Stephen graham urbicide on the west bank
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An overview of how Israel's warfare against Palestinian civilians and cities since 2002 amounts to a strategy of 'urbicide' -- the deliberate killing of the city
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Stephen graham exploring urbicide
The document discusses the concept of "urbicide", which refers to the deliberate targeting and destruction of cities and urban areas. It provides seven key points about urbicide: (1) it often involves purposive urban planning and dehumanization of target populations; (2) it constructs "us vs them" binaries; (3) urban planning has been used as an "aggressive" act; (4) it requires dehumanizing and demonizing the enemy; (5) it is often asymmetric; (6) it involves disrupting infrastructure; and (7) popular culture legitimizes urbicide through militarized entertainment. However, the document also notes that cities are resilient and always being reconstructed
Prof. Stephen Graham; Cities as Battlespace: The New Military Urbanism
An exposé of how contemporary political violence now operates through the sites, spaces and infrastructures of everyday urban life.
Cities are the new battleground of our increasingly urban world. From the slums of the global South to the wealthy financial centers of the West, "Cities as Battlespace: The New Military Urbanism', a presentation based on the 2010 Verso book 'Cities Under Siege', traces the spread of political violence through the sites, spaces, infrastructure and symbols of the world’s rapidly expanding metropolitan areas.
Israel's Last Stand
The document discusses Israel's current conflict with Palestinian terrorists as Israel's "last stand". It summarizes that over 2,000 rockets have been fired at Israel from Gaza in the last five days, and Israel has nowhere else to go as the only Jewish state. The document argues that while Israel tries to minimize civilian casualties, it cannot tolerate thousands of rockets being fired at its cities and will respond forcefully to defend itself, as no other country would allow such attacks. It asserts that those who want to continually attack and boycott Israel do not understand Israel's determination to survive, as the Jewish people have learned from history that they cannot back down from anti-Semitic threats to their existence.
Cities and the 'war on terror': Imaginative Geographies, Inter-City Relations...
This document discusses how cities are portrayed in imaginative geographies related to the "War on Terror". It argues that both "homeland" and "target" cities are constructed through binary representations. "Homeland" cities like those in the US are reimagined as national security spaces threatened by external forces, through ubiquitous "terror talk" and a focus on borders/surveillance. "Target" cities in places like the Middle East are orientalized and reduced to military targets, denying local perspectives. These dual constructions are legitimized by US military technology and discourse that aims to achieve "persistent area dominance" through surveillance and rapid strikes.
Explaining israel by Shaikh Imran Hussain
This document contains a summary and analysis of essays about Israel written between 2006-2011 by Imran N. Hosein. It discusses Israel's disproportionate attacks on Gaza and Lebanon in response to captured soldiers. The author argues that Israel is uniquely able to wage unjust war while facing little consequences. A key point is made that Prophet Muhammad prophesied a future Muslim army will defeat Israel, even to the point that stones will call out the location of Jews to kill. The document aims to distinguish true Muslims who support resistance against Israeli occupation from those who do not.
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representation
This document provides an overview of President Eisenhower's concept of the "military industrial complex" and how it has grown significantly since his warning. It describes the military industrial complex as a conglomerate of weapons manufacturers, suppliers, and intelligence agencies that influence policy and budget priorities through political lobbying. While initially dismissed, Eisenhower's warning has become increasingly relevant as the complex continues expanding and influencing foreign policy decisions and budgets, to the detriment of domestic priorities and quality of life. The document also discusses how U.S. militarism and interventions abroad have negatively impacted people in other countries and can result in "blowback" such as terrorist attacks on U.S. soil.
Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism
1. The document discusses the emergence of a new military urbanism shaped by "Foucauldian boomerangs" between colonial counterinsurgency strategies and domestic urban policing and surveillance.
2. It provides seven illustrative examples of these boomerangs, including the normalization of militarized responses to domestic unrest, the development of mock urban environments to train military forces, and the testing of surveillance technologies first in colonial and foreign contexts before being adopted in domestic cities.
