organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.pptxReemaNaik9
This document discusses organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in plant tissue culture. It defines organogenesis as the development of adventitious organs like roots or shoots from undifferentiated cell masses in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells that can develop into whole plants similarly to zygotic embryos. The document outlines the different pathways of organogenesis, including indirect and direct organogenesis, and the stages and types of somatic embryogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect organogenesis and the applications and advantages and disadvantages of these processes.
Alveolar bone by Dr yamini Unni pg periodontics. amrita institute of medical...Yamini Unni
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that house the roots of teeth and anchors them in place. It is composed of living cells embedded in a mineralized matrix.
2. Osteoblasts lay down and mineralize the organic bone matrix to form osteoid. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix and transform into osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue. They are formed from precursor cells under the influence of RANKL and M-CSF secreted by osteoblasts. RANKL binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors and promotes their differentiation.
Cleft lip and palate can occur individually or together. They have varying incidence rates among races. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team and occurs in stages:
Stage I from birth to 18 months includes maxillary obturators, presurgical orthopedics, lip and palate surgery.
Stage II from 18 months to 5 years addresses the primary dentition with obturator adjustments and restorations.
Stage III from 6 to 11 years involves correcting crossbites during mixed dentition.
Stage IV from 12 to 18 years uses orthodontics and prosthodontics to complete treatment during permanent dentition. The goal is successful rehabilitation through a coordinated, long-term approach.
- Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental cyst of unknown origin that arises from dental lamina remnants. It represents around 11% of all jaw cysts.
- Clinically, it occurs more commonly in males than females and in the mandible, especially the angle region. Symptoms include pain, swelling and expansion of bone.
- Radiographically, it appears as a multilocular radiolucency with wavy borders extending along the body of the mandible. Histologically, it is lined by parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a corrugated surface and palisaded basal layer.
Tissue engineering combines cells, scaffolds, and growth factors to regenerate tissues and organs. The three main components are mesenchymal stem cells harvested from sources like bone marrow and dental pulp, biodegradable scaffolds for cells to attach to and grow through, and signaling molecules like BMPs and FGF to stimulate cell growth. Applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery include bone regeneration using stem cells and scaffolds with growth factors to repair mandibular defects, cartilage regeneration for tissues like the TMJ, and soft tissue engineering for constructs like oral mucosa equivalents. Stem cell transplantation also offers possibilities for treating conditions like thalassemia and cancer.
This document discusses the bacterial growth curve, which graphs the change in a bacterial population over time in a culture. It has four phases: 1) Lag phase where bacteria adapt to their environment, 2) Log or exponential phase where bacteria multiply at their maximum rate, 3) Stationary phase where growth balances with death due to nutrient depletion, and 4) Decline phase where bacterial death exceeds growth and the population decreases. The growth curve is useful for studying bacterial ecology, producing antibiotics, and biodegrading toxins.
This document contains information on various topics related to early embryonic development, including:
- Fate mapping, which determines the developmental fate of groups of cells.
- Cleavage, the rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. Cleavage results in blastomeres and can be holoblastic, meroblastic, or spiral.
- Gastrulation, the process of forming the three germ layers through cell movements and rearrangements. Types of cell movements during gastrulation are discussed for various animals.
- Axis formation and patterning the early embryo. Mechanisms like dorsalization and secondary axis formation are covered.
- Early stages of development for specific animals like frogs, sea urch
Abstract— Storage roots are important for the growth and development in plants because they provide nutrients, water, and energy storage. Storage roots are also modulating growth direction, disease resistance, and root formation at the cellular and molecular level through interactions of genes and gene networks. However, molecular mechanisms regulating storage root formation in plants are not fully understood. In this review, we have overviewed transcriptional regulation of storage root formation, proteomic regulation of storage root formation, ethylene regulation of storage root formation, auxin regulation of storage root formation, gene expression regulation of storage root formation, and metabolism regulation of storage root formation. We have reviewed the basic regulatory principles of storage root formation from the network of genomics to proteomics and metabolism in plants that will be valuable to research work in storage root growth and development regulation at the molecular level.
organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.pptxReemaNaik9
This document discusses organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in plant tissue culture. It defines organogenesis as the development of adventitious organs like roots or shoots from undifferentiated cell masses in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is defined as the formation of embryo-like structures from somatic cells that can develop into whole plants similarly to zygotic embryos. The document outlines the different pathways of organogenesis, including indirect and direct organogenesis, and the stages and types of somatic embryogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect organogenesis and the applications and advantages and disadvantages of these processes.
