Abstract— Storage roots are important for the growth and development in plants because they provide nutrients, water, and energy storage. Storage roots are also modulating growth direction, disease resistance, and root formation at the cellular and molecular level through interactions of genes and gene networks. However, molecular mechanisms regulating storage root formation in plants are not fully understood. In this review, we have overviewed transcriptional regulation of storage root formation, proteomic regulation of storage root formation, ethylene regulation of storage root formation, auxin regulation of storage root formation, gene expression regulation of storage root formation, and metabolism regulation of storage root formation. We have reviewed the basic regulatory principles of storage root formation from the network of genomics to proteomics and metabolism in plants that will be valuable to research work in storage root growth and development regulation at the molecular level.
This document discusses mechanisms that plant scientists can use to enhance crop performance under stressful environmental conditions. It describes various genomic techniques, such as transferring stress-induced genes between species via genetic engineering, that allow crops to better tolerate abiotic stresses like drought, flooding, high salinity, cold temperatures and heat. It provides examples of genes that have been introduced to crops to improve tolerance to specific stresses and evaluates the potential of continuing to identify beneficial genes and use quantitative trait loci to further develop stress-resistant transgenic crops.
Physiological and molecular basis of drought tolerance in riceAlex Harley
This document summarizes a seminar on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice. It discusses mechanisms such as osmoregulation through proline accumulation, antioxidant systems like ascorbate-glutathione pathways, and signaling molecules like ABA. It also describes quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought tolerance that have been identified, including qDTY12.1. Finally, it discusses transgenic approaches to improving drought tolerance by overexpressing genes involved in traits like root growth, osmoprotectant synthesis, and transcription factor regulation.
Root genetic research and its application in plant breeding or crop improvementOm Prakash Patidar
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Master’s seminar-II
Root genetic research and its applications in plant breeding
Speaker: Om Prakash Patidar Date: 20/03/2015 ID No.: PGS13AGR6140 Time: 3:00 PM
Synopsis
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and minerals from soils. Root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, is used to describe the shape and structure of root system. Its importance in plant productivity lies in the fact that major soil resources are heterogeneously distributed in the soil, so that the spatial deployment of roots will substantially determine the ability of a plant to secure edaphic resources. Measuring crop root architecture and assaying for changes in function can be challenging, but examples have emerged showing that modifications to roots result in higher yield and increased stress tolerance.1
A marker-assisted back-crossing (MABC) breeding programme was conducted to improve the root morphological traits, and thereby drought tolerance, of the Indian upland rice variety, Kalinga III. The donor parent was Azucena, an upland japonica variety from Philippines. Five segments on different chromosomes were targeted for introgression; four segments carried QTLs for improved root morphological traits and the fifth carried a recessive QTL for aroma. It significantly increased root length under both irrigated and drought stress treatments.2
Alteration of root system architecture improves drought avoidance through the cloning and characterization of DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1), a rice quantitative trait locus controlling root growth angle. Higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar by backcrossing enabled the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, which maintained high yield performance under drought conditions relative to the recipient cultivar.3
GmEXPB2, A vegetative -expansin gene, clone from a Pi starvation-induced soybean cDNA library. GmEXPB2 was found to be primarily expressed in roots, and was highly induced by Pi starvation, and the induction pattern was confirmed by GUS staining in transgenic soybean hairy roots. Results from intact soybean composite showed that GmEXPB2 is involved in hairy root elongation, and subsequently affects plant growth and P uptake, especially at low P levels.4
Candidate Aluminum tolerance proteins include organic acid efflux transporters, with the organic acids forming non-toxic complexes with rhizosphere aluminum. ge
Genetic manipulation of stay-green traits for croop imporvement Shantanu Das
This document discusses genetic manipulation of stay-green traits for crop improvement. It defines stay-green as extended foliar greenness during grain filling under drought. Stay-green is important for maintaining photosynthesis and yield under drought. Strategies for developing stay-green crops include identifying QTL for the trait and using marker-assisted breeding to introgress those QTL into preferred crop varieties. Maintaining chlorophyll levels through delayed senescence is key to stay-green. Introgressing stay-green traits can increase drought resistance and yield potential of important crops.
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Drought stress reduces photosynthesis and induces stomatal closure and changes in gene expression and metabolism. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. At the molecular level, plants respond to stresses through signaling pathways, changes in hormone levels like ABA, and expression of genes that encode protective proteins and osmoprotectants. Molecular responses are regulated by transcription factors that control stress-related gene expression. Engineering stress tolerance genes into crops holds promise to improve abiotic stress resistance.
1) The study examined amino acid accumulation under drought stress in Arabidopsis and tomato plants, and the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and transcription factors in regulating this process.
2) Experiments showed that tomato and Arabidopsis mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis accumulated significantly less branched chain amino acids in leaves compared to wild-type plants under drought stress.
3) Exogenous application of ABA rescued the reduced amino acid phenotype in drought-stressed leaves of the tomato sitiens mutant but not in other ABA biosynthesis mutants.
4) Arabidopsis mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis also accumulated many fewer amino acids than wild-type in drought-stressed flowers and siliques, implying ABA mediates amino
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN DROUGHTShoaib Ur Rehman
Drought stress tolerance research in wheat has identified several important morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms. At the morphological level, traits such as osmotic adjustment and stomatal conductance have shown positive correlations with drought tolerance. At the molecular level, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses have discovered regions on chromosomes 4A and 5B that are associated with drought tolerance. Proteomic and gene expression analyses have revealed genes involved in important biological pathways, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, that correlate with drought tolerance. Overall, research has provided information on QTLs and genes that could be utilized to develop new wheat varieties with improved drought stress tolerance.
This document discusses mechanisms that plant scientists can use to enhance crop performance under stressful environmental conditions. It describes various genomic techniques, such as transferring stress-induced genes between species via genetic engineering, that allow crops to better tolerate abiotic stresses like drought, flooding, high salinity, cold temperatures and heat. It provides examples of genes that have been introduced to crops to improve tolerance to specific stresses and evaluates the potential of continuing to identify beneficial genes and use quantitative trait loci to further develop stress-resistant transgenic crops.
Physiological and molecular basis of drought tolerance in riceAlex Harley
This document summarizes a seminar on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in rice. It discusses mechanisms such as osmoregulation through proline accumulation, antioxidant systems like ascorbate-glutathione pathways, and signaling molecules like ABA. It also describes quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought tolerance that have been identified, including qDTY12.1. Finally, it discusses transgenic approaches to improving drought tolerance by overexpressing genes involved in traits like root growth, osmoprotectant synthesis, and transcription factor regulation.
Root genetic research and its application in plant breeding or crop improvementOm Prakash Patidar
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Master’s seminar-II
Root genetic research and its applications in plant breeding
Speaker: Om Prakash Patidar Date: 20/03/2015 ID No.: PGS13AGR6140 Time: 3:00 PM
Synopsis
Roots play an essential role in the acquisition of water and minerals from soils. Root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, is used to describe the shape and structure of root system. Its importance in plant productivity lies in the fact that major soil resources are heterogeneously distributed in the soil, so that the spatial deployment of roots will substantially determine the ability of a plant to secure edaphic resources. Measuring crop root architecture and assaying for changes in function can be challenging, but examples have emerged showing that modifications to roots result in higher yield and increased stress tolerance.1
A marker-assisted back-crossing (MABC) breeding programme was conducted to improve the root morphological traits, and thereby drought tolerance, of the Indian upland rice variety, Kalinga III. The donor parent was Azucena, an upland japonica variety from Philippines. Five segments on different chromosomes were targeted for introgression; four segments carried QTLs for improved root morphological traits and the fifth carried a recessive QTL for aroma. It significantly increased root length under both irrigated and drought stress treatments.2
Alteration of root system architecture improves drought avoidance through the cloning and characterization of DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1), a rice quantitative trait locus controlling root growth angle. Higher expression of DRO1 increases the root growth angle, whereby roots grow in a more downward direction. Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar by backcrossing enabled the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, which maintained high yield performance under drought conditions relative to the recipient cultivar.3
GmEXPB2, A vegetative -expansin gene, clone from a Pi starvation-induced soybean cDNA library. GmEXPB2 was found to be primarily expressed in roots, and was highly induced by Pi starvation, and the induction pattern was confirmed by GUS staining in transgenic soybean hairy roots. Results from intact soybean composite showed that GmEXPB2 is involved in hairy root elongation, and subsequently affects plant growth and P uptake, especially at low P levels.4
Candidate Aluminum tolerance proteins include organic acid efflux transporters, with the organic acids forming non-toxic complexes with rhizosphere aluminum. ge
Genetic manipulation of stay-green traits for croop imporvement Shantanu Das
This document discusses genetic manipulation of stay-green traits for crop improvement. It defines stay-green as extended foliar greenness during grain filling under drought. Stay-green is important for maintaining photosynthesis and yield under drought. Strategies for developing stay-green crops include identifying QTL for the trait and using marker-assisted breeding to introgress those QTL into preferred crop varieties. Maintaining chlorophyll levels through delayed senescence is key to stay-green. Introgressing stay-green traits can increase drought resistance and yield potential of important crops.
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Drought stress reduces photosynthesis and induces stomatal closure and changes in gene expression and metabolism. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. At the molecular level, plants respond to stresses through signaling pathways, changes in hormone levels like ABA, and expression of genes that encode protective proteins and osmoprotectants. Molecular responses are regulated by transcription factors that control stress-related gene expression. Engineering stress tolerance genes into crops holds promise to improve abiotic stress resistance.
1) The study examined amino acid accumulation under drought stress in Arabidopsis and tomato plants, and the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and transcription factors in regulating this process.
2) Experiments showed that tomato and Arabidopsis mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis accumulated significantly less branched chain amino acids in leaves compared to wild-type plants under drought stress.