3. The document argues that this new military urbanism blurs the lines between war and peace, military and police forces, and domestic and foreign policy, with ideas, technologies, and strategies circulating in both directions between the control
Greater israel
The document summarizes an article that outlines an Israeli strategic plan called the "Yinon Plan" or the "Zionist Plan for the Middle East". The plan calls for the dissolution of all existing Arab states and their fragmentation into smaller, weaker sectarian entities. This will ensure Israeli regional superiority as the Arab states will become satellites of Israel. The plan views Iraq as the centerpiece and calls for dividing it into a Kurdish state and two Arab states based on sect. The Zionist plan aims to make Israel an imperial regional power by weakening and fracturing neighboring Arab states to expand Israeli territory and influence.
Latrun Tour - English - 2014
The document summarizes a new tour developed for the Latrun Tank Museum in Israel that provides historical context about the rise of Israel from the Holocaust to modern day. It begins with the founding of Zionism in the late 19th century and covers major events like the 1948 War of Independence and 1967 Six-Day War. Stops on the tour highlight tanks from different eras and explain their significance. The goal is to help visitors appreciate the sacrifices of fallen IDF soldiers by understanding what their efforts achieved in establishing a secure Jewish state.
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...Professor Joel Hayward
Little has been published on the ethical and legal basis of air attacks on non-combatants during the First World War. Existing works have focused mainly on the injustice of the German Zeppelin and Gotha raids on British towns. They present British air campaigns on German towns and the formation of the Royal Air Force as a reasoned self-defensive response. This article breaks new ground as it attempts to paint a richer picture by explaining the influence of retributive passions – vengeance – on British thinking about how best to respond to the villainy of German air raids. By using unpublished primary sources to uncover the moral and legal rationale used by British decision-makers, it shows that they (as their German counterparts had) exploited ambiguities or "loopholes" in the ethical and legal prohibitions on the bombardment of non-combatants and explained away their own air attacks on civilian towns and villages as legitimate acts of reprisal. It ends by demonstrating that, far from feeling grave concerns about the inhumanity of targeting civilians and their environs, the most influential air power thinkers after the war were relatively uninterested in moral concepts of proportionality and discrimination. They saw air power's ability to punish the strong and culpable by attacking the weak and vulnerable as a way of making wars shorter and therefore less expensive.Zionism 101
This document provides an overview of Judaism and key topics related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Jewish perspective. It discusses Jewish beliefs about Israel, important historical figures and events, the religious and political justifications for war in Judaism, challenges to a two-state solution, and public opinion polls showing support among Israelis and Palestinians for a two-state agreement. It aims to concisely summarize the key people, places, events, challenges and potential resolutions related to the conflict from a Jewish and religious viewpoint.
Post disengagement
The document discusses events in Israel over the summer, including checkpoints, living in refugee camps, and soldiers removing Jewish residents from their homes in Gaza. It questions the motivations and reasoning behind Prime Minister Sharon's disengagement plan, noting security, economic, and democratic concerns with the plan. Critics argue the media supported the plan to weaken religious Zionism's influence in Israel.
Alia Salam
The document discusses the ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict from religious, historical, and political perspectives. It provides background on Zionism and the establishment of Israel in 1948, resulting in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. More recent events discussed include the wars in Gaza, Israel's construction of settlements and separation barrier in the West Bank, and the suffering of Palestinians under Israeli military occupation, such as restrictions on movement, home demolitions, and torture of prisoners. The document advocates for exposing the plight of Palestinians and their right to return to their homeland.
Resistance against Israeli Occupation in Palestine. — 01. What Strategy ?
Resistance against Israeli Occupation in Palestine. — 01. What Strategy ?Institut de recherche sur la Résolution Non-violente des Conflits
- The document discusses strategies for resistance to Israeli occupation in Palestine. It argues that Palestinian leaders previously chose violent strategies like armed struggle that failed and caused destruction, but the Palestinian people now generally choose nonviolent resistance through civil disobedience.
- Nonviolent resistance should allow Palestine to hope to end the Israeli military occupation, though it worries hardline Israelis. The document says a solely nonviolent strategy requires training and offers hope for both Palestinians and Israelis.Similar to Stephen graham urbicide on the west bank (20)
Graham, Stephen. "Bulldozers and bombs: the latest Palestinian–Israeli confli...
Graham, Stephen. "Bulldozers and bombs: the latest Palestinian–Israeli confli...