Alveolar bone by Dr yamini Unni pg periodontics. amrita institute of medical...Yamini Unni
1. Alveolar bone forms the sockets that house the roots of teeth and anchors them in place. It is composed of living cells embedded in a mineralized matrix.
2. Osteoblasts lay down and mineralize the organic bone matrix to form osteoid. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix and transform into osteocytes.
3. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that resorb bone tissue. They are formed from precursor cells under the influence of RANKL and M-CSF secreted by osteoblasts. RANKL binds to RANK on osteoclast precursors and promotes their differentiation.
Cleft lip and palate can occur individually or together. They have varying incidence rates among races. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team and occurs in stages:
Stage I from birth to 18 months includes maxillary obturators, presurgical orthopedics, lip and palate surgery.
Stage II from 18 months to 5 years addresses the primary dentition with obturator adjustments and restorations.
Stage III from 6 to 11 years involves correcting crossbites during mixed dentition.
Stage IV from 12 to 18 years uses orthodontics and prosthodontics to complete treatment during permanent dentition. The goal is successful rehabilitation through a coordinated, long-term approach.
- Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental cyst of unknown origin that arises from dental lamina remnants. It represents around 11% of all jaw cysts.
- Clinically, it occurs more commonly in males than females and in the mandible, especially the angle region. Symptoms include pain, swelling and expansion of bone.
- Radiographically, it appears as a multilocular radiolucency with wavy borders extending along the body of the mandible. Histologically, it is lined by parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a corrugated surface and palisaded basal layer.
Tissue engineering combines cells, scaffolds, and growth factors to regenerate tissues and organs. The three main components are mesenchymal stem cells harvested from sources like bone marrow and dental pulp, biodegradable scaffolds for cells to attach to and grow through, and signaling molecules like BMPs and FGF to stimulate cell growth. Applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery include bone regeneration using stem cells and scaffolds with growth factors to repair mandibular defects, cartilage regeneration for tissues like the TMJ, and soft tissue engineering for constructs like oral mucosa equivalents. Stem cell transplantation also offers possibilities for treating conditions like thalassemia and cancer.
This document discusses the bacterial growth curve, which graphs the change in a bacterial population over time in a culture. It has four phases: 1) Lag phase where bacteria adapt to their environment, 2) Log or exponential phase where bacteria multiply at their maximum rate, 3) Stationary phase where growth balances with death due to nutrient depletion, and 4) Decline phase where bacterial death exceeds growth and the population decreases. The growth curve is useful for studying bacterial ecology, producing antibiotics, and biodegrading toxins.
This document contains information on various topics related to early embryonic development, including:
- Fate mapping, which determines the developmental fate of groups of cells.
- Cleavage, the rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. Cleavage results in blastomeres and can be holoblastic, meroblastic, or spiral.
- Gastrulation, the process of forming the three germ layers through cell movements and rearrangements. Types of cell movements during gastrulation are discussed for various animals.
- Axis formation and patterning the early embryo. Mechanisms like dorsalization and secondary axis formation are covered.
- Early stages of development for specific animals like frogs, sea urch
Abstract— Storage roots are important for the growth and development in plants because they provide nutrients, water, and energy storage. Storage roots are also modulating growth direction, disease resistance, and root formation at the cellular and molecular level through interactions of genes and gene networks. However, molecular mechanisms regulating storage root formation in plants are not fully understood. In this review, we have overviewed transcriptional regulation of storage root formation, proteomic regulation of storage root formation, ethylene regulation of storage root formation, auxin regulation of storage root formation, gene expression regulation of storage root formation, and metabolism regulation of storage root formation. We have reviewed the basic regulatory principles of storage root formation from the network of genomics to proteomics and metabolism in plants that will be valuable to research work in storage root growth and development regulation at the molecular level.
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
This document provides an overview of plant genomics. It discusses the history and development of the field, including early discoveries and advances in mapping and sequencing plant genomes. Plant genomes vary dramatically in size and composition, due to factors like polyploidy, transposable elements, and whole genome duplications. Modern genomic tools are allowing researchers to better understand genome diversity within and among plant species and explore genetic resources that can aid in crop improvement efforts to meet future agricultural needs.