3) Exogenous application of ABA rescued the reduced amino acid phenotype in drought-stressed leaves of the tomato sitiens mutant but not in other ABA biosynthesis mutants.
4) Arabidopsis mutants defective in ABA biosynthesis also accumulated many fewer amino acids than wild-type in drought-stressed flowers and siliques, implying ABA mediates amino
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN DROUGHTShoaib Ur Rehman
Drought stress tolerance research in wheat has identified several important morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms. At the morphological level, traits such as osmotic adjustment and stomatal conductance have shown positive correlations with drought tolerance. At the molecular level, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses have discovered regions on chromosomes 4A and 5B that are associated with drought tolerance. Proteomic and gene expression analyses have revealed genes involved in important biological pathways, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, that correlate with drought tolerance. Overall, research has provided information on QTLs and genes that could be utilized to develop new wheat varieties with improved drought stress tolerance.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
Genetic engineering can be used to develop drought tolerant crops. Approaches include engineering genes for organic osmolytes like glycine betaine, trehalose, proline, and mannitol. Genes encoding regulatory enzymes and LEA proteins can also be engineered for drought tolerance. Transgenic crops overexpressing antioxidant enzymes or transcription factors involved in the plant stress response have shown enhanced drought tolerance. Commercially available drought tolerant crops include Monsanto's DroughtGard maize which expresses a cold shock protein from bacteria.
Water stress & Signalling by Ujjwal Sirohiujjwal sirohi
Water deficit stress can negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Plants have developed several physiological responses and signaling pathways to cope with water deficit stress. These include closing stomata to reduce water loss, accumulating compatible solutes like glycine betaine to maintain cellular turgor under drought, and inducing transcription factors and receptor-like kinases that regulate stress-response genes. Abscisic acid plays a key role in triggering transcriptional changes that allow plants to adapt to water deficit conditions.
Identification and expression analysis of LEA gene family members in cucumber...asdasdas19
LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins
are firstly discovered in seeds and then identified in vegetative tissues of different plant species. They are mainly
regulated under abiotic stress conditions. Although genome
wide studies of different gene family members have been
performed in cucumber, there is no such a study for LEA
genes. We have identified 79 LEA genes in the cucumber
genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis, CsLEA genes
could be classified into seven groups in which structural
motifs are relatively conserved. Tandem duplications play
an important role in cucumber genome for LEA gene
expansion. Orthologous and chromosomal relationships of
CsLEA genes were observed based on comparative mapping analysis with other species. The in silico micro-RNA
(miRNA) target analyses indicated that 37 CsLEA genes
were targeted by different miRNAs, especially mir854 and
mir414 are the most abundant identified ones. Public
available RNA-seq data were analyzed for expression
analysis of CsLEA genes in different tissues of cucumber
GENOMICS OF STAY GREEN TRAITS AND THEIR UTILITY IN CROP IMPROVEMENTKK CHANDEL
1) A rice mutant with delayed leaf senescence (stay green trait) was developed using chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.
2) The stay green trait was found to be controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene (sgr(t)) located on chromosome 9.
3) The stay green mutant maintained green leaves and photosynthetic activity longer than the parental varieties after flowering, without reductions in yield.
The document discusses the stay-green trait in crops. It begins with an introduction to stay-green, which is a heritable trait that delays foliar senescence. This allows plants to maintain photosynthetic activity even under post-anthesis drought stress, leading to higher yields. The document then covers the history, significance, types, relationship to chlorophyll and nitrogen remobilization, role of hormones and transcription factors, breeding considerations, and presence in different crops. Stay-green is significant for traits like drought resistance and enhanced nitrogen recycling. Genes involved include SGR chlorophyll degradation genes and various transcription factors that regulate senescence. Breeding efforts aim to select high-yielding stay-green varieties suited for
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
This study evaluated microbial communities, enzyme activities, and soil properties in four soils under different land uses in Puerto Rico's semiarid region. Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were generally higher under pasture and trees compared to vegetable production. Principal component analysis showed differences in microbial community structure with higher fungal markers under pasture and trees. Several enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycling were also higher under pasture and trees. The results provide insights into how land use affects soil microbes and functions in semiarid soils.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vu...Premier Publishers
This document describes a study on the physiological and biochemical responses of common bean genotypes to salicylic acid treatment under drought stress conditions. The study was conducted over three seasons at two locations in Yemen representing severe and moderate drought stress. The results showed that drought stress reduced bean yields and traits like root weight more than moderate stress. Salicylic acid treatment improved bean yields and traits under stress by increasing factors like photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and proteins. The bean genotypes responded differently to stress and salicylic acid, with some showing high yield and low response to the treatment, some low yield but high response, and others low yield and response. The salicylic acid treatment helped the most in the genotypes with low original yield
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Somatic Embryogenesis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L) R.Br.) Using Li...IOSR Journals
The morphology and histology of somatic embryogenesis were examined using embryogenic calli derived from immature inflorescences of pearl millet using light and electron microscopic techniques. Young immature inflorescences, 30-35 days old (2.5 cm long) were cultured on LS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mgL-1 of kinetin. The primary callus initiated was non-embryogenic, loose, white but differentiated rapidly into pale yellow, nodular and friable embryogenic callus within 2 weeks. Histological studies revealed the formation of somatic embryos and their maturation. Initial stages of somatic embryo induction showed calli with internal segmenting divisions, which gave rise to discrete groups of cells. Continued divisions and organization in some discrete groups formed globular structures, presumably proembryoids, which showed a distinct epidermis. Further these structures developed to form somatic embryos with a well-organized bipolar structure showing embryonic axis, scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza. Multiple shoots (5-6) were produced from each embryo when transferred to MS regeneration medium supplemented with hormonal combinations, viz., BAP + IBA, 2.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 which further developed into complete plantlets
1) A study identified a stay-green mutant in rice using chemical mutagenesis. The mutant showed delayed leaf senescence and maintained chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic rates longer than the wild type.
2) Genetic analysis found the trait was recessive and mapped to chromosome 9 between two markers.
3) A separate study used RNA interference to knock down the Medicago truncatula stay-green gene, producing a stay-green phenotype. Electron microscopy showed less chloroplast degradation in the mutant during induced senescence.
The document describes research aiming to develop stress tolerant soybean plants through overexpression of the SIZ1 gene. SIZ1 regulates sumoylation, a post-translational protein modification involved in stress response. The researchers transformed soybean plants using Agrobacterium containing an additional SIZ1 gene. Preliminary results show the transformed plants are regenerating shoots on selection media, indicating successful transformation and regeneration. Overexpression of SIZ1 has potential to increase stress tolerance through improved growth, photosynthesis, and adaptation to drought, temperature fluctuations, and low phosphate conditions.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) in agricultural soils from two sites in Morocco - OuledGhanem (GH) and SidiBennour (SB). Physico-chemical analysis found GH soils to have higher pH and phosphorus levels compared to SB soils. AM fungal diversity analyses identified 10 total species between the two sites, with 5 shared species. GH soils had a higher proportion of Diversisporales order fungi while SB soils were dominated by Glomerales order fungi. A biotest experiment found higher root colonization rates in SB soils compared to GH soils, suggesting higher alkalinity and phosphorus negatively impact colonization
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
This document discusses physiological processes in plants and their impact on crop productivity. It covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light and dark reactions. Respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce energy. Transpiration and transpiration involve the movement of water and minerals in plants. These physiological processes are important determinants of crop yields. High leaf area ratio, leaf area duration, and optimal environmental factors like rainfall can increase agricultural productivity.
Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plants are often exposed to various environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and disease and pest attack. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus posses a myriad of defense and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they are able to cope with various kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. In fact plants defense against stresses by different ways. The role of cellular organelles is very important in this way. Cell wall and their derivatives such as oligosaccharins as biochemical defenser or for example trichomes as mechanical defenser is the frontline of the plant defense system. Also Plants have evolved a multi-layered immune system that dynamically responds to pathogens alike cell membrane that is a key mediator of communication between plants and microbes. Cytoplasm and the membrane-bounded structures (organelles) defense against different kind of stresses. The role of cellular organelles in plant defense relate to their enzymes primarily. Enzymes such as proteases, esterases and ribonucleases in cytoplasm, PM H+-ATPases in plasma membrane or β glucosidases included cyanogenic glucosides, saponins, glucosinolates or DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) glucoside in ER are responsible for plant defense. Also ROSs plus SA and JA in chloroplast and mitochondria play an important role in immune plant system. In nucleus macromolecules including nucleoporins, importins, and Ran-GTP-related components, are essential to mount an efficient immune response in response to different pathogens. And in Golgi apparatus, peroxysomes and vacuoles, glycosyltransferases, myrosinase and hydrolytic enzymes are liable for plant defense respectively. Keywords— biotic and abiotic stresses; organells; plant defense.
Overexpression of four previously uncharacterized poplar transcription factors produced enhanced saccharification of plant biomass in poplar. Two transcription factors, PtxtERF123 and PtxtZHD14, significantly improved both glucan and xylan release from plant cell walls. These transcription factors regulate groups of genes involved in xylem cell wall biosynthesis and are potential targets for improving biomass digestibility in poplar and other bioenergy feedstocks.
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of inoculating tomato plants with three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains. The study found that all three strains (B. cereus 2027-2, P. agglomerans 2066-7, and S. proteamaculans 2025-1) significantly increased various growth parameters of the tomato plants compared to non-inoculated controls, including aerial plant length, root length, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and yield. The three strains were selected for further characterization of their plant growth promotion mechanisms, which found that they exhibited various combinations of abilities to solubilize phosphate, fix nitrogen, and produce ammonia, ind
Sustainability & spread across multiple pathways in community & mental health...Isabelle Sparrow
Caroline Poole, Clinical Improvement Lead at Pennine Care NHS Trust recently attended the Simple Telehealth National Conference in Stoke-on-Trent to give a presentation about the trust's success in implementing Flo Telehealth.