Graham, Stephen. "Lessons in urbicide." New Left Review (2003): 63-78. APA
Graham, Stephen. "Lessons in urbicide." New Left Review (2003): 63-78. APA
Graham, Stephen. "Laboratories of War: United States-Israeli Collaboration in...
Graham, Stephen. "Laboratories of War: United States-Israeli Collaboration in...
Prof. Stephen Graham; Cities as Battlespace: The New Military Urbanism
Prof. Stephen Graham; Cities as Battlespace: The New Military Urbanism
Cities and the 'war on terror': Imaginative Geographies, Inter-City Relations...
Cities and the 'war on terror': Imaginative Geographies, Inter-City Relations...
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representation
The U.S. Military Industrial Complex: A Diagrammatic Representation
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...
Resistance against Israeli Occupation in Palestine. — 01. What Strategy ?
Resistance against Israeli Occupation in Palestine. — 01. What Strategy ?
More from Stephen Graham
Elite Avenues: Flyovers, Freeways and the Politics of Urban Mobility
Flyovers and elevated highways are built in many global cities to privilege the movement of elites and separate spatial movement. However, they often displace large numbers of poorer residents and further segregate access to mobility. While touted as symbols of modernity, these projects actually reflect ongoing struggles over who can freely move and are contested by those with constrained mobility. Alternatives are being explored in some cities that repurpose this space for equitable public use rather than private automobility.
Bunkering down the geography of elite residential basement development in london
Much has been written about the “luxified skies” – “high-rise”, “super-prime” housing for the super-rich – that has been sprouting up across London. Thus far, less attention has been paid to what has been happening to the subterranean city. The “luxified skies” are highly visible reminders of elite “verticality” but, what we might term, “luxified troglodytism” is also an important aspect of London’s changing geometries of wealth, power and architecture. In this paper, we map out in detail the emerging subterranean geography of residential basement development across London since 2008. The very wealthy, it turns out, have been “bunkering down” across certain parts of London, to an extent hitherto little understood. Some 7,328 new residential basements underneath existing houses had been granted planning permission up to late-2019. Over 1,500 of them are of a size that their locations might best be thought of as marking out a distinct plutocratic “basement belt”.
Vertical : The city from satellites to bunkers
A revolutionary reimagining of the cities we live in, the air above us, and what goes on in the earth beneath our feet
Today we live in a world that can no longer be read as a two-dimensional map, but must now be understood as a series of vertical strata that reach from the satellites that encircle our planet to the tunnels deep within the ground. In Vertical, Stephen Graham rewrites the city at every level: how the geography of inequality, politics, and identity is determined in terms of above and below.
Starting at the edge of earth’s atmosphere and, in a series of riveting studies, descending through each layer, Graham explores the world of drones, the city from the viewpoint of an aerial bomber, the design of sidewalks and the hidden depths of underground bunkers. He asks: why was Dubai built to be seen from Google Earth? How do the super-rich in São Paulo live in their penthouses far above the street? Why do London billionaires build vast subterranean basements? And how do the technology of elevators and subversive urban explorers shape life on the surface and subsurface of the earth?
Vertical will make you look at the world around you anew: this is a revolution in understanding your place in the world.
Upright: Verticality, Language and the Politics of Bodies and Cities
An analysis oh how vertical metaphors in language intersect with the politics of upright human bodies and rapidly verticalising cities.
Smart cities: A sceptic's view
Offering a critical response to the dominant vision of the smart city, this talk seeks to look beyond the seductive imagery and hype that surrounds emerging smart city paradigms. In their place, it explores arrange of critical perspectives to smart city planning that are emerging across the social sciences and activist communities, in various places across the world. These critiques centre, broadly, on ways in which smart city paradigms radically deepen urban surveillance ; the way they embed power into corporate urban operating systems; the way the glossy hype and marketing hides tendencies toward authoritarianism and centralized power ; and the way in which ‘smart’ city labels are used to camouflage the construction of highly elitist urban enclaves. The talk will finish by exploring efforts to mobilise digital media to more democratic and egalitarian urban vision.
Transcending the surface graham: The New Techno-Utopian Dreams (and Realities...