Introduction to biology by dr. martin otundo richardMartin Otundo
this document has given a detailed summary of an introduction to Biology as a subject of study in all the levels of education ranking in any given country to be used as reference material
This document discusses the different cell types found in oral epithelium besides keratinocytes. It focuses on Langerhans cells, which are antigen presenting dendritic cells that help activate the immune system. It describes their origin, structure, function of presenting antigens via MHC molecules to T cells, and implications in periodontal disease. It also briefly discusses Merkel cells, which are touch receptor cells located near nerves in the basal layer of epithelium.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Content Snapshots; Annals of Botany Volume 112 Number 3 2013Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document contains summaries of several scientific articles published in Annals of Botany in 2013. The articles cover a range of topics including: improving crop models to better account for the effects of climate change on crop productivity; conserving plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems; studying cell wall components that are important for pollen tube growth; examining genetic connectivity in populations of a sedge species that vary in chromosome number; analyzing the conserved structure of B chromosomes in rye; investigating the role of B-sister genes in ovule and seed development in gymnosperms; characterizing repetitive DNA elements in the peanut genome; and exploring individual variation in mating patterns in mixed oak stands.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), an economically important parasite in salmon farming. The researchers isolated and sequenced cDNA of the predicted L. salmonis EcR gene, which encoded a protein highly similar to other arthropod EcRs. In situ analysis showed the EcR transcript is expressed in ovaries, sub-cuticle, and oocytes of adult female lice. Knockdown of EcR using RNA interference terminated egg production, indicating it plays an important role in reproduction and oocyte maturation. This suggests disrupting EcR signaling may provide a way to control louse reproduction and infestation.
Keloid explant culture: a
model for keloid fibroblasts
isolation and cultivation
based on the biological
differences of its specific
regions
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Wound Healing
There are different strategies bacterial cells use to survive. Differentiation can be occasionally one of them. Although differentiation can occur in the bacterial life cycle, it is a strategy to adapt themselves to harsh environments.
- Auxins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, and gibberellins all play important roles in seed germination and development.
- Auxins are involved in embryogenesis and regulate processes during seed germination like catalase expression and protein degradation. Cytokinins promote cell division and are present in developing seeds and endosperm.
- Brassinosteroids enhance seed germination and promote endosperm rupture. Ethylene promotes germination and releases dormancy, interacting with gibberellins and abscisic acid. The document discusses the effects of these plant hormones during seed development and germination.
This document discusses plant stem cells. It defines stem cells and their key properties of self-renewal and differentiation. There are different classifications of stem cells based on their potency. The document discusses various types of plant stem cells including shoot and root apical meristem stem cells. It explains the role of transcription factors and genes in maintaining the stem cell niches in plants. Applications of plant stem cells in cosmetics are also mentioned.
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Characterization of cell lines is important to identify their origin and genetic stability. Techniques used include karyotyping, DNA content analysis, and DNA hybridization. Cultured cells have low cell-cell interaction, cannot perform differentiated functions, and are influenced differently by hormones and nutrients than in vivo cells. They also lack the 3D architecture of in vivo cells and favor proliferation of unspecialized cells. Growth parameters like population doubling time, confluence, cell cycle time, cell density, contact inhibition, and saturation density are measured. Tissue typing identifies species of origin using chromosomal or isoenzyme analysis. Tissue and cell line identity can be determined by markers like differentiated products, enzymes, and filament proteins. Transformed
This document summarizes recent research on sugarcane tissue culture. It discusses that sugarcane is an important crop grown for sugar and ethanol production. Tissue culture techniques like micropropagation through shoot tip culture and callus culture are used for rapid multiplication of sugarcane varieties. The document provides details of explants used, sterilization processes, growth media, and hormones found most effective for callus induction and shooting. It also discusses using tissue culture for somaclonal variation to develop salt tolerant varieties and mentions challenges in obtaining genetically stable plants.
This document presents information about Nostoc and Spirulina. Nostoc is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming colonies. It is capable of fixing nitrogen. Spirulina is also a filamentous micro-cyanobacteria composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched trichomes. Both reproduce asexually, with Nostoc reproducing through fragmentation or akinetes, and Spirulina reproducing through binary fission. They have nutritional and commercial significance, with Nostoc being used as fertilizer and Spirulina being produced as a health food and dietary supplement due to its high protein content.