Jeff is a 13-year-old student who thinks highly of himself. He has a family of 3 people that he believes he is better than. Jeff attends Shin Min High School and enjoys fighting, his favorite sport, as well as playing computer games like Maple Story with his friends Cliff, Steven and Gavin.
Breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals finalshivrajgehlot1
This document provides an outline and overview of breeding approaches for drought tolerance in cereals. It discusses the types of drought, mechanisms of drought tolerance including drought escape, avoidance and tolerance. It describes breeding methods for drought tolerance, including conventional methods like hybridization and non-conventional methods using biotechnology and genetic engineering. Examples of research from different countries evaluating drought tolerance in crops like wheat, rice and barley are presented. The document concludes that drought tolerance is complex and future work should identify signaling elements and cross-talk between pathways to develop crops tolerant to both drought and heat stress.
Genetic engineering can be used to develop drought tolerant crops. Approaches include engineering genes for organic osmolytes like glycine betaine, trehalose, proline, and mannitol. Genes encoding regulatory enzymes and LEA proteins can also be engineered for drought tolerance. Transgenic crops overexpressing antioxidant enzymes or transcription factors involved in the plant stress response have shown enhanced drought tolerance. Commercially available drought tolerant crops include Monsanto's DroughtGard maize which expresses a cold shock protein from bacteria.
Water stress & Signalling by Ujjwal Sirohiujjwal sirohi
Water deficit stress can negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Plants have developed several physiological responses and signaling pathways to cope with water deficit stress. These include closing stomata to reduce water loss, accumulating compatible solutes like glycine betaine to maintain cellular turgor under drought, and inducing transcription factors and receptor-like kinases that regulate stress-response genes. Abscisic acid plays a key role in triggering transcriptional changes that allow plants to adapt to water deficit conditions.
Identification and expression analysis of LEA gene family members in cucumber...asdasdas19
LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins
are firstly discovered in seeds and then identified in vegetative tissues of different plant species. They are mainly
regulated under abiotic stress conditions. Although genome
wide studies of different gene family members have been
performed in cucumber, there is no such a study for LEA
genes. We have identified 79 LEA genes in the cucumber
genome. Based on phylogenetic analysis, CsLEA genes
could be classified into seven groups in which structural
motifs are relatively conserved. Tandem duplications play
an important role in cucumber genome for LEA gene
expansion. Orthologous and chromosomal relationships of
CsLEA genes were observed based on comparative mapping analysis with other species. The in silico micro-RNA
(miRNA) target analyses indicated that 37 CsLEA genes
were targeted by different miRNAs, especially mir854 and
mir414 are the most abundant identified ones. Public
available RNA-seq data were analyzed for expression
analysis of CsLEA genes in different tissues of cucumber
GENOMICS OF STAY GREEN TRAITS AND THEIR UTILITY IN CROP IMPROVEMENTKK CHANDEL
1) A rice mutant with delayed leaf senescence (stay green trait) was developed using chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.
2) The stay green trait was found to be controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene (sgr(t)) located on chromosome 9.
3) The stay green mutant maintained green leaves and photosynthetic activity longer than the parental varieties after flowering, without reductions in yield.
The document discusses the stay-green trait in crops. It begins with an introduction to stay-green, which is a heritable trait that delays foliar senescence. This allows plants to maintain photosynthetic activity even under post-anthesis drought stress, leading to higher yields. The document then covers the history, significance, types, relationship to chlorophyll and nitrogen remobilization, role of hormones and transcription factors, breeding considerations, and presence in different crops. Stay-green is significant for traits like drought resistance and enhanced nitrogen recycling. Genes involved include SGR chlorophyll degradation genes and various transcription factors that regulate senescence. Breeding efforts aim to select high-yielding stay-green varieties suited for
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
This study evaluated microbial communities, enzyme activities, and soil properties in four soils under different land uses in Puerto Rico's semiarid region. Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were generally higher under pasture and trees compared to vegetable production. Principal component analysis showed differences in microbial community structure with higher fungal markers under pasture and trees. Several enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycling were also higher under pasture and trees. The results provide insights into how land use affects soil microbes and functions in semiarid soils.
Abiotic stress management for sustainable agriculturejayanta thokdar
Stress is an adverse force or a condition, which inhibits normal functioning in plants. An average of 50% yield losses in agricultural crops are caused by abiotic factors. To attain sustainability various crop management and breeding methods are employed to reduce impact of stress. Understand more about abiotic stress not only change our understanding of current environment, but also bring a plenty of benefits like improving sustainable agriculture and human beings living standards.
Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vu...Premier Publishers
This document describes a study on the physiological and biochemical responses of common bean genotypes to salicylic acid treatment under drought stress conditions. The study was conducted over three seasons at two locations in Yemen representing severe and moderate drought stress. The results showed that drought stress reduced bean yields and traits like root weight more than moderate stress. Salicylic acid treatment improved bean yields and traits under stress by increasing factors like photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars and proteins. The bean genotypes responded differently to stress and salicylic acid, with some showing high yield and low response to the treatment, some low yield but high response, and others low yield and response. The salicylic acid treatment helped the most in the genotypes with low original yield
Improvement of Horticultural Crops for Abiotic Stress ToleranceEtalesh Goutam
This presentation was being presented by Etalesh Goutam (M.Sc. Horticulture; 2018-2020) in the master seminar at Department of Horticulture, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal) Uttarakhand- 246174
Somatic Embryogenesis in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Glaucum (L) R.Br.) Using Li...IOSR Journals
The morphology and histology of somatic embryogenesis were examined using embryogenic calli derived from immature inflorescences of pearl millet using light and electron microscopic techniques. Young immature inflorescences, 30-35 days old (2.5 cm long) were cultured on LS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgL-1 of 2, 4-D and 0.5 mgL-1 of kinetin. The primary callus initiated was non-embryogenic, loose, white but differentiated rapidly into pale yellow, nodular and friable embryogenic callus within 2 weeks. Histological studies revealed the formation of somatic embryos and their maturation. Initial stages of somatic embryo induction showed calli with internal segmenting divisions, which gave rise to discrete groups of cells. Continued divisions and organization in some discrete groups formed globular structures, presumably proembryoids, which showed a distinct epidermis. Further these structures developed to form somatic embryos with a well-organized bipolar structure showing embryonic axis, scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza. Multiple shoots (5-6) were produced from each embryo when transferred to MS regeneration medium supplemented with hormonal combinations, viz., BAP + IBA, 2.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 which further developed into complete plantlets
1) A study identified a stay-green mutant in rice using chemical mutagenesis. The mutant showed delayed leaf senescence and maintained chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic rates longer than the wild type.
2) Genetic analysis found the trait was recessive and mapped to chromosome 9 between two markers.
3) A separate study used RNA interference to knock down the Medicago truncatula stay-green gene, producing a stay-green phenotype. Electron microscopy showed less chloroplast degradation in the mutant during induced senescence.
The document describes research aiming to develop stress tolerant soybean plants through overexpression of the SIZ1 gene. SIZ1 regulates sumoylation, a post-translational protein modification involved in stress response. The researchers transformed soybean plants using Agrobacterium containing an additional SIZ1 gene. Preliminary results show the transformed plants are regenerating shoots on selection media, indicating successful transformation and regeneration. Overexpression of SIZ1 has potential to increase stress tolerance through improved growth, photosynthesis, and adaptation to drought, temperature fluctuations, and low phosphate conditions.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) in agricultural soils from two sites in Morocco - OuledGhanem (GH) and SidiBennour (SB). Physico-chemical analysis found GH soils to have higher pH and phosphorus levels compared to SB soils. AM fungal diversity analyses identified 10 total species between the two sites, with 5 shared species. GH soils had a higher proportion of Diversisporales order fungi while SB soils were dominated by Glomerales order fungi. A biotest experiment found higher root colonization rates in SB soils compared to GH soils, suggesting higher alkalinity and phosphorus negatively impact colonization
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that compared the resistance to Fusarium wilt disease in seeded and regenerated sesame plants. The researchers established a system for regenerating sesame plants through tissue culture using different plant growth regulators, which resulted in somaclonal variation. Regenerated and seeded plantlets were compared for resistance after being inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum fsp sesami. Seeded plantlets displayed signs of susceptibility and died within 20 days, while regenerated plantlets resisted infection and continued growing despite being smaller and weaker initially. The results demonstrated that somaclonal variation through tissue culture induced resistance to Fusarium wilt in regenerated sesame plantlets.
This document discusses physiological processes in plants and their impact on crop productivity. It covers topics like photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and translocation. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light and dark reactions. Respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce energy. Transpiration and transpiration involve the movement of water and minerals in plants. These physiological processes are important determinants of crop yields. High leaf area ratio, leaf area duration, and optimal environmental factors like rainfall can increase agricultural productivity.
Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plants are often exposed to various environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and disease and pest attack. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus posses a myriad of defense and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they are able to cope with various kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. In fact plants defense against stresses by different ways. The role of cellular organelles is very important in this way. Cell wall and their derivatives such as oligosaccharins as biochemical defenser or for example trichomes as mechanical defenser is the frontline of the plant defense system. Also Plants have evolved a multi-layered immune system that dynamically responds to pathogens alike cell membrane that is a key mediator of communication between plants and microbes. Cytoplasm and the membrane-bounded structures (organelles) defense against different kind of stresses. The role of cellular organelles in plant defense relate to their enzymes primarily. Enzymes such as proteases, esterases and ribonucleases in cytoplasm, PM H+-ATPases in plasma membrane or β glucosidases included cyanogenic glucosides, saponins, glucosinolates or DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) glucoside in ER are responsible for plant defense. Also ROSs plus SA and JA in chloroplast and mitochondria play an important role in immune plant system. In nucleus macromolecules including nucleoporins, importins, and Ran-GTP-related components, are essential to mount an efficient immune response in response to different pathogens. And in Golgi apparatus, peroxysomes and vacuoles, glycosyltransferases, myrosinase and hydrolytic enzymes are liable for plant defense respectively. Keywords— biotic and abiotic stresses; organells; plant defense.
