, occupied different parts of his body and continued to reside there (Figure1). In order to satisfy his hunger, Brahma ordained that he receive offerings from people on building sites before construction. The body of the Vastupurusa is supposed to be sensitive at a number of points called marmas. The well-being of the Vastupurusa assures the well-being of the building and, by implication, its owner. An important criterion for any building, therefore, is to avoid injury to the marmas located on the body of the Vastupurusa. To ensure that this is achieved, texts prohibit any direct construction upon the marmas themselves. The marmas are specifically said to lie at the intersection of major diagonals, seen as the veins (siras or nadis) of the purusa.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
Vastupurusa
For the basis of Hindú architecture often reference is made to Vastupurusa or “the spirit of the site”. One legend explains this as follows. There was an evil demigod (bhuta) who was born during Siva’s fight with the Asur Andhaka. This bhuta possessed a terrifying countenance and an insatiable hunger. The legend goes that having done great penance, the bhuta won a boon from Siva that allowed him to swallow the three worlds that constitute the Hindu cosmos. As this being stretched himself and began to occupy the heavens, he fell flat on the earth. The various gods and demigods seized this opportunity and pinned various parts of his body to the ground, rendering him helpless. This being came to be called Vast (or Vastupurusa) because the gods and demigods managed to lodge themselves on his body. Legends hold that the deities, in pinning him down, occupied different parts of his body and continued to reside there (Figure1). In order to satisfy his hunger, Brahma ordained that he receive offerings from people on building sites before construction. The body of the Vastupurusa is supposed to be sensitive at a number of points called marmas. The well-being of the Vastupurusa assures the well-being of the building and, by implication, its owner. An important criterion for any building, therefore, is to avoid injury to the marmas located on the body of the Vastupurusa. To ensure that this is achieved, texts prohibit any direct construction upon the marmas themselves. The marmas are specifically said to lie at the intersection of major diagonals, seen as the veins (siras or nadis) of the purusa.
Islamic Architecture in India: Imperial styleAr. TANIA BERA
The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the Imperial style. Indo-Islamic architecture may be divided into few phases starting from the twelfth century to sixteenth century. The sultanate of Delhi was undergone the regular change as five dynasties rose & fell; namely Slave dynasty, Khalji dynasty, Tughluq dynasty, Sayyid & Lodi dynasty.
This paper depicts a vast knowledge on vernacular architecture of India. Vernacular architecture refers to the buildings which are constructed by the knowledge of local technology and craftsmanship, using locally available building materials; simultaneously, ensuring climatic comforts to the users. Thus vernacular architecture is related to the climatic issues, cultural and socio-economic conditions of different regions of any country. Hence, India is a country with diversified climate and socio-cultural conditions. Here, each region has its own unique characteristics of building design in the form of climate-responsive vernacular architecture. The aim of this paper is to assemble all those different types of vernacular practices throughout the different climatic regions of India.
The book "Baolis of Delhi" was a result of my extensive research of Stepwells of Delhi, I was greatly inspired by Aqua-ducts of Rome & Cisterns of Istanbul.
A detailed description of the evolution of courtyards, how they are used around the world and particularly in the Indian context.
(I'm sorry about the annoying webdings font. Slideshare didn't recognize the one I had used. Should've just stuck with Times New Roman.)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Stepwells, also called bawdi or baoli are wells in which the water can be reached by
descending a set of steps. They may be covered and protected, and are often of
architectural significance. It can be multi-storied also in which a bullock turns the water
wheel ("Rehant") to raise the water in the well to the first or second floor.
They are most common in the west of India. They may be also found in the other
more arid regions of the subcontinent, extending into Pakistan. The construction may be
utilitarian, but sometimes includes significant architectural embellishments.
A number of distinct names, sometimes local, exist for stepwells. In Hindi speaking
regions, they include names based on baudi (including bawdi, bawri, baoli, bavadi). In
Gujarati and Marwari language, they are usually called vav.
3. Structure
All forms of the stepwell may be considered to be particular examples of the many types
of storage and irrigation tanks that were developed in India, mainly to cope with
seasonal fluctuations in water availability. A basic difference between stepwells on the
one hand, and tanks and wells on the other, was to make it easier for people to reach the
ground water, and to maintain and manage the well.
In some related types of structure (johara wells), ramps were built to allow cattle to
reach the water. The majority of surviving stepwells originally also served a leisure
purpose, as well as providing water. This was because the base of the well provided relief
from daytime heat, and more such relief could be obtained if the well was covered. This
led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features, often
associated with dwellings and in urban areas. It also ensured their survival as monuments.
4. History
Stepwell construction is known to have gone on from at least 600AD. Most existing
stepwells date from the last 800 years. There are suggestions that they may have originated
much earlier, and there are some suggestions that precursors to them can be seen in the
Indus Valley civilisation.