A presentation about a range of utopian projects for moving about cities above and below the surface via tunnels. orbital travel, supersonic airliners and vertical take off and autonomous 'sky taxis'.
Subterranean urban politics: Insurgency, sanctuary, exploration and tourism
A presentation, drawing on my book 'Vertical', exploring the politics of the urban subterranean. The wide-ranging discussion explores the subterranean as a source of class threats and insurrections; as a sanctuary; as a space of exploration; and as a site for tourism.
Elite avenues: Flyovers, freeways and the politics of urban mobility
This document provides a summary and analysis of the politics and impacts of elevated highways known as flyovers. It discusses how flyovers have been promoted by urban elites and planners as symbols of modernity and progress, yet often privilege the mobility of the wealthy while negatively impacting poorer communities. The document is divided into several sections that discuss the genealogy of flyovers, their role in social segregation, and examples of how they have been implemented in cities like Manila, the West Bank, South Africa, and Mumbai. It argues that flyovers should be viewed as part of broader processes of three-dimensional social segregation and exclusion within cities.
luxified skies stephen graham
This presentation is a call for critical urban research to address the vertical as well as horizontal aspects of social inequality. It seeks, in particular, to explore the important but neglected causal connection between the demonisation and dismantling of social housing towers constructed in many cities between the 1930s and 1970s and the contemporary proliferation of
radically different housing towers produced for socio-economic elites. The argument begins with a critical discussion of the economistic orthodoxy, derived from the work of Edward
Glaeser, that contemporary housing crises are best addressed by removing state intervention
in housing production so that market-driven verticalisation can take place. The following two sections connect the rise of such orthodoxy with the ‘manufactured reality’—so
central to neo-liberal urban orthodoxy—that vertical social housing must necessarily fail because it deterministically creates social pathology. The remainder of the paper explores
in detail how the dominance of these narratives have been central to elite takeovers, and ‘luxification’, of the urban skies through the proliferation of condo towers for the super-rich.
Case studies are drawn from Vancouver, New York, London, Mumbai and Guatemala City and the broader vertical cultural and visual politics of the process are explored. The discussion finishes by exploring the challenges involved in contesting, and dismantling, the hegemonic dominance of vertical housing by elite interests in contemporary cities.
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
This document provides an overview of how science fiction has influenced visions and depictions of future cities. It discusses early 20th century works like H.G. Wells' When the Sleeper Awakes that featured vast, towering urban architectures. More recent sci-fi from films like Blade Runner and works by Syd Mead portrayed divided cities with the wealthy inhabiting skyscrapers while the poor lived in underground slums. The document also examines how sci-fi visions shaped urban planning and concepts of ideal cities, and how works like these both depicted dystopian futures but also inspired dreams of vibrant, dense urban environments.
Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers Stephen Graham
A presentation outlining some of the themes to my new book, 'Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers' (Verso, 2016).
"A revolutionary reimagining of the cities we live in, the air above us, and what goes on in the earth beneath our feet
Today we live in a world that can no longer be read as a two-dimensional map, but must now be understood as a series of vertical strata that reach from the satellites that encircle our planet to the tunnels deep within the ground. In Vertical, Stephen Graham rewrites the city at every level: how the geography of inequality, politics, and identity is determined in terms of above and below.
Starting at the edge of earth’s atmosphere and, in a series of riveting studies, descending through each layer, Graham explores the world of drones, the city from the viewpoint of an aerial bomber, the design of sidewalks and the hidden depths of underground bunkers. He asks: why was Dubai built to be seen from Google Earth? How do the super-rich in São Paulo live in their penthouses far above the street? Why do London billionaires build vast subterranean basements? And how do the technology of elevators and subversive urban explorers shape life on the surface and subsurface of the earth?
Vertical will make you look at the world around you anew: this is a revolution in understanding your place in the world."