Overexpression of four previously uncharacterized poplar transcription factors produced enhanced saccharification of plant biomass in poplar. Two transcription factors, PtxtERF123 and PtxtZHD14, significantly improved both glucan and xylan release from plant cell walls. These transcription factors regulate groups of genes involved in xylem cell wall biosynthesis and are potential targets for improving biomass digestibility in poplar and other bioenergy feedstocks.
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of inoculating tomato plants with three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains. The study found that all three strains (B. cereus 2027-2, P. agglomerans 2066-7, and S. proteamaculans 2025-1) significantly increased various growth parameters of the tomato plants compared to non-inoculated controls, including aerial plant length, root length, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and yield. The three strains were selected for further characterization of their plant growth promotion mechanisms, which found that they exhibited various combinations of abilities to solubilize phosphate, fix nitrogen, and produce ammonia, ind
Sustainability & spread across multiple pathways in community & mental health...Isabelle Sparrow
Caroline Poole, Clinical Improvement Lead at Pennine Care NHS Trust recently attended the Simple Telehealth National Conference in Stoke-on-Trent to give a presentation about the trust's success in implementing Flo Telehealth.
Jeff is a 13-year-old student who thinks highly of himself. He has a family of 3 people that he believes he is better than. Jeff attends Shin Min High School and enjoys fighting, his favorite sport, as well as playing computer games like Maple Story with his friends Cliff, Steven and Gavin.
Jesús se aparece a sus discípulos en el lago de Tiberíades. Aunque no lo reconocen al principio, cuando Pedro se entera de que es Jesús se lanza al agua para ir con él. Jesús les pide que echen la red y pescan muchos peces. Luego les pregunta a comer y les pregunta tres veces a Pedro si lo ama, para reafirmar su discipulado. Pedro debe apacentar a sus ovejas como Jesús le pide.
Daniel Shakespeare (Freelance programmer, DE): Interactive Genealogy Explorer. Visualization of migration of ancestors and relatives
co:op-READ-Convention Marburg
Technology meets Scholarship, or how Handwritten Text Recognition will Revolutionize Access to Archival Collections.
With a special focus on biographical data in archives
Hessian State Archives Marburg Friedrichsplatz 15, D - 35037 Marburg
19-21 January 2016
Parameter kualitas air terdiri dari parameter fisika, kimia, dan biologis. Parameter kimia meliputi DPC, CO2, natrium, alkalinitas, nitrit, sulfat, nitrat, zat organik, pH, besi, mangan, dan klorida. Parameter ini digunakan untuk mengetahui kualitas air.
The document outlines the key tasks required for successful marketing management, including developing marketing strategies and plans, assessing market opportunities and customer value, choosing value, designing value, delivering value, communicating value, and sustaining growth and value. It discusses developing concrete marketing plans and strategies, closely monitoring the marketing environment to build long-term customer relationships, segmenting the market and considering competitors, launching products that provide competitive advantages and perceived value, distributing products through appropriate channels, promoting products through various communication channels, and initiating new product development to control fluctuations in the market.
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de materiales tecnológicos, como la madera, el plástico, los metales y los materiales de construcción. Explica que las propiedades de los materiales, como su dureza y resistencia, han determinado el progreso tecnológico a lo largo de la historia y que la elección de un material depende de factores como sus propiedades, disponibilidad y costo.
A carta descreve as lições de vida que uma criança aprendeu observando discretamente os comportamentos do pai, incluindo apoiar os interesses da criança, ajudar os necessitados, rezar e confiar em Deus, cuidar dos outros, ser responsável e não ter medo de chorar. A criança aprendeu que os pequenos atos de compaixão e responsabilidade são os mais importantes, e que quer ser uma boa pessoa assim como o pai.
The document discusses various methods for continuous process improvement, including Juran's Trilogy, the DPSA cycle, Kaizen, and Six Sigma. It describes Juran's Trilogy as a systematic approach involving quality planning, control, and improvement. The DPSA cycle is a method for testing changes through planning, doing, studying, and acting on the results. Kaizen focuses on small, incremental changes to minimize waste and promote continuous improvement. Six Sigma provides a scientific, data-driven approach to process improvement and achieving significant financial results.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum peraturan-peraturan utama dalam permainan bola sepak mengikut FIFA. Ia meliputi peraturan berkaitan permulaan permainan, jaringan gol, faul dan kesalahan, tendangan bebas, tendangan penalti, tendangan sudut, dan lain-lain peraturan penting dalam permainan.
Armand V. Feigenbaum was an American quality control expert and businessman who is considered the father of total quality management. He devised the concept of total quality control, which emphasized that quality should be managed throughout an entire organization and involved both suppliers and customers. Feigenbaum identified that costs associated with poor quality, such as rework and customer complaints, could be reduced through greater investments in prevention efforts. He is credited with establishing quality costs as a means to quantify the costs of quality-related activities and deficiencies within an organization. Feigenbaum received numerous honors for his pioneering contributions to the field of quality management.
This document summarizes current knowledge about plant hormone cross-talk during root meristem size determination. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling. It explains that a complex network of hormone interactions coordinates root development processes like cell division and differentiation to determine meristem size. Recent research efforts aim to define the components and dynamics of these hormonal networks through molecular and computational approaches.
Genomics is impacting agriculture by enabling the study of plant biology on a global scale through genome sequencing and gene expression profiling. Gene expression profiling using microarrays has identified hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed in response to stresses important for agriculture like drought, salt, disease and insects. Proteomics using 2D gel electrophoresis has characterized stress response proteins and been used as a diagnostic tool in plant breeding by identifying protein polymorphisms that are genetic markers or linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling traits like drought response.
Genomics is impacting agriculture by enabling the study of plant biology on a global scale through genome sequencing and gene expression profiling. Gene expression profiling using microarrays has identified hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed in response to stresses important for agriculture like drought, salt, disease and insects. Proteomics using 2D gel electrophoresis has characterized stress response proteins and identified protein polymorphisms useful for plant breeding as genetic markers. It has also identified protein quantity loci that co-locate with quantitative trait loci, validating candidate genes for traits like drought response in maize.
Genomics is impacting agriculture by enabling the study of plant biology on a global scale through genome sequencing and gene expression profiling. Gene expression profiling using microarrays has identified hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed in response to stresses important for agriculture like drought, salt, disease and insects. Proteomics using 2D gel electrophoresis has characterized stress response proteins and identified protein polymorphisms useful for plant breeding as genetic markers. It has also identified protein quantity loci that co-locate with quantitative trait loci, validating candidate genes for traits like drought response in maize.
The document discusses epigenetics and epigenomics in plants, describing the main epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. It reviews several ongoing research projects applying epigenomics to improve crop traits and stress resistance in important crops like wheat, rice, and maize. Going forward, further research is needed to better understand how epigenetic changes influence plant development and physiology, their degree of heritability, and how epigenomics can be used to enhance crop breeding.
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) facilitate the plant growth and enhance their
induced systemic resistance (ISR) against a variety of environmental stresses. In this study,
we carried out integrative analyses on the proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome to investigate
Arabidopsis root and shoot responses to the well-known PGPR strain Paenibacillus
polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
Induced mutagenesis was carried out in an important protein rich pulse crop (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The seeds of green gram variety Co-6 were treated with different concentrations of sodium azide. The mutagen treated seeds were sown in the field to observe M1 characteristics. The sodium azide treated seeds were subjected to amino acid analysis. Totally 19 amino acids were recorded in control and sodium azide treated samples. In the process of sodium azide treatments a few amino acids were increased and some amino acids were decreased than control. The M1 parameters such as germination and survival percentage, plant height, days taken for flowering, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of seeds/pod and hundred seeds weight were decreased with increasing concentrations sodium azide and all the growth parameters showed negative trend when compared to control. The M1 seeds were collected separately based on concentrations of sodium azide and stored for raising next generation after the harvest. The M1 seeds were sown in the field to raise M2 generation, and in M2 population, the different types of chlorophyll and viable mutants were noticed, such as chlorina, xantha, viridis, and viable mutants such as tall, dwarf, leaf, pod and early flowering mutants were noticed in various treatments of sodium azide. In addition with chlorophyll and viable mutants several initial leaflet modifications like trifoliate, tetrafoliate and pentafoliate leaflets had been observed in mutagenic treatment with sodium azide. The present study is a basis for evolving mutant varieties in green gram with altered agronomic traits.
1. The study analyzed the developmental and environmental regulation of secondary metabolism in the Andean plant yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) using metabolomic and gene expression approaches.
2. Results showed clear developmental stage-dependent regulation of yacón's secondary metabolism, with metabolic diversity increasing with plant age. Environmental factors also influenced biosynthesis pathways.
3. Gene expression patterns of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactones correlated with the accumulation of these metabolite classes at different developmental stages, suggesting complex regulation by both environmental and developmental factors.
Quantitative PCR (qPCR), also known as real-time PCR, is a laboratory technique used to quantify the amount of a specific DNA sequence in a sample. Some key points about how qPCR is used to determine the amount of DNA:
- qPCR works by amplifying a target DNA sequence over multiple cycles. It monitors the amplification in real-time using fluorescent dyes or probes.
- The fluorescent signal increases as more DNA is amplified. The point at which the fluorescence crosses a defined threshold is called the cycle threshold (Ct).