Numbers of surviving stepwells can be found in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Delhi, Madhya
Pradesh, and Maharashtra. There are also smaller numbers elsewhere including in the
British isles where the water source is close to the surface [now covered over at Rooskeyin
Co. Leitrim}.
The great Mughal emperor Babur recorded in his memoirs that he built a baoli in Agra
Fort, India. The baoli was completed after the battle of Khanua in 1527 and Babur placed
an inscription there to this effect. Babur actually used two "Rehant's" to carry the water to a
higher level. This was altered when Akbar built his palaces (1565-1573). It was necessary to
use a third Rehant to raise water. Therefore a three-storeyed water pavilion was erected at
the mouth of the second well and three overhead tanks were built on its roof. Water from
Babur's baoli was conducted into these tanks. This plan was again altered when Shah Jahani
Mahal was built. Massive walls were raised in the middle of Babur's baoli and the rooms
were closed up. Alternative arrangements of water supply to the overhead tanks was made.
Babur's baoli is now buried in the basement apartments is only partially accessible. The
overhead tanks with inscribed tablets have survived intact
5. Significant ones include:
• The Rani Ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat.
• Agrasen ki Baoli, New Delhi.
• The Adalajni Vav at Adalaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• Chandinath ki vav of Bhinmal.
• In Neemrana (Rajasthan), when arriving from New Delhi.
• Raniji ki Baori in Bundi, Rajasthan.
• The Pushkarani monument at Vijayanagara, Karnataka.
• Some in Amber, including the 'PannaMeena ka Kund' and 'SaraiBawdi'
• The Sharenshwarni vav at Halvad, Gujarat.
• Several existing structures in Delhi, including a recent pre-Mughal finding in the Red
Fort.
6. Chand Baori, Rajasthan
Chand Baori, in the village of Abhaneri near
Bandikui, Rajasthan. Stepwells, also called bawdi or
baoli are in essence wells in which the water can be
reached by descending a set of steps. They may be
covered and protected, and are often of architectural
significance. Chand Baori well is 30meters deep, it
has 13floors and 3,500 steps.
Built back in the 10th century, the incredible well of
Chand Baori, India was a practical solution to the
water problem in the area. The arid climate forced
the locals to dig deep for a dependable water source,
one that would last throughout an entire year.
Legends say that ghosts build it in one night and that
it has so many steps to make it impossible for
someone to retrieve a coin once it's been dropped in
the well.
Stepwell at the lost city of Vijayanagara, KarnatakaIn
the lost city of Vijayanagarathere is a large step pond
style well near the ruins of Hampi, similar to
ChandBoari, but with four symmetrical sides.
7. Rani Ji Ki Baori, Bundi
The small city of Bundi, Rajasthan is sometimes
called "The City of Stepwells" for the more than 50 wells
in and around the city. The Rani Ji Ki or "Queen's
Stepwell" is the most famous. It was built in 1699 by the
spurned second wife of the king, who was cast aside
after she bore him an heir. She turned her energies to
public projects, building nearly 20 wells, including the 46
meter Rani Ki Ji. 40 feet wide at the top, 200 steps
descend to the water.
8. Agrasen Ki Baoli, New Delhi
In 2002, more than two months of digging removed
centuries of silt and trash from the Agrasen well in Delhi.
Located close to the the famous Jantar Mantar observatory, the
well is deep and rectangular in shape, 60 meters long, by 15
meters wide, with with 103 steps, some of which are
submerged. The construction dates is unknown, but it most
likely dates to the mid 1300s. A new appreciation for these
wells come both from renewed cultural and architectural pride,
but also in realizing that the ancient system of holding water
still makes a lot of sense.
9. The Rani Vav, Patan
The Rani Vav (Queen's well) at Patan,
It was built during the late eleventh century, is probably the most magnificent step-well
in Gujarat. Multi-storey colonnades and retaining walls link a stepped tank to a deep
circular well. Throughout, the ornamentation is sumptuous. Columns, brackets and
beams are encrusted with scrollwork and the wall niches are carved with figures. Hindu
deities alternate with alluring maidens on the walls flanking the staircase. Its
monumental construction and ornate treatment suggest that it also served a ritual
ceremonial purpose.
10. The Dada Harir's vav, Ahmedabad
Together with the vav at Adalaj, is the finest example
of the Muslim period. The Dada Harir's vav is
modelled on the earlier Mata Bhavani's vav, though it
has an additional domed pavilion at the entrance. One
striking feature of this vav is the complete absence of
figural themes. The motifs in stylized scrollwork that
adorn the wall niches may be compared with those
that appear in Islamic architecture. The vav at Adalaj,
located 12 miles north of Ahmedabad, is octagonal.
As the long flight of steps descend, columns and
connecting beams create open structures of
increasing complexity; the receding perspectives of
columns and cross-beams are particularly striking.
Wall niches incorporate miniature pilasters, eaves and
roof-like pediments.