The document describes the development of the ear, including:
1. The external, middle, and internal ear develop from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
2. The internal ear develops from the otic placode and forms the membranous labyrinth which ossifies to form the bony labyrinth.
3. The cochlea develops as a coiling outgrowth from the saccule and forms the organ of Corti which contains sensory hair cells.
4. The middle ear develops from the pharyngeal pouches and arches and contains the auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity.
5. Congenital anomalies can affect the
This document discusses tissue engineering and its application to periodontal regeneration. It defines tissue engineering as using engineering and life science principles to generate biological substitutes to restore lost function. The key components of tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and signaling molecules. Scaffolds provide structure for cells to migrate into defects and can deliver growth factors and cells. Mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells show potential for periodontal regeneration. Growth factors like PDGF and IGF promote neovascularization and osteogenesis. Tissue engineering using scaffolds, stem cells and growth factors has shown success in animal studies and holds promise to achieve complete periodontal regeneration.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
This document provides an overview of plant genomics. It discusses the history and development of the field, including early discoveries and advances in mapping and sequencing plant genomes. Plant genomes vary dramatically in size and composition, due to factors like polyploidy, transposable elements, and whole genome duplications. Modern genomic tools are allowing researchers to better understand genome diversity within and among plant species and explore genetic resources that can aid in crop improvement efforts to meet future agricultural needs.
Introduction to biology by dr. martin otundo richardMartin Otundo
this document has given a detailed summary of an introduction to Biology as a subject of study in all the levels of education ranking in any given country to be used as reference material
This document discusses the different cell types found in oral epithelium besides keratinocytes. It focuses on Langerhans cells, which are antigen presenting dendritic cells that help activate the immune system. It describes their origin, structure, function of presenting antigens via MHC molecules to T cells, and implications in periodontal disease. It also briefly discusses Merkel cells, which are touch receptor cells located near nerves in the basal layer of epithelium.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Content Snapshots; Annals of Botany Volume 112 Number 3 2013Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document contains summaries of several scientific articles published in Annals of Botany in 2013. The articles cover a range of topics including: improving crop models to better account for the effects of climate change on crop productivity; conserving plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems; studying cell wall components that are important for pollen tube growth; examining genetic connectivity in populations of a sedge species that vary in chromosome number; analyzing the conserved structure of B chromosomes in rye; investigating the role of B-sister genes in ovule and seed development in gymnosperms; characterizing repetitive DNA elements in the peanut genome; and exploring individual variation in mating patterns in mixed oak stands.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), an economically important parasite in salmon farming. The researchers isolated and sequenced cDNA of the predicted L. salmonis EcR gene, which encoded a protein highly similar to other arthropod EcRs. In situ analysis showed the EcR transcript is expressed in ovaries, sub-cuticle, and oocytes of adult female lice. Knockdown of EcR using RNA interference terminated egg production, indicating it plays an important role in reproduction and oocyte maturation. This suggests disrupting EcR signaling may provide a way to control louse reproduction and infestation.
Keloid explant culture: a
model for keloid fibroblasts
isolation and cultivation
based on the biological
differences of its specific
regions
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Wound Healing
There are different strategies bacterial cells use to survive. Differentiation can be occasionally one of them. Although differentiation can occur in the bacterial life cycle, it is a strategy to adapt themselves to harsh environments.
- Auxins, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, and gibberellins all play important roles in seed germination and development.
- Auxins are involved in embryogenesis and regulate processes during seed germination like catalase expression and protein degradation. Cytokinins promote cell division and are present in developing seeds and endosperm.
- Brassinosteroids enhance seed germination and promote endosperm rupture. Ethylene promotes germination and releases dormancy, interacting with gibberellins and abscisic acid. The document discusses the effects of these plant hormones during seed development and germination.
This document discusses plant stem cells. It defines stem cells and their key properties of self-renewal and differentiation. There are different classifications of stem cells based on their potency. The document discusses various types of plant stem cells including shoot and root apical meristem stem cells. It explains the role of transcription factors and genes in maintaining the stem cell niches in plants. Applications of plant stem cells in cosmetics are also mentioned.