- Samples with more DNA copies of the target sequence will reach the threshold earlier in the amplification process (lower Ct value). Samples with fewer copies will reach it later (higher Ct value).
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Content Snapshots; Annals of Botany Volume 112 Number 3 2013Shujaul Mulk Khan
This document contains summaries of several scientific articles published in Annals of Botany in 2013. The articles cover a range of topics including: improving crop models to better account for the effects of climate change on crop productivity; conserving plant biodiversity in mountain ecosystems; studying cell wall components that are important for pollen tube growth; examining genetic connectivity in populations of a sedge species that vary in chromosome number; analyzing the conserved structure of B chromosomes in rye; investigating the role of B-sister genes in ovule and seed development in gymnosperms; characterizing repetitive DNA elements in the peanut genome; and exploring individual variation in mating patterns in mixed oak stands.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the transcriptome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves at four developmental stages using Illumina sequencing. RNA was extracted from leaves at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after growth and sequenced. Differential gene expression analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes between stages. Validation with qPCR supported the RNA-seq results. Pathway analysis identified secondary metabolic pathways involved in leaf development, including alkaloid, anthocyanin, and terpenoid biosynthesis. The study provides insight into the transcriptional changes that regulate photosynthesis and metabolism during grapevine leaf growth.
Natural variation in folate levels among tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Access...Kamal Tyagi
This document describes a study that analyzed natural variation in folate (vitamin B9) levels among tomato accessions. Key findings:
1. Folate levels varied significantly among the tomato accessions, ranging from 4 to 60 μg/100g fresh weight by microbiological assay and 14 to 46 μg/100g by LC-MS.
2. The most abundant folate form was 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-THF) in both mature green and red ripe fruits.
3. Despite the wide variation in folate levels, little polymorphism was found among the accessions in genes involved in folate biosynthesis.
4. The results suggest that variation
Effect of different amino acids on the morphology and bio-chemical attributes...Innspub Net
Amino acids have become a crucial part of feed for better growth and yield of Solanaceous vegetables. Economically accessible Amino acid stimulants can enhance the fertilizer absorption and maximize the uptake of water and nutrients. The experimental trial was carried out to find the impact of foliar feeding of Ezabian and Imino-x on flourishment and production of green chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.). Experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Moreover, seven treatments and four replications will be considered. Each treatment will contain ten plants. Vegetative, reproductive and biochemical parameters of chilli Wonder Hot, variety will be observed for data collection. Results revealed that Maximum plant height (63.5cm), highest fruit weight (5.39g), highest TSS value (11.51 Brix°) and highest pH value (5.68) was observed in T6 while T6 had maximum number of branches (28), highest value of fruit length (12.49cm), maximum fruit yield/plant (1113g), maximum fruit yield/ hectare (51.15tons), highest fresh root weight is 8.18, highest dry root weight 5.88, highest fresh shoot weight 77.7, highest dry shoot weight 33.57, highest value of 100 seeds weight (0.325g), and maximum chlorophyll concentration (75.68). However, highest concentration of Titratable acidity (0.3593g/L), maximum value of electrical conductivity (3.98S/m) highest value of fruit firmness (7.1 lb) as compared to other treatments Hence, it was concluded that foliar application of Ezabian and Imino-x @ Ezabian20mL+Imino-x20mL per liter of water increased yield characters up to maximum and this dose can be recommended to farmers to get more yield and profit.
“Transcription factor as signaling regulatory tools for improving growth proc...AKSHAYMAGAR17
The document discusses several transcription factors and their roles in plant growth processes. It provides case studies on:
1) Tb1 which regulates lateral branch development in maize by repressing axillary growth.
2) Shi4 and SHAT1 which regulate grain shattering in rice by specifying abscission zone development.
3) GA1 which regulates dwarfing as a gibberellin insensitive dwarf gene in apple rootstocks.
4) MADS-box and KNOX genes which regulate flowering development through involvement in stress responses and developmental plasticity.
5) HAT4 which regulates shade development as a member of the HD-ZIPII family involved in shade-induced growth responses.
A number of developments have been made in the molecular biology of oat (Avena spp.) in recent years. Many of these were recently described at the Fourth International Oat Conference, held on 18 to 23 October, in Adelaide, South Australia. These advances include a report of oat transformation and regeneration, the characterisation of J3-glucanase genes in oat, the further development of a molecular genetic map in oats, and the characterisation of genes encoding novel oat grain proteins. A technique for assessing pedigrees in the oat and other cereal crops has been reported using a modified electrophoretic technique.
The document discusses allele mining, which aims to identify allelic variations in genetic resources collections that are relevant for traits of interest. It describes how allele mining works to unlock hidden genetic variation by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and new haplotypes. The document then provides details on a case study of allele mining focused on three genes - calmodulin, LEA3, and SalT - important for abiotic stress tolerance in rice and related species. Primers were developed to amplify regions of these three genes from 64 accessions representing rice and other grasses.
Physiological, Biochemical and Modern Biotechnological Approach to Improvemen...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia serpentina also known as Sarpagandha (Apocynaceae) is an integral part of Ayurvedic medical system in India for over centuries for the treatment of various ailments. The leaves and roots ofRauwolfiaserpentina contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites. Major alkaloids identified are Reserpine, Rauwolfine, Serpentine, Sarpagine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine and Ajmalicine.The present paper is an overview of the studies concerning with physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfiaserpentina.
Classical and innovative approaches for the improvement ofmithraa thirumalai
This document discusses classical and innovative approaches for improving seed and seedling traits in rice. It describes classical breeding approaches like wide hybridization and backcrossing. It also discusses innovative approaches like marker-assisted breeding and genetic transformation. Several case studies are presented on improving traits like cold tolerance, flooding adaptation, seed shattering and dormancy. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with these traits have been identified and used to develop rice varieties with improved agronomic performance.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Molecular mechanisms regulating storage root formation in plants
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
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Molecular mechanisms regulating storage root formation in
plants
Zhongyi Chen1
, Wei Tang1,2*
1
College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei Province 434025, People’s Republic of China
2
101 Science Drive, Genome Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
Abstract— Storage roots are important for the growth and development in plants because they provide nutrients, water,
and energy storage. Storage roots are also modulating growth direction, disease resistance, and root formation at the
cellular and molecular level through interactions of genes and gene networks. However, molecular mechanisms regulating
storage root formation in plants are not fully understood. In this review, we have overviewed transcriptional regulation of
storage root formation, proteomic regulation of storage root formation, ethylene regulation of storage root formation, auxin
regulation of storage root formation, gene expression regulation of storage root formation, and metabolism regulation of
storage root formation. We have reviewed the basic regulatory principles of storage root formation from the network of
genomics to proteomics and metabolism in plants that will be valuable to research work in storage root growth and
development regulation at the molecular level.
Keywords— Gene expression, post-transcriptional gene silencing, storage root development.
I. INTRODUCTION
Systems biology approaches are important and successful in understanding complex biological processes through molecular
mechanisms involving the interaction of large numbers of genes. However, there are significant limitations in many of these
methods (Slovak et al. 2016). For example, the mechanisms of the Si-mediated protection against metal deficiency remain
poorly understood. Recently, it has been proposed that Si may act by an interaction with this biometal in the root apoplast
contributing to its movement through the plant, mitigating Zn deficiency symptoms (Pascual et al. 2016). Plant adaptation to
limited phosphate availability comprises a wide range of responses to internal phosphate sources and to enhance phosphate
acquisition. In Arabidopsis, root growth modulation correlates with an altered expression of cell wall modifying enzymes and
changes in the pectin network of the phosphate-deprived root tip, indicating that pectins are involved in iron binding and
phosphate mobilization (Hoehenwarter et al. 2016). In sweet potato, storage roots develop from adventitious roots present in
stem cuttings that serve as propagation material. Nodal position has a significant effect on the developmental status and
number of root primordia inside the stem. Environmental conditions affect adventitious roots initiation, development, and
capacity to form storage roots (Ma et al. 2015).
Turnips (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) represent one of the morphotypes that form tubers and can be used to study the genetics
underlying storage organ formation. The enlarged turnip tuber consists of both hypocotyl and root tissue, but the proportion
of the two tissues differs between accessions. The ratio of sucrose to fructose and glucose differed among accessions.
Vernalization resulted in reduced flowering time and smaller tubers for the Asian turnips (Zhang et al. 2014). The
maintenance of the symbiotic characteristics of the incorporated bacterial strains was important in the formation of nodules in
the soybean seedlings. A larger number of nodules formed in soybean seedlings from seeds inoculated with rhizobia
demonstrated that there is a great alternative to the usual protector inoculants because of its unprecedented capacity to control
the release of bacteria (Damasceno et al. 2013). Intraspecific variability in root colonization, extraradical growth pattern, and
survival after cold storage of Lactarius deliciosus isolates was determined in pure culture conditions using Pinus pinaster as
a host plant, indicating tolerance to cold water storage of L. deliciosus was isolate dependent (Parlade et al. 2011).
Physicochemical stability and biological activity of Withania somnifera root aqueous extract were affected by storage
conditions. Temperature and humidity are important for storage conditions and shelf life of ashwagandha formulations (Patil
et al. 2010). In response to suboptimal temperatures, plants increase root growth, build-up carbohydrates, and display typical
morphological and anatomical changes. For carrot, suboptimal temperature promoted reserve structures, rather than the
increase in carbohydrate concentration typical of most temperate annual species and woody perennials (Gonzalez et al.
2009). In this review, we overview transcriptional regulation of storage root formation, proteomic regulation of storage root
formation, ethylene regulation of storage root formation, auxin regulation of storage root formation, gene expression
regulation of storage root formation, metabolism regulation of storage root formation (Fig. 1). This review describes the
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basic regulatory principles of storage root formation in plants and will be valuable to research work in storage root growth
and development regulation at the molecular level.