See https://www.versobooks.com/books/2237-vertical
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
Unerringly, across its whole history, urban science fiction has offered up imagined cities that operate about remarkably similar and highly verticalised visions. These are heavily dominated
by politics of class, resistance and revolution that are starkly organized around vertically stratified and vertically exaggerated urban spaces. From the early and definitive efforts
of H.G. Wells and Fritz Lang, through J.G. Ballard’s 1975 novel 'High Rise', to many cyberpunk classics, this essay – the latest in a series on the vertical dimensions of cities –reflects on how vertical imaginaries in urban science fiction intersect with the politics and contestations of the fast-verticalising cities around the world. The essay has four parts. It begins by disentangling in detail the ways in which the sci-fi visions of Wells, Lang, Ballard and various cyberpunk authors were centrally constituted through vertical structures, landscapes, metaphors and allegories. The essay’s second part then then teases out the complex linkages between verticalised sci-fi imaginaries and material cityscapes that are actually constructed, lived and experienced. Stressing the impossibility of some clean and binary opposition between ‘factual’ and ‘fictional’ cities, the essay explores how verticalised
projects, material cities, sci-fi texts, imaginary futures, architectural schemes and urban theories mingle and resonate together in complex, unpredictable and important ways which do much to shape contemporary urban landscapes. The third section of the essay explores such connections through the cases of retro-futuristic urban megaprojects in the Gulf and forests of towers recently constructed in Shanghai’s Pudong district. The
essay’s final discussion draws on these cases to explore the possibilities that sci-fi imaginaries offer for contesting the rapid verticalisation of cities around the world.
Megastructures Graham
Histories of the Future in Contemporary Megastructures
An exploration of the development of multi-level cities around the world, and their links to historic futurism
Super-tall and ultra-deep: The Politics of the Elevators
Entire libraries can be filled with volumes exploring the cultures, politics and geographies
of the largely horizontal mobilities and transportation infrastructures that are
intrinsic to urban modernity (highways, railways, subways, public transit and so on).
And yet the recent ‘mobilities turn’ has almost completely neglected the cultural
geographies and politics of vertical transportation within and between the buildings of
vertically-structured cityscapes. Attempting to rectify this neglect, this article seeks,
first, to bring elevator travel centrally into discussions about the cultural politics of
urban space and, second, to connect elevator urbanism to the even more neglected
worlds of elevator-based descent in ultra-deep mining. The article addresses, in turn:
the historical emergence of elevator urbanism; the cultural significance of the elevator
as spectacle; the global ‘race’ in elevator speed; shifts towards the ‘splintering’ of
elevator experiences; experiments with new mobility systems which blend elevators
and automobiles; problems of vertical abandonment; and, finally, the neglected vertical
politics of elevator-based ‘ultra-deep’ mining.
Vertical ground: making geology graham icus 2016
Key note presentation at the Island Cities and Urban Archipelagos 2016. 07-12 March 2016, Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong
See http://www.islandcities.org/icua2016.html
Life support: The political ecology of urban air
This article discusses the need for a political ecology of urban air to address several key themes. It notes that while political ecology has analyzed urban nature like water and green space, urban air remains understudied despite public health crises. The article reviews links between global warming and lethal urban heatwaves. It also examines urban air pollution crises, paradoxes of pollution patterns, horizontal air movements, vertical politics of air, construction of elite high-rises, feedback loops in air-conditioned cities, and deaths of workers building air-conditioned structures. Developing a political ecology of urban air can help explain how unequal power relations shape the production and flows of good and bad air in cities.
Vertical cities: Representations of urban verticality in 20th-century science...
Vertical cities: Representations of urban verticality in 20th-century science fiction literature
Lucy Hewitt and Stephen Graham
This paper seeks to intersect two recent trends in urban research. First, it takes seriously the recognition that established traditions of research concerned with urban space have tended to privilege the horizontal extension of cities to the neglect of their vertical or volumetric extension. Second, the paper contributes to the resurgence of interest among social scientists in the validity of fiction – and especially speculative or science fiction – as a source of critical commentary and as a mode of knowledge that can exist in close reciprocity with non-fictional work. From these two starting points the paper develops a reading of the dialogue between the representations of vertical urban life that have featured in landmark works of 20th-century science fiction literature and key themes in contemporary urban analysis.