This document discusses oogenesis, the process by which eggs are produced in female organisms. It begins by outlining the objectives and introducing oogenesis and its three phases: proliferative, growth, and maturation. During these phases, significant biochemical changes occur in the nucleus, cytoplasm, RNA, yolk proteins, and hormones of the developing egg. As the egg grows and matures, it accumulates mitochondria, RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, ribosomes, and other cellular components needed to support development upon fertilization. The process is regulated by hormones like FSH and LH and allows for the production of haploid eggs through meiosis.
Characterization of cell lines is important to identify their origin and genetic stability. Techniques used include karyotyping, DNA content analysis, and DNA hybridization. Cultured cells have low cell-cell interaction, cannot perform differentiated functions, and are influenced differently by hormones and nutrients than in vivo cells. They also lack the 3D architecture of in vivo cells and favor proliferation of unspecialized cells. Growth parameters like population doubling time, confluence, cell cycle time, cell density, contact inhibition, and saturation density are measured. Tissue typing identifies species of origin using chromosomal or isoenzyme analysis. Tissue and cell line identity can be determined by markers like differentiated products, enzymes, and filament proteins. Transformed
This document summarizes recent research on sugarcane tissue culture. It discusses that sugarcane is an important crop grown for sugar and ethanol production. Tissue culture techniques like micropropagation through shoot tip culture and callus culture are used for rapid multiplication of sugarcane varieties. The document provides details of explants used, sterilization processes, growth media, and hormones found most effective for callus induction and shooting. It also discusses using tissue culture for somaclonal variation to develop salt tolerant varieties and mentions challenges in obtaining genetically stable plants.
This document presents information about Nostoc and Spirulina. Nostoc is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats, forming colonies. It is capable of fixing nitrogen. Spirulina is also a filamentous micro-cyanobacteria composed of cylindrical cells arranged in unbranched trichomes. Both reproduce asexually, with Nostoc reproducing through fragmentation or akinetes, and Spirulina reproducing through binary fission. They have nutritional and commercial significance, with Nostoc being used as fertilizer and Spirulina being produced as a health food and dietary supplement due to its high protein content.
The document describes the development of the ear, including:
1. The external, middle, and internal ear develop from the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
2. The internal ear develops from the otic placode and forms the membranous labyrinth which ossifies to form the bony labyrinth.
3. The cochlea develops as a coiling outgrowth from the saccule and forms the organ of Corti which contains sensory hair cells.
4. The middle ear develops from the pharyngeal pouches and arches and contains the auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity.
5. Congenital anomalies can affect the
This document discusses tissue engineering and its application to periodontal regeneration. It defines tissue engineering as using engineering and life science principles to generate biological substitutes to restore lost function. The key components of tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and signaling molecules. Scaffolds provide structure for cells to migrate into defects and can deliver growth factors and cells. Mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells show potential for periodontal regeneration. Growth factors like PDGF and IGF promote neovascularization and osteogenesis. Tissue engineering using scaffolds, stem cells and growth factors has shown success in animal studies and holds promise to achieve complete periodontal regeneration.
Similar to Stem cell reformation in plants (1).pptx (20)
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. PLANT STEM CELLS
• PLANT STEM CELLS ARE INNATELY UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS LOCATED IN
THE MERISTEMS OF PLANTS. PLANT STEM CELLS SERVE AS THE ORIGIN OF PLANT
VITALITY, AS THEY MAINTAIN THEMSELVES WHILE PROVIDING A STEADY SUPPLY
OF PRECURSOR CELLS TO FORM DIFFERENTIATED TISSUES AND ORGANS IN
PLANTS. TWO DISTINCT AREAS OF STEM CELLS ARE RECOGNIZED : THE APICAL
MERISTEM AND THE LATERAL MERISTEM.
• PLANT STEM CELLS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY TWO DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES,
WHICH ARE: THE ABILITY TO CREATE ALL DIFFERENTIATED CELL TYPES AND THE
ABILITY TO SELF-RENEW SUCH THAT THE NUMBER OF STEM CELLS IS MAINTAINED.
PLANT STEM CELLS NEVER UNDERGO AGING PROCESS BUT IMMORTALLY GIVE
RISE TO NEW SPECIALIZED AND UNSPECIALIZED CELLS, AND THEY HAVE THE
POTENTIAL TO GROW INTO ANY ORGAN, TISSUE, OR CELL IN THE BODY.THUS THEY
ARE TOTIPOTENT CELLS EQUIPPED WITH REGENERATIVE POWERS THAT
FACILITATE PLANT GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF NEW ORGANS THROUGHOUT
LIFETIME.