FIG. 1. OVERVIEW OF SIGNALING TRANSDUCTION MACHINERY RELATED TO STRESS, HORMONE, LIGHT, AND
NUTRITION THAT ARE INVOLVED IN STORAGE ROOT INITIATION, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND STARCH AND
PROTEIN ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS
II. DIFFERENT REGULATIONS OF STORAGE ROOT FORMATION
2.1 Transcriptional regulation of storage root formation
Sweet potato accumulates large quantities of starch in the storage roots and has been shown to give comparable or superior
ethanol yields to corn per cultivated acre in the southeast. Thermostable and thermoactive amylolytic enzymes convert starch
to fermentable sugars. The gene encoding a hyperthermophilic alpha-amylase from Thermotoga maritima was expressed in
transgenic sweet potato. The transgene did not affect normal storage root formation and can facilitate cost effective starch
conversion to fermentable sugars (Santa-Maria et al. 2011). Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase is an important enzyme that determines
the hydroxylation pattern of anthocyanins. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase was constitutively expressed in fibrous roots, thick
roots, and storage roots. During storage root formation, Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase was expressed most abundantly in the
storage roots, suggesting that the anthocyanin biosynthesis is also active in the under-ground organs (Zhou et al. 2012).
Adventitious root (AR) formation in the stem base (SB) of cuttings is the basis for propagation of many plant species.
Analyses of phytohormone-related genes disclosed multifaceted changes of the auxin transport system, auxin conjugation
and the auxin signal perception machinery indicating a reduction in auxin sensitivity and phase-specific responses of
particular auxin-regulated genes. Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and action showed a more uniform pattern as a
high number of respective genes were generally induced during the whole process of AR formation. The important role of
ethylene for stimulating AR formation was demonstrated by the application of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and
perception as well as of the precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, all changing the number and length of AR. A
model is proposed showing the putative role of polar auxin transport and resulting auxin accumulation in initiation of
subsequent changes in auxin homeostasis and signal perception with a particular role of Aux/IAA expression. These changes
might in turn guide the entrance into the different phases of AR formation. Ethylene biosynthesis, which is stimulated by
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wounding and does probably also respond to other stresses and auxin, acts as important stimulator of AR formation probably
via the expression of ethylene responsive transcription factor genes, whereas the timing of different phases seems to be
controlled by auxin (Druege et al. 2014).
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a widespread agricultural plant forming storage root due to extensive secondary growth that
involves cambium proliferation and differentiation of secondary conductive tissues. CLE peptides are a group of peptide
phytohormones which play important role in the regulation of primary meristems such as SAM, RAM, and procambium, as
well as secondary meristems. In radish, 18 CLE genes of radish (RsCLEs) have been identified and their expression at
different stages of root development in R. sativus has been measured. The results demonstrated that RsCLE2, 19 and 41
genes play roles in the development of storage root of radish. RsCLE19 plays a role in auxin-dependent processes of xylem
differentiation and RsCLE41 stimulates cambium activity (Gancheva et al. 2016).
The storage roots of Callerya speciosa that are derived from fibrous roots are used medicinally. To detect key genes involved
in storage roots formation, Illumina sequencing of the C. speciosa storage roots and fibrous roots has been applied. After
expression profiling, 4538 differentially expressed genes were identified. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed
changes in the biosynthesis of cytokinin, phenylpropanoid, starch, sucrose, flavone and other secondary metabolites.
Transcription factor-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also identified, including such gene families as
GRAS, COL, MIKC, ERF, LBD, and NAC. The DEGs related to light signaling, starch, sugar, photohormones and cell wall-
loosening might be involved in the formation of storage roots. This study provides the first transcriptome profiling of C.
speciosa roots, data that will facilitate future research of root development and metabolites with medicinal value as well as
the breeding of C. speciosa (Xu et al. 2016a).
2.2 Proteomic regulation of storage root formation
Metabolism and regulatory processes in leaf may have an impact on tuber formation. To search for leaf proteins putatively
involved in regulating tuber generation and development in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), comparative proteomic
approaches have been applied to monitor differentially expressed leaf proteins during root transition from fibrous to tuberous.
A number of protein spots whose abundance were significantly altered were successfully identified by ion trap LC-MS/MS
during growth. The proteins span various functional categories from antioxidant and defense, carbohydrate metabolism,
cyanogenesis, energy metabolism, miscellaneous and unknown proteins, suggesting possible metabolic switches in the leaf
that may trigger/regulate storage root initiation and growth. The results can help understand how biochemical processes in
cassava leaves may be involved in storage root development (Mitprasat et al. 2011). The symbiosome membrane represents a
specialized plant membrane that forms both a structural and a functional interface between the legume plant and its bacterial
counterpart. Symbiosome membrane protein profile from the model system Medicago truncatula and the corresponding
bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti was examined using two-dimensional electrophoresis and microcapillary high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem mass spectrometry. The identities of 51 proteins were obtained and
these proteins were categorized into functional classes to indicate biochemical roles. Symbiosome membrane proteins
include an H(+)-ATPase, ENOD16, ENOD8, nodulin-25, BiP, HSP70, PDI, multifunctional aquaporin, a putative syntaxin,
and other proteins of known and unknown identity and function. The majority of the proteins identified were involved with
protein destination and storage. These results allow us to understand better the biochemical composition of the symbiosome
membrane and thus provide a basis to hypothesize mechanisms of symbiosome membrane formation and function (Catalano
et al. 2004).
Different proteomic approaches, including SDS-PAGE, classical two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), high-resolution
2DE, mass spectrometry, and iTRAQ-based analysis, have contributed for characterization of proteome in plants. A large
number of proteins have been identified, including those involved in the storage root formation and post-harvest
physiological deterioration processes (Batista de Souza et al. 2015). In sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), a
proteomic analysis was conducted on the pencil and storage roots of the light orange-fleshed sweet potato cultivar, Yulmi, to
understand protein function in root development. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that expression of 30 protein
spots differed between pencil and storage roots: 15 proteins were up-regulated or expressed in pencil roots and 15 in storage
roots. Binding protein isoform A, catechol oxidase, peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidase, endochitinase, flavanone 3-
hydroxylase, protein disulfide isomerase, anionic peroxidase, putative ripening protein, sporamin B, sporamin A, and
sporamin A precursor are play roles in storage root formation. These results provide important insight into sweet potato
proteomics and indicate that the reduction of carbon flow toward phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and its delivery to
carbohydrate metabolism is a major event in storage root formation (Lee et al. 2015).
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Comparison of the expression profiles of storage root proteome at various developmental stages was investigated in cassava
using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS. Experimental results demonstrated that the secondary growth
was confirmed to be essential during the development of cassava storage root and 8 functional groups including protein
folding and degradation, energy, metabolism, secondary metabolism, stress response, transport facilitation, cytoskeleton, and
unclassified function have been identified. The expression profiling of membrane proteins revealed the proteins involved in
protein folding and degradation, energy, and cell structure were highly expressed during early stages of development
(Naconsie et al. 2016). To sustain root function in the hypoxic environment, a key adaptation for waterlogging tolerant plants
is the formation of adventitious roots. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying root emergence, the iTRAQ-
based quantitative proteomics approach was employed to map the proteomes of hypocotyls cells under control and
waterlogging conditions. A total of 5508 proteins were identified and 146 were differentially regulated proteins, of which 47
and 56 DRPs were specific to tolerant and sensitive line, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH), 1-
aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid oxidases, peroxidases, 60S ribosomal proteins, GSDL esterases/lipases, histone
deacetylases, and histone H5 and were strongly overrepresented to manage the energy crisis, promote ethylene release,
minimize oxidative damage, mobilize storage lipids, and stimulate cell division, differentiation and growth. These findings
provided valuable information for the breeding of plants with enhanced tolerance to waterlogging (Xu et al. 2016b).
2.3 Ethylene regulation of storage root formation
Ethylene may affect rooting responses and storage root formation. In etiolated mung-bean seedlings treated with the auxins
alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid, gamma-(indole-3)-n-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxypropionic acid, no
relationship between the abilities of the auxins to induce root formation and their capacities for inducing ethylene production.
Exposure of cuttings to ethylene or (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (Ethephon), hypobaric storage of treated cuttings, and
exposure of auxin-treated cuttings to 7% CO2 also indicated that ethylene is not directly involved in initiation of adventitious
roots in this plant material (Batten and Mullins 1978). In Brassica rapa root, high pressure treated samples formed unique
green-blue color during 7-d storage at 4 degrees C, indicating that the mechanism of green-blue compound formation would
be from biochemical pathway involved in enzymatic reactions with ethylene (Ueno et al. 2009).
Genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and action showed a more uniform pattern as a high number of respective genes
were generally induced during the whole process of root formation. The important role of ethylene for stimulating root
formation was demonstrated by the application of inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and perception as well as of the
precursor aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. A model is proposed showing the putative Ethylene biosynthesis, which is
stimulated by wounding and does probably also respond to other stresses and auxin, acts as important stimulator of root
formation probably via the expression of ethylene responsive transcription factor genes, whereas the timing of different
phases seems to be controlled by auxin (Druege et al. 2014).
In, R. glutinosa tuberous, root formation is involve in different developmental stages including seeding, elongation, pre-
expanding, mid-expanding, late-expanding and maturity stage. The anatomic characteristics indicated that the fission of
secondary cambium initiated the tuberous root expansion, and the continuous and rapid division of secondary cambium and
accessory cambium kept the sustained and rapid expansion of tuberous root. The quantitative analysis suggested that the
genes related to biosynthesis and response of the IAA, CK, ABA,ethylene, JA and EB were up-regulated expressed,
meanwhile, GA synthesis and response genes were down-regulated expressed and the genes of GA negative regulation
factors were up-regulated expressed. The maximum levels of most genes expression occurred in the elongation and pre-
expansion stage, indicating these two stages were the key periods to the formation and development of tuberous roots (Wang
et al. 2014). Waterlogging is a common abiotic stress and cucumber waterlogging tolerant line Zaoer-N seedlings adapt to
waterlogging stress by developing a larger number of roots in hypocotyls. Increased ethylene release may protect root from
stress damage by mobilizing storage lipids and stimulating cell division, differentiation and growth (Xu et al. 2016b).