Water Wars in Mumbai
Water Wars in Mumbai
Stephen Graham, Renu Desai, and Colin McFarlane
Beyond the Pale
The Mumbai Mirror, January 8, 2010. A photograph shows a line of proud Mumbai police officers standing behind row upon row of what appear at first sight to be rusted machine guns (see fig. 1). But this is not one of the arms caches regularly unearthed to demonstrate the force’s effectiveness against the myriad terrorist networks that regularly target urban sites in contemporary India. Rather, the objects are water booster pumps, confiscated in a new campaign of dawn raids targeting “water theft” by slum dwellers in the Shivaji Nagar and
Govandi districts (see fig. 2 map below).
“Stealing Water to Earn a Few Bucks?” the headline reads. “Pay a Hefty
Price!” (Sathe 2010). The article details how the raids are being backed up by new legal moves to criminalize certain uses of water. Hundreds of people, arrested for installing and using the pumps, are to be prosecuted under draconian and nonbailable laws such as the Prevention of Damages to Public Property Act. All this activity is portrayed unproblematically as a heroic response to the threat that water theft in slums poses to the wider, formal, legitimate, and law-abiding city. “Pilferages, if not controlled,” writes the author, “could exhaust the potable water reserves before the next monsoon” (Sathe 2010).
Such statements tap into a mainstream discourse according to which recent poor monsoons have led to a major “water crisis” in Mumbai, necessitating radical, emergency measures to address widespread “water theft” or “water pilferage”— especially by the urban poor. What such discourses occlude, however, are the ways that current systems of urban water provision work to systematically dehydrate and profit from urban slum communities, while water wastage by the affluent and their preferred urban facilities goes unchecked.
Super-tall and Ultra-deep: The Cultural Politics of the Elevator
Entire libraries can be filled with volumes exploring the cultures, politics and geo- graphies of the largely horizontal mobilities and transportation infrastructures that are intrinsic to urban modernity (highways, railways, subways, public transit and so on). And yet the recent ‘mobilities turn’ has almost completely neglected the cultural geographies and politics of vertical transportation within and between the buildings of vertically-structured cityscapes. Attempting to rectify this neglect, this article seeks, first, to bring elevator travel centrally into discussions about the cultural politics of urban space and, second, to connect elevator urbanism to the even more neglected worlds of elevator-based descent in ultra-deep mining. The article addresses, in turn: the historical emergence of elevator urbanism; the cultural significance of the eleva- tor as spectacle; the global ‘race’ in elevator speed; shifts towards the ‘splintering’ of elevator experiences; experiments with new mobility systems which blend elevators and automobiles; problems of vertical abandonment; and, finally, the neglected ver- tical politics of elevator-based ‘ultra-deep’ mining.
'Smart cities’ : Seduction, simulation, scepticism
‘Smart Cities’: Seduction, Simulation, Scepticism
A presentation made at the 2015 Transmediale festival in Berlin, February 1st
More from Stephen Graham (20)
Elite Avenues: Flyovers, Freeways and the Politics of Urban Mobility
Elite Avenues: Flyovers, Freeways and the Politics of Urban Mobility
Bunkering down the geography of elite residential basement development in london
Bunkering down the geography of elite residential basement development in london
Upright: Verticality, Language and the Politics of Bodies and Cities
Upright: Verticality, Language and the Politics of Bodies and Cities
Transcending the surface graham: The New Techno-Utopian Dreams (and Realities...
Transcending the surface graham: The New Techno-Utopian Dreams (and Realities...
Subterranean urban politics: Insurgency, sanctuary, exploration and tourism
Subterranean urban politics: Insurgency, sanctuary, exploration and tourism
Elite avenues: Flyovers, freeways and the politics of urban mobility
Elite avenues: Flyovers, freeways and the politics of urban mobility
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers Stephen Graham
Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers Stephen Graham
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
Vertical noir: Histories of the future in urban science fiction
Super-tall and ultra-deep: The Politics of the Elevators
Super-tall and ultra-deep: The Politics of the Elevators
Vertical cities: Representations of urban verticality in 20th-century science...
Vertical cities: Representations of urban verticality in 20th-century science...
Super-tall and Ultra-deep: The Cultural Politics of the Elevator
Super-tall and Ultra-deep: The Cultural Politics of the Elevator
'Smart cities’ : Seduction, simulation, scepticism
'Smart cities’ : Seduction, simulation, scepticism
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校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
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CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
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