3. PLANT STEM CELLS
UNLIKE ANIMALS, PLANTS ARE IMMOBILE. AS PLANTS CANNOT ESCAPE FROM DANGER BY TAKING MOTION, THEY NEED A
SPECIAL MECHANISM TO WITHSTAND VARIOUS AND SOMETIMES UNFORESEEN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. HERE, WHAT
EMPOWERS THEM TO WITHSTAND HARSH EXTERNAL INFLUENCE AND PRESERVE LIFE IS STEM CELLS.
• PLANT STEM CELLS ARE ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR LOCATION IN SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES CALLED
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES, WHICH ARE LOCATED IN ROOT APICAL MERISTEM (RAM), SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM),
AND VASCULAR SYSTEM (PRO)CAMBIUM OR VASCULAR MERISTEM.)[
4. PLANT STEM CELLS AS ‘FOUNDER’ FOR
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
• PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IS THE BASIS OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND IT HAS LONG
BEEN USED TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF ELITE PLANT LINES OR RARE SPECIES, TO
GENERATE NEW VARIETIES THROUGH CULTURE MUTATION OR TRANSFORMATION,
AND TO PRODUCE VALUABLE METABOLITES BY CULTURING CALLUS AND TISSUES.
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE IS, IN OTHER WORDS, A TECHNOLOGY FOR UTILIZING STEM
CELLS WHICH ARE DEFINED AS CELLS WITH ABILITIES FOR SELF-RENEWAL AND
PLURIPOTENCY.
• BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS GENERATE TISSUES/ORGANS VIA STEM CELLS DURING
DEVELOPMENT. IN THE PLANT SCIENCE FIELD, WITH THE INCREASING DEMAND FOR
GENOME EDITING FOR PLANT BREEDING, THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT
REGENERATION VIA TISSUE CULTURE IS INCREASING MORE THAN EVER.
6. • ALTERATION OF CELL DIVISION PATTERN TRIGGERED BY STRESS ENHANCES STEM
CELL REFORMATION IN MOSS, PYSCOMITRIUM PATENS.
• IT FOCUSED ON THE FORMATION OF VEGETATIVE DIASPORE, OR BROOD CELLS, AS
ONE OF THE DE NOVO STEM-CELL GENERATION PATTERNS AFTER ABA
TREATMENT. THEY FOUND THAT THE CELL DIVISION ASYMMETRICITY OF STEM
CELLS IN THE CHLORONEMA TIP IS PREFACE TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE “STEM CELL
REFORMATION IN PLANTS”
• AFTER THE ABA TREATMENT, AND IT TRIGGERS BROOD CELL FORMATION. THE ABA
TREATMENT ALTERS THE PATTERNS OF ACTIN MICROFILAMENTS DEPOSITION IN
THE TIP STEM CELLS AND CAUSES FEWER POLARITIES THAN THE NORMAL
CONDITION.
• THE BROOD CELLS INDUCE CELL PROTRUSION AND CHLORONEMA REGENERATION
AFTER REMOVAL OF ABA; THUS, THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THAT THE
SYMMETRICAL/ASYMMETRICAL CELL DIVISION CONTROLLED BY THE ABA-INDUCED
REDISTRIBUTION OF ACTIN FILAMENTS SWITCHES THE CHLORONEMA CELL TO THE
BROOD CELL BIDIRECTIONALLY.
7. MOLECULAR PATHWAYS FOR FORMATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF PLANT STEM CELLS
• LATERAL ROOT FORMATION IS ONE OF THE CLEAR EXAMPLES OF STEM CELL
REFORMATION IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, AND THE PERICYCLE CELLS ARE
KNOWN TO BE FOUNDER CELLS TO GENERATE STEM CELLS.
• THE AUTHORS RECENTLY IDENTIFIED CRUCIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS TO
REGULATE ‘PERICYCLE CELL-NESS’, AND THERE THEY ALSO DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE
INVOLVEMENT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS IN EACH DEVELOPMENTAL
CONTEXT.
8. IMPORTANCE OF ENDOGENOUS AUXIN
BIOSYNTHESIS
• ACCUMULATING EVIDENCES SUGGEST THAT DE NOVO BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE
PHYTOHORMONE AUXIN IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER SAM FORMATION/MAINTENANCE
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS AND REGENERATION.