2.4 Auxin regulation of storage root formation
Auxins induce root formation and studies with mixtures of 3-indoleacetic acid and IBA indicated that auxins were directly
involved in initiation of adventitious roots in plants (Batten and Mullins 1978). In carrot (Daucus carota, L.), treatment of
unwounded carrot storage roots with 10 microM 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, indoleacetic acid, or naphthalene-1-acetic
acid resulted in the accumulation of DcPRP1 transcripts to a level equal to that seen in wounded tissue (Ebener et al. 1993).
In walnut, a short auxin treatment suppressed the formation of large roots and induced numerous tiny rootlets dispersed all
over the surface of the cotyledons (Gutmann et al. 1996). Plants use several mechanisms to regulate levels of the auxin
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indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), including the formation and hydrolysis of amide-linked conjugates that act as storage or
inactivation forms of the hormone. To examine the in vivo importance of auxin-conjugate hydrolysis, a triple hydrolase
mutant, ilr1 iar3 ill2, which is deficient in three of these hydrolases has been generated. The hydrolase mutant phenotypic
profiles on different conjugates reveal the in vivo activities and relative importance of ILR1, IAR3, and ILL2 in IAA-
conjugate hydrolysis and that amidohydrolases contribute free IAA to the auxin pool during germination in Arabidopsis
(Rampey et al. 2004).
The effects of cytokinins and auxins on the formation of storage roots in vitro were examined in cassava. Auxin and
cytokinin supplementation were absolutely required for in vitro storage root regeneration; these roots were not able to
develop secondary growth, but formed a tissue competent for starch storing (Medina et al. 2007). In sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas cv. 'Jinhongmi'), MADS-box protein cDNA (SRD1) has been isolated from an early stage storage root cDNA library.
Transcripts of SRD1 were detected only in root tissues, with the fibrous root having low levels of the transcript and the
young storage root showing relatively higher transcript levels. SRD1 mRNA was mainly found in the actively dividing cells,
including the vascular and cambium cells of the young storage root, indicating that SRD1 plays a role in the formation of
storage roots by activating the proliferation of cambium and metaxylem cells to induce the initial thickening growth of
storage roots in an auxin-dependent manner (Noh et al. 2010).
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for many aspects of plant development and necessary for root formation.
Identification of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase PASTICCINO3 and the 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydratase PASTICCINO2
revealed that VLCFAs are important for cell proliferation and tissue patterning (Roudier et al. 2010). Polar auxin transport
and resulting auxin accumulation in initiation of subsequent changes in auxin homeostasis and signal perception with a
particular role of Aux/IAA expression might guide the entrance into the different phases of root formation. Auxin, acts as
important stimulator of root formation probably via the expression of ethylene responsive transcription factor genes (Druege
et al. 2014). In Raphanus sativus, storage root formation is due to extensive secondary growth which involves cambium
proliferation and differentiation of secondary conductive tissues and auxins play important role in the regulation of primary
meristems such as SAM, RAM, and procambium, as well as secondary meristems (Gancheva et al. 2016).
2.5 Gene expression regulation of storage root formation
In carrot (Daucus carota L.), genomic clone (DcPRP1) was isolated on the basis of its homology to previously described
cDNAs encoding a wound-inducible, proline-rich cell wall protein. Expression of DcPRP1 is developmentally regulated and
linked to the formation of storage roots, where this gene is expressed at high levels after wounding (Ebener et al. 1993). In
sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), storage root coincides with starch accumulation made using cleaved products of imported
photoassimilate sucrose. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) was found to be significantly more frequent in storage root than in fibrous
root. SuSy was the most abundant carbohydrate-metabolism gene in the storage-root. SuSy was the most actively expressed
enzyme in sucrose metabolism in developing storage root and was predominant for sucrose cleavage related to starch-
accumulation (Li and Zhang 2003). In Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots, organs accumulating large
amounts of starch, develop from primary roots via secondary growth (Zhang et al. 2003). Cassava storage roots result from
swelling of adventitious roots by secondary growth. Comparative gene expression study in adventitious and storage roots in
order to identify genes possibly related to storage organ formation revealed five genes with higher expression levels in
secondary xylem of storage roots than adventitious roots. Among them, the Mec1 gene coding for Pt2L4 glutamic acid-rich
protein and a putative RING Zinc Finger and LEA protein genes were strongly induced in secondary xylem tissue (de Souza
et al. 2004). Auxins are hormones important for numerous processes throughout plant growth and development. Formation
and hydrolysis of amide-linked conjugates act as storage forms of the hormone that contribute free IAA to the auxin pool
during germination in Arabidopsis (Rampey et al. 2004).
Differential display analysis has been used to identify the genes involved in storage root formation. In sweet potato, the
expression of SRF1, SRF2, SRF3, SRF5, SRF6, SRF7, and SRF9 increased during storage root formation, whereas the
expression of SRF4, SRF8, and SRF10 decreased (Tanaka et al. 2005). In potato, radish, turnip, and ginger, lyophilization
can be used to preserve RNA in high starch- and phenolic-containing plant tissues for studies on gene expression (Kumar et
al. 2007). Using this method, MADS-box protein cDNA (SRD1) has been isolated from an early stage storage root cDNA
library in sweet potato. SRD1 plays a role in the formation of storage roots by activating the proliferation of cambium and
metaxylem cells to induce the initial thickening growth of storage roots in an auxin-dependent manner (Noh et al. 2010). In
Cassava, gene expressions during storage root development provide important information on storage root formation and
starch. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) (MeKD83), entkaurene synthase (KS) (MeKD106) and hexose transporter
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(HT) (MeKD154) showed root-specific expression patterns. KS and HT may involve in transient induction of CDPK
expression, which may play an important role in the signaling pathway of storage root initiation. Sulfite reductase may
involve in storage root development by facilitating sulfur-containing protein biosynthesis (Sojikul et al. 2010). In poplar,
PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE 1 (PHOR1) is most highly expressed in roots and induced by short days, while PtPHOR1_2 is
more uniformly expressed throughout plant tissues and is not responsive to short days. PtPHOR1_1 effects were restricted to
roots while PtPHOR1_2 had similar effects on aerial and below-ground development. The effect of PHOR1 suppression on
starch accumulation was coupled with growth-inhibiting effects in both roots and shoots, suggesting that PHOR1 is part of a
mechanism that regulates the allocation of carbohydrate to growth or storage in poplar (Zawaski et al. 2012).
To identify the molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation of storage root formation, by performing a detailed
transcriptomic analysis of initiating storage roots using next-generation sequencing platforms. The differential expression
profiles indicated down-regulation of classical root functions, such as transport, as well as down-regulation of lignin
biosynthesis in initiating storage roots, and up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and starch biosynthesis. Carbohydrate
metabolism and starch biosynthesis, are major events involved in storage root initiation (Firon et al. 2013). The role of an
expansin gene (IbEXP1) in the formation of the storage root (SR) was investigated by expression pattern analysis and
characterization of IbEXP1-antisense sweet potato. The transcript level of IbEXP1 was high in the fibrous root (FR) and
petiole at the FR stage, but decreased significantly at the young storage root (YSR) stage. IbEXP1 plays a negative role in the
formation of SR by suppressing the proliferation of metaxylem and cambium cells to inhibit the initial thickening growth of
SRs (Noh et al. 2013). Forskolin, a complex labdane diterpenoid found in the root of Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae), has
received attention for its broad range of pharmacological activities, yet the biosynthesis has not been elucidated. Expression
profiling and phylogenetic analysis of the CfTPS family further support the functional diversification and distinct roles of the
individual diterpene synthases and the involvement of CfTPS1 to CfTPS4 in specialized metabolism and of CfTPS14 and
CfTPS15 in general metabolism. Our findings pave the way toward the discovery of the remaining components of the
pathway to forskolin, likely localized in this specialized cell type, and support a role of oil bodies as storage organelles for
lipophilic bioactive metabolites (Pateraki et al. 2014). Several cassava proteins have been identified, including those involved
in the storage root formation and post-harvest physiological deterioration processes (Batista de Souza et al. 2015).
Development of storage roots is a process associated with a phase change from cell division and elongation to radial growth
and accumulation of massive amounts of reserve substances such as starch. In cassava storage root development, MeAGL20
is a factor that might play an important role at the onset of storage root initiation (Sojikul et al. 2015). The peptides play a
role during storage root formation. The expression level of RsCLE19 strongly decrease in response to exogenous cytokinin
and expression level of RsCLE41 strongly decrease in response to exogenous auxin, suggesting that RsCLE19 may play a
role in auxin-dependent processes of xylem differentiation and RsCLE41 stimulates cambium activity (Gancheva et al.
2016). In petunia, dark exposure before planting enhances the carbon sink competitiveness of the rooting zone and that
expression and activity of invertases contribute to the shift in carbon allocation (Klopotek et al. 2016). In Cassava, The
proteins with differential expression pattern were analysed and identified to be associated with stress response. The
expression profiling of membrane proteins revealed the proteins involved in protein folding were highly expressed during
early stages of development. Possible role of identified proteins were discussed in relation with the activities during storage
root maturation in cassava (Naconsie et al. 2016). Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that plays important role in
development of plant. In soybean, expression of peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), vegetative storage protein (VSP), and
nitrite reductase (NR) genes were up-regulated and high affinity K+ transporter (HKT1), lipoxygenase (LOX), polyphenol
oxidase (PPO), and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) genes were down-regulated during root development and
growth under stress, through NO signaling (Vaishnav et al. 2016).
