This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It discusses target groups, definitions of research, general research characteristics, problem selection, literature reviews, conceptual frameworks, setting research objectives, and referencing styles. Research is defined as an exhaustive search for facts and meanings with reference to a given problem. Literature reviews analyze previous work to identify gaps and avoid duplication. Conceptual frameworks illustrate relationships between study variables. Well-formulated objectives focus a study and guide its design and implementation.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERGRADUATES.pptxROBIN VAVACHAN
Embarking on the journey of research as undergraduates is both exciting and challenging. This presentation introduces the fundamental principles of research methodology, offering a roadmap for undergraduates to navigate the complexities of academic inquiry.
Research method ch04 research topic and designnaranbatn
This document discusses research problem and design. It defines a research problem as the heart of a research project and must be researchable and lead to discovery. A research problem can be divided into sub-problems for clarity. Descriptive and experimental designs are described. Descriptive design involves observation and description while experimental design tests relationships through manipulation of variables. Both have advantages and disadvantages for research. The document also discusses topics like surveys, case studies, and qualitative vs. quantitative research.
The document defines research and outlines its key characteristics and importance. It discusses the characteristics of researchers and the qualities of good researchers. It also describes the different types of research and outlines the typical stages in the research process, including defining the problem, planning, data collection/analysis, and reporting. Finally, it discusses some ethical considerations and interfaces in conducting research.
This document provides an overview of the research process. It defines research as the systematic search for knowledge to increase understanding. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, mixed, and action research. Qualitative research aims to understand behaviors while quantitative determines relationships between variables. Mixed research combines both approaches. Action research identifies actions and outcomes to improve processes. Choosing a research topic requires considering interest areas that can be narrowed and have available sources to research. The literature review informs the study by analyzing previous work. Developing a good research question is also important to address a relevant issue that can be answered through research methodology.
This document outlines a course on research methodology for year II health science students at Arsi University in Ethiopia. It provides details on the course credit hours, facilitators, learning objectives, evaluation criteria, and an overview of topics to be covered including defining research, identifying research problems, developing hypotheses, literature reviews, and avoiding plagiarism. The course aims to equip students with skills in writing research proposals, study designs, sampling, data analysis, and critically assessing research papers. Reference materials are also listed.
The document provides an overview of business research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, objectives of research, scope of business research, and the research process. The research process involves 8 steps - identifying the problem, evaluating literature, creating hypotheses, designing the research, describing the population, collecting data, analyzing data, and report writing. It also outlines different types of research based on objectives, outcomes, logic, process, inquiry mode, and concepts. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology for business students.
The research process involves several key steps:
1) Formulating a research problem and questions to address;
2) Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work and focus the research;
3) Developing objectives, a research design, and data collection plan;
4) Collecting and analyzing data; and
5) Reporting results and conclusions.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a literature review. It begins by defining research and the objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It then discusses what a literature review is and its purpose of analyzing existing research. The main steps covered are establishing a research focus, identifying relevant search tools and terms, searching databases using operators and wildcards, organizing findings, determining relevant literature, and analyzing and summarizing the evidence into a report. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate each step in the literature review process.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERGRADUATES.pptxROBIN VAVACHAN
Embarking on the journey of research as undergraduates is both exciting and challenging. This presentation introduces the fundamental principles of research methodology, offering a roadmap for undergraduates to navigate the complexities of academic inquiry.
Research method ch04 research topic and designnaranbatn
This document discusses research problem and design. It defines a research problem as the heart of a research project and must be researchable and lead to discovery. A research problem can be divided into sub-problems for clarity. Descriptive and experimental designs are described. Descriptive design involves observation and description while experimental design tests relationships through manipulation of variables. Both have advantages and disadvantages for research. The document also discusses topics like surveys, case studies, and qualitative vs. quantitative research.
The document defines research and outlines its key characteristics and importance. It discusses the characteristics of researchers and the qualities of good researchers. It also describes the different types of research and outlines the typical stages in the research process, including defining the problem, planning, data collection/analysis, and reporting. Finally, it discusses some ethical considerations and interfaces in conducting research.