• IT IS FOUND THAT THE EXPRESSION LEVELS OF YUC1 AND YUC4, GENES FOR AUXIN
BIOSYNTHESIS, ARE DECREASED IN THE EMBRYO OF THE ARABIDOPSIS MUTANT
DEFECTIVE FOR CUC1 AND CUC3 TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
• FURTHERMORE, THE CUC1CUC3 DOUBLE MUTANT SHOWS CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON
PHENOTYPE DUE TO ABNORMALITY OF THE BOUNDARY FORMATION WHICH AFFECTS
EMBRYONIC SAM FORMATION TOGETHER SUGGESTING THAT CUC GENES PLAY AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF AUXIN BIOSYNTHETIC GENE EXPRESSION
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS.
9. • IN PLANTS, UNORGANIZED CELL MASS, CALLUS, IS FORMED AT WOUND SITES OF
TISSUE AND GENERATED FROM CULTURING-TISSUE IN VITRO. THIS PROCESS CAN
LEAD TO STEM CELL FORMATION, AND THEREFORE THE SUCCESSFUL GENERATION OF
CALLUS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THE UTILIZATION OF STEM CELLS IN TISSUE
CULTURE.
• IN THIS ISSUE, IT WAS EXAMINED THE EFFECTS OF AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITOR
AND AUXIN TRANSPORT INHIBITOR IN TISSUE REGENERATION FROM ARABIDOPSIS
HYPOCOTYL EXPLANTS IN THE CIM-SIM ARE TWO-STEP TISSUE CULTURE SYSTEM.
• THEY FOUND THAT TWO AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS POSITIVELY AFFECT SHOOT
REGENERATION BUT ARE INHIBITORY FOR ROOT REGENERATION. SIMILAR TENDENCIES
WERE OBSERVED WHEN AUXIN TRANSPORT INHIBITORS WERE APPLIED.
• SINCE THE APPLICATION OF THE INHIBITORS IN THE CIM CONDITION IS CRITICAL FOR
SHOOT REGENERATION, DE NOVO AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS DURING CALLUS FORMATION
PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLES IN STEM CELL FORMATION.
10. • IT WAS OBSERVED THAT 4- PHENYLBUTYLIC ACID (4PBA) IS ONE OF THE AUXINS
WHILE SCREENING FOR CHEMICALS THAT EFFICIENTLY AFFECTED PLANT STEM CELL
REFORMATION.
• 4PBA IS ALSO KNOWN AS A HISTONE DEACETYLASE (HDAC) INHIBITOR, THEIR
RESULTS INDICATE THAT 4PBA ENHANCES CALLUS FORMATION AND SHOOT
REGENERATION, NOT VIA HDAC INHIBITORY EFFECTS BUT THROUGH THE AUXIN
ACTION AFTER BEING CONVERTED TO PHENYLACETIC ACID (PAA).
11. INVOLVEMENT OF BRASSINO STEROID PATHWAY
FOR STEM CELL FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE
EXPERIMENTS WITH A REPORTER LINE REVEALED THAT BRASSINO STEROID AND TDIF
ARE COMPETITIVE FOR THE XYLEM MARKER GENE EXPRESSION. THE VASCULAR CELL
INDUCTION CULTURE SYSTEM USING ARABIDOPSIS LEAVES (VISUAL) WITH THE TDIF
RECEPTOR MUTANT FURTHER ILLUMINATED THE MUTUAL INHIBITION EFFECTS
BETWEEN BRASSINO STEROID AND TDIF PEPTIDE HORMONES, SUGGESTING
COMPETITIVE ROLES OF THE TWO PHYTOHORMONES IN THE REGULATION OF XYLEM
CELL DIFFERENTIATION FROM CAMBIAL STEM CELLS.
THE ROLES OF GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 (GSK3)- LIKE KINASES IN BRASSINO
STEROID RESPONSE HAVE BEEN WELL STUDIED IN ARABIDOPSIS. THE BIN2
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PHOSPHORYLATED BY GSK3 NEGATIVELY REGULATES THE
EXPRESSION OF THE BRASSINO STEROID RESPONSIVE GENE IN ARABIDOPSIS.