2.6 Metabolism regulation of storage root formation
Phospholipase D in plant storage tissues and seeds may be related to the rapid growth involved in their formation rather than
being necessary for the utilization of their food reserve substances (Quarles and Dawson 1969). In tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum L.), protein bodies contain heme protein with strong oxidase activity may convey a specific function to
proteinoplasts (Vigil and Ruddat 1985). Sucrose plays a central role with respect to both short-term storage and distribution
of photoassimilates formed in the leaf. Sucrose is synthesized in the cytosol, transiently stored in the vacuole and exported
via the apoplast. Expression of cytosolic yeast invertase resulted in the accumulation of starch and soluble sugars in plants
(Sonnewald et al. 1991). The neutral lipids of G. intraradices increased continuously in the intraradical mycelium, while
vesicle occurrence decreased after initial rapid root colonization by the fungus. S. calospora does not form vesicles and
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accumulated more neutral lipids in extraradical than in intraradical mycelium, suggesting that the ratio of neutral lipids to
phospholipids is more important than is the presence of vesicles in determining the storage status of AM fungi (van Aarle
and Olsson 2003).
The role of nitrogen- and storage-affected carbohydrate availability in rooting of pelargonium cuttings has been determined.
The results indicate that adventitious rooting of pelargonium cuttings can be limited by the initial amount of nitrogen
reserves. However, this relationship reveals only small plasticity and is superimposed by a predominant effect of
carbohydrate availability that depends on the initial leaf sugar levels, when high-light adaptation and low current light
conditions impair net carbon assimilation (Druege et al. 2004). The occurrence of oligosaccharide motifs of pectic
polysaccharides are spatially regulated in sugar beet root cell walls and that the spatial patterns vary between cell types
suggesting that structural variants of pectic polymers are involved in the modulation of cell wall properties (Guillemin et al.
2005). The roots of Epipremnum aureum take up exogenously fed nicotine as a xenobiotic and provide insight into the
mechanisms of uptake, transport and storage of nicotine as a xenobiotic (Weidner et al. 2005). The starch pool in non-needle
parts, which can be used for xylem formation, drew approx. 43% of its carbon from the previous year's photoassimilate,
indicating that carbon storage is a key mechanism (Kagawa et al. 2006).
It was discovered that development of P-toxicity symptoms in H. prostrata is related to its low capacity to down-regulate net
P-uptake rates. In response to higher P supply, G. crithmifolia does not develop symptoms of P toxicity (Shane and Lambers
2006).
Protein storage and lytic vacuoles in root tips of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings were initially
separate compartments that later fused to form a central vacuole during cell elongation (Olbrich et al. 2007). Correlation of
increased accumulation of both ferritin polypeptide and mRNA with actual in situ localization of ferritin allowed ferritin
synthesis in the developing, indeterminate-type root nodules to be related to differentiating bacteroid tissue (Strozycki et al.
2007). Mycorrhiza formation is the consequence of a mutualistic interaction between certain soil fungi and plant roots that
helps to overcome nutritional limitations faced by the respective partners (Nehls 2008).
The mechanisms for the detoxification of xenobiotics in plants are closely related to the mammalian system. With LC-MS
technique, paracetamol and its metabolites in root cells of A. rusticana were identified (Huber et al. 2009). In Brassica rapa
root, high pressure treated samples formed unique green-blue color, indicating that green-blue compound formation would be
based on biochemical pathway for a unique green-blue pigment synthesis, containing O2-dependent steps and possibly
enzymatic reactions (Ueno et al. 2009). Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for plant development and for
the synthesis of seed storage triacylglycerols, epicuticular waxes, and sphingolipids. Exogenous VLCFAs rescue lateral root
organogenesis and polar auxin distribution, indicating their direct involvement during plant development (Roudier et al.
2010). In cassava, competition of photoassimilate partitioning between the shoot and the root organs, has an impact on
storage root development (Mitprasat et al. 2011). In sweet potato, starch conversion to fermentable sugars is carried out at
high temperatures and requires the action of thermostable and thermoactive amylolytic enzymes (Santa-Maria et al. 2011). In
poplar, PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSE 1 (PHOR1) suppression led to increased starch accumulation in both roots and stems,
suggesting PHOR1 is part of a mechanism that regulates the allocation of carbohydrate to growth or storage (Zawaski et al.
2012).
To identify the molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation of storage root formation, transcriptomic analysis of
initiating storage roots using next-generation sequencing platforms has been performed. The results indicate genes that are
involved in the earliest stage of storage root formation, highlighting the reduction in carbon flow toward phenylpropanoid
biosynthesis and its delivery into carbohydrate metabolism and starch biosynthesis, as major events involved in storage root
initiation are related to storage root initiation identified (Firon et al. 2013). Reduced vacuolar invertase activity leads to
reduced net photosynthesis in the shoot and lowered root respiration, and affords an increased root/shoot ratio and roots have
very capacity for carbon storage for their maintenance metabolism (Brauner et al. 2014). Carbon and nitrogen
remobilization/storage processes are key to tree growth and survival. The pattern of carbon compound accumulation in
branches supports the hypothesis of a preferential allocation of carbon towards growth until the end of wood formation in
juvenile trees, at the expense of the replenishment of carbon stores, while mature trees start allocating carbon to storage right
after budburst (Gilson et al. 2014). Vacuole formation from provacuoles was observed in cells newly produced by root
meristem. Decreased expression of TIP3s was associated to the transformation of protein storage vacuoles to vacuoles,
whereas enhanced expression of a TIP2 homologue was closely linked to the fast cell elongation (Novikova et al. 2014). In
C. forskohlii, expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis of the diterpene synthase candidates (CfTPSs) family support
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 100
the functional diversification and distinct roles of the individual diterpene synthases and the involvement of CfTPS1 to
CfTPS4 in specialized metabolism and of CfTPS14 and CfTPS15 in general metabolism (Pateraki et al. 2014). It has been
suggested that these nitrogen-based secondary metabolites act as storage reserves of nitrogen. In sorghum, three key genes,
CYP79A1, CYP71E1 and UGT85B1, are essential for synthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin (Blomstedt et al. 2016).
The formation of storage organs is a central part of the life cycle of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). The AMF's
extraradical mycelium produces its storage organs within dead roots in preference to air space in the substrate. Dead roots
may indirectly supply nutrients to AMF (Muller et al. 2016). Mycorrhiza formation is the consequence of a mutualistic
interaction between certain soil fungi and plant roots that helps to overcome nutritional limitations faced by the respective
partners. Current knowledge on fungal strategies to obtain carbohydrates from its host and plant strategies to enable, but also
to control and restrict (under certain conditions), carbon transfer are summarized (Nehls 2008). The development of
intraradical and extraradical mycelia of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Scutellospora calospora and Glomus
intraradices when colonizing Plantago lanceolata was compared with the amounts of signature fatty acids (van Aarle and
Olsson 2003). Analysis of symbiotic genes showed that the nifH gene was only detected for the Klebsiella-like isolates and
the nodC gene could not be amplified by PCR or be detected by Southern blotting in any of the isolates. The results obtained
support the idea that these isolates are opportunistic bacteria able to colonize nodules induced by rhizobia (Ibanez et al.
2009).
Post-transcriptional processing of primary transcripts can significantly affect the corresponding protein products. In wheat
(Triticum aestivum), TaRSZ22, TaSRp30, TaU1-70K, and the large and small subunits of TaU2AF, are wheat homologues
of known plant splicing factors that are mainly expressed in roots (Lopato et al. 2006).
Increasing the sucrose concentration in the calcium chloride polymerisation medium significantly reduced regrowth from
encapsulated nodal cuttings of accession TME 60444. The high frequency of plant regrowth from alginate-coated
micropropagules coupled with high viability percentage after 28 days of storage is highly encouraging for the exchange of
cassava genetic resources (Danso and Ford-Lloyd 2003). In cassava, storage-root formation is initiated when plants are 1 to 2
months old. The production loss caused by M. incognita to young SS4 plants was due to a reduction of storage-root number
rather than a reduction in individual storage-root weight (Makumbi-Kidza et al. 2000). In carrot, root produced invertase
resulted in a slower rate of enzyme production and a lower final level (Bradshaw et al. 1970). In red beet (Beta vulgaris L.),
Invertase activity in the disks has been measured by a polarimetric method. Trisaccharides that appear in sugar-beet disks
during the washing process have been isolated and identified; their formation also suggests that a higher-plant invertase is
acting. in relation to protein synthesis in washed storage-tissue slices, and the occurrence of high invertase activity in
growing plant cells (Bacon et al. 1965). Understanding metabolism regulation of storage root formation and their molecular
mechanisms in plants may have practical application in agricultural production, environmental protection, and plant
molecular breeding.
III. CONCLUSION
Molecular mechanisms regulating storage root initiation and formation are important for the growth and development in
plants because storage roots provide nutrients, water, disease resistance, and energy storage. In this review, we have
overviewed transcriptional regulation, proteomic regulation, ethylene regulation, auxin regulation, gene expression
regulation, and metabolism regulation of storage root formation. We have reviewed the basic regulatory principles of storage
root formation from the network of genomics to proteomics and metabolism in root formation at the cellular and molecular
level, as well as the interactions of genes and gene networks. Understanding molecular mechanisms regulating storage root
formation in plants may have practical application in plant molecular breeding.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
WT wrote the manuscript. All authors participated, contributed to design of research, performed, and evaluated the
experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Neale, Dr. Page, Dr. Bradshaw, Dr. Lischewski, Dr. Thompson, and Dr. Andersen-Ranberg
for their critical reading and suggestions during the preparation of this manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from
the Education Committee of Hubei Providence of China.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 101
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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