This document provides an overview of the research process. It defines research as the systematic search for knowledge to increase understanding. There are different types of research including qualitative, quantitative, mixed, and action research. Qualitative research aims to understand behaviors while quantitative determines relationships between variables. Mixed research combines both approaches. Action research identifies actions and outcomes to improve processes. Choosing a research topic requires considering interest areas that can be narrowed and have available sources to research. The literature review informs the study by analyzing previous work. Developing a good research question is also important to address a relevant issue that can be answered through research methodology.
This document outlines a course on research methodology for year II health science students at Arsi University in Ethiopia. It provides details on the course credit hours, facilitators, learning objectives, evaluation criteria, and an overview of topics to be covered including defining research, identifying research problems, developing hypotheses, literature reviews, and avoiding plagiarism. The course aims to equip students with skills in writing research proposals, study designs, sampling, data analysis, and critically assessing research papers. Reference materials are also listed.
The document provides an overview of business research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, objectives of research, scope of business research, and the research process. The research process involves 8 steps - identifying the problem, evaluating literature, creating hypotheses, designing the research, describing the population, collecting data, analyzing data, and report writing. It also outlines different types of research based on objectives, outcomes, logic, process, inquiry mode, and concepts. The document serves as a useful introduction to research methodology for business students.
The research process involves several key steps:
1) Formulating a research problem and questions to address;
2) Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work and focus the research;
3) Developing objectives, a research design, and data collection plan;
4) Collecting and analyzing data; and
5) Reporting results and conclusions.
This document outlines the steps for conducting a literature review. It begins by defining research and the objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It then discusses what a literature review is and its purpose of analyzing existing research. The main steps covered are establishing a research focus, identifying relevant search tools and terms, searching databases using operators and wildcards, organizing findings, determining relevant literature, and analyzing and summarizing the evidence into a report. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate each step in the literature review process.
This document discusses the steps involved in conducting research. It begins by defining research and outlining its purposes such as building knowledge and increasing public awareness. It then describes the basic structure of a research paper as introduction, methods, results and discussion. The next sections explain each step of conducting research in detail, including identifying the research problem, literature review, specifying the research purpose and questions, developing hypotheses, choosing an appropriate methodology, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of verification strategies in ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings is also highlighted.
research process in nursing nursing process.ppsxlovedhaliwal1
The document outlines the key objectives and steps of the research process. The objectives of research include discovering new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing phenomena, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, developing new tools and theories, and solving problems. The research process involves exploration, literature review, research design, execution, and following up. It describes each step, including formulating research questions, reviewing literature, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The overall goal is to systematically investigate research problems and add to scientific knowledge.
Chapter-2.pptxyear upon out upon hhhhhhhhteddiyfentaw
The document discusses the research process and provides details on key steps. It begins by explaining that research involves a series of linked stages that are usually presented linearly but are not always distinct. It then lists common stages as formulating the topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Subsequent sections provide more details on formulating the research problem, developing a research proposal, reviewing literature, research design, and other stages.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review before beginning a research project. It outlines the research process, including defining the problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous work, developing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and comparing findings to the existing literature. A literature review involves searching for and analyzing previous research on the topic to identify what is already known, questions that remain unanswered, and gaps the proposed research could address. This helps situate a research project within the existing body of knowledge and justify its importance. The document provides guidance on how to effectively search for, analyze, and summarize prior studies to inform the development and focus of a new research study.
This document discusses defining the research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It is important to carefully select and formulate the research problem. This involves understanding the nature of the problem through literature reviews and discussions, then rephrasing it into specific terms such as a statement of the problem, research purpose, objectives, and questions. A good research problem should be socially and scientifically important. The researcher then develops hypotheses to test, which are tentative predictions about relationships between variables. The hypotheses will be statistically tested against decision criteria to determine whether relationships are significant.