12. • THERE IS AN IMPORTANCE OF GSK IN MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA CELL
PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION. TREATMENT WITH THE SPECIFIC
INHIBITOR FOR GSK3-LIKE KINASES, BIKININ, CAUSED EXPANSION OF THE
MERISTEMATIC REGION OF MARCHANTIA.
• THE LOSS-OF-FUNCTION MUTANTS OF MP GSK FORMED UNDIFFERENTIATED CELL
MASS, WHILE OVEREXPRESSION OF MP GSK REDUCED THE SIZE OF THE MERISTEM
REGION, SUGGESTING THAT MP GSK PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
COORDINATING CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND PROLIFERATION IN M. POLYMORPHA.
• THE ROOT TIP REGENERATION SYSTEM HAS HELPED UNCOVERING NEW INSIGHTS
INTO MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PLANT REGENERATION ANALYSES WITH
INHIBITOR TREATMENTS AND A SIGNALING-DEFECTIVE MUTANT FURTHER
UNCOVERED THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BRASSINO STEROID ON CELL DIVISION
DURING TOOT TIP REGENERATION. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BRASSINO
STEROID AND AUXIN RESPONSES WILL BE ONE OF THE NEXT IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS TO UNRAVEL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STEM CELL
FORMATION/MAINTENANCE.
13. CELL CYCLE RE-ENTRY THROUGH INTERACTION
WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
• THERE ARE EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF ROOT NODULE SYMBIOSIS (RNS), WHERE
INFECTIOUS BACTERIA RESTARTS THE CELL CYCLE IN ROOT CORTEX CELLS. THEY
HIGHLIGHT, IN THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT, HOW WE UNDERSTAND THE RNS IN
NATURE, AND COMPARE AND CONTRAST THREE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES RELATED TO
THE NITROGEN-FIXING CLADE AND THE NITROGEN-FIXING PLANTS, POINTING OUT
WHAT WE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH TO FULLY GRASP THE EVOLUTIONARY
HISTORY OF RNS. IT WAS REPORTED THAT A KEY REGULATOR FOR NODULE
FORMATION IN LOTUS JAPONICUS, THE NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) TRANSCRIPTION
FACTOR, DIRECTLY REGULATES A ORTHOLOG OF LBD16, ENCODING AN ARABIDOPSIS
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ESSENTIAL FOR LATERAL ROOT FORMATION.
14. APPLICATIONS
• THE KEY ROLE IS TO UNDERSTAND HOW PLANTS
GENERATE AND MAINTAIN STEM CELLS DURING
CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT AND UPON STRESS.
• MICROPROPAGATION IS THE ONE OF THE FIRST
MAJOR AREAS BENEFITTED BY STEM CELL
RESEARCH.
• DELAYS THE SENESCENCE OF ESSENTIAL CELLS.
15. REFERENCES
• TABEI Y, MURANAKA T (2020) PREFACE TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE “TECHNOLOGY IN TISSUE
CULTURE TOWARD HORIZON OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY”.
• PLANT BIOTECHNOL 37: 117–120TAKAHASHI N, UMEDA M (2022) BRASSINO STEROIDS ARE
REQUIRED FOR EFFICIENT ROOT TIP REGENERATION IN ARABIDOPSIS.
• PLANT BIOTECHNOL 39:73–78 SHIMOTOHNO A (2022) ILLUMINATING THE MOLECULAR
MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM HOMEOSTASIS IN PLANTS. PLANT
BIOTECHNOL 39: 19–28
• BATTENBERG K, HAYASHI M (2022) EVOLUTION OF ROOT NODULE SYMBIOSIS: FOCUSING
ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION FROM THE GENOMIC POINT OF VIEW. PLANT
BIOTECHNOL 39: 79–83
• IWASE A, TAKEBAYASHI A, AOI Y, FAVERO DS, WATANABE S, SEO M, KASAHARA H,
SUGIMOTO K (2022) 4-PHENYLBUTYRIC ACID PROMOTES PLANT REGENERATION AS AN
AUXIN BY BEING CONVERTED TO PHENYLACETIC ACID VIA AN IBR3-INDEPENDENT
PATHWAY. PLANT BIOTECHNOL 39: 51–58ZHANG Y, UMEDA M, KAKIMOTO T (2022)
PERICYCLE CELL DIVISION
• COMPETENCE UNDERLIES VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAMS. PLANT BIOTECHNOL
39: 29–36