Research Methology for midwifery students .pptxEndex Tam
Research methodology involves developing clear objectives to guide the research process. Objectives can be general, providing an overall aim, or specific, outlining measurable steps. Developing objectives involves reviewing literature to identify gaps addressed by the research. Good objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. This helps ensure the research gathers appropriate evidence to answer the research question and address the problem.
The importance of knowing the history of your mresearchcenterm
The document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review when beginning a research project. It outlines the key stages of the research process, including defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand what is already known about the topic, developing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. The literature review helps to clarify ideas, identify gaps in existing knowledge, and inform the research methods used. Understanding the history and current state of research in the field is crucial for developing a strong research question and contributing new knowledge through the project.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research include gaining new insights, accurately portraying characteristics of groups, analyzing associations between variables, and examining causal relationships. Research methods are the techniques used, while research methodology is the systematic approach. Good research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Defining the research problem clearly is crucial. Literature review helps refine the problem, justify the topic, and identify appropriate methodologies.
The research process involves several key steps: 1) Identifying a research problem and justifying its importance through literature review. 2) Setting research objectives and hypotheses. 3) Choosing an appropriate study design like experiments, surveys, or observational studies. 4) Deciding on a sampling method and sample size. 5) Collecting data using methods like interviews, questionnaires or records. 6) Analyzing the collected data using statistical or qualitative techniques. 7) Reporting findings and conclusions in a research report. The research design provides a framework and plan for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions systematically.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
INTELLECTUAL AND PROPERTY RIGHTSunit 1 R23 (1).pptxSamuelAbragham
This document discusses statistical design of experiments in research methodology. It explains that statistical design of experiments identifies sources of variation and accounts for them in designing the experiment and analysis. The goal is to obtain the maximum information from a well-designed experiment. Some key principles discussed include randomization, replication, and local control to eliminate extraneous influences and obtain valid results. Examples of statistical experiments include coin tosses and rolling dice due to their random outcomes.
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses various aspects of the research process, including identifying a research topic, defining the research problem and objectives, and developing a research proposal.
It begins by outlining the typical steps in the research process, from selecting a topic to analyzing data and reporting results. It then focuses on identifying a research topic, noting that topics can come from the researcher's experience, literature, or clients. Attributes of a good topic include being interesting and feasible to study. The document also discusses turning topics into clear research questions and defining the research problem and objectives.
This document provides an overview of the requirements and process for writing a Master's thesis. It discusses defining research, identifying a problem, selecting a research problem, conducting a literature review, and issues to consider when reading papers. The key points are:
- A thesis requires 12 credits and a published 11 page manuscript. It must follow the Graduate School's guidelines.
- Research involves systematically studying a field to establish facts or principles.
- Problems can come from work, literature, discussions, or courses and must be interesting, urgent, useful, within one's abilities, unique, and feasible.
- Literature reviews examine if a research question was already answered and help identify gaps. Useful websites include Google Scholar and PubMed
SOP (statement of the problem) research 1.pptxAnthony Bacalzo
This document provides information about writing a statement of the problem for a research proposal. It defines what constitutes a research problem and discusses how to identify, select and define a good research problem. The key parts of a statement of the problem are described as presenting an ideal situation, the current reality that prevents the ideal, and proposing how to improve the current situation. Examples of effective statement of the problem formulations are also provided.
Mastery of Scientific English Writing: Crafting Clear and Concise Research Communication is very much needed.Itdelves into the intricacies of effective communication in the realm of scientific research. This comprehensive guide equips readers with the essential skills necessary to articulate complex ideas, experimental findings, and theoretical frameworks with clarity and precision. Through practical examples, insightful tips, and structured exercises, this resource empowers researchers to navigate the nuances of scientific language, adhere to conventions of academic writing, and engage effectively with their audience. Whether drafting research articles, reports, or grant proposals, this book serves as an indispensable companion for scientists seeking to convey their discoveries with impact and professionalism in the global scientific community.
The document provides guidance on conducting research through a systematic process. It discusses selecting an area and topic, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and publishing findings. It also covers different types of research like basic vs applied research and exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory research. Additionally, it provides tips on doing a literature review by searching, evaluating, and analyzing previous studies on the topic to inform the research.
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The document classifies anemias based on cause (hypo proliferative, hemorrhagic, hemolytic) and cell size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic). Common causes discussed are iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia.
- Signs and symptoms of anemia
This document discusses the steps involved in conducting research. It begins by defining research and outlining its purposes such as building knowledge and increasing public awareness. It then describes the basic structure of a research paper as introduction, methods, results and discussion. The next sections explain each step of conducting research in detail, including identifying the research problem, literature review, specifying the research purpose and questions, developing hypotheses, choosing an appropriate methodology, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of verification strategies in ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings is also highlighted.
research process in nursing nursing process.ppsxlovedhaliwal1
The document outlines the key objectives and steps of the research process. The objectives of research include discovering new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing phenomena, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, developing new tools and theories, and solving problems. The research process involves exploration, literature review, research design, execution, and following up. It describes each step, including formulating research questions, reviewing literature, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The overall goal is to systematically investigate research problems and add to scientific knowledge.
Chapter-2.pptxyear upon out upon hhhhhhhhteddiyfentaw
The document discusses the research process and provides details on key steps. It begins by explaining that research involves a series of linked stages that are usually presented linearly but are not always distinct. It then lists common stages as formulating the topic, reviewing literature, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Subsequent sections provide more details on formulating the research problem, developing a research proposal, reviewing literature, research design, and other stages.
The document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review before beginning a research project. It outlines the research process, including defining the problem, conducting a literature review to understand previous work, developing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and comparing findings to the existing literature. A literature review involves searching for and analyzing previous research on the topic to identify what is already known, questions that remain unanswered, and gaps the proposed research could address. This helps situate a research project within the existing body of knowledge and justify its importance. The document provides guidance on how to effectively search for, analyze, and summarize prior studies to inform the development and focus of a new research study.
This document discusses defining the research problem, which is the first step of the research process. It is important to carefully select and formulate the research problem. This involves understanding the nature of the problem through literature reviews and discussions, then rephrasing it into specific terms such as a statement of the problem, research purpose, objectives, and questions. A good research problem should be socially and scientifically important. The researcher then develops hypotheses to test, which are tentative predictions about relationships between variables. The hypotheses will be statistically tested against decision criteria to determine whether relationships are significant.
Research Methology for midwifery students .pptxEndex Tam
Research methodology involves developing clear objectives to guide the research process. Objectives can be general, providing an overall aim, or specific, outlining measurable steps. Developing objectives involves reviewing literature to identify gaps addressed by the research. Good objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. This helps ensure the research gathers appropriate evidence to answer the research question and address the problem.
The importance of knowing the history of your mresearchcenterm
The document discusses the importance of conducting a thorough literature review when beginning a research project. It outlines the key stages of the research process, including defining the research problem, conducting a literature review to understand what is already known about the topic, developing a research methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. The literature review helps to clarify ideas, identify gaps in existing knowledge, and inform the research methods used. Understanding the history and current state of research in the field is crucial for developing a strong research question and contributing new knowledge through the project.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research include gaining new insights, accurately portraying characteristics of groups, analyzing associations between variables, and examining causal relationships. Research methods are the techniques used, while research methodology is the systematic approach. Good research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Defining the research problem clearly is crucial. Literature review helps refine the problem, justify the topic, and identify appropriate methodologies.
The research process involves several key steps: 1) Identifying a research problem and justifying its importance through literature review. 2) Setting research objectives and hypotheses. 3) Choosing an appropriate study design like experiments, surveys, or observational studies. 4) Deciding on a sampling method and sample size. 5) Collecting data using methods like interviews, questionnaires or records. 6) Analyzing the collected data using statistical or qualitative techniques. 7) Reporting findings and conclusions in a research report. The research design provides a framework and plan for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions systematically.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
INTELLECTUAL AND PROPERTY RIGHTSunit 1 R23 (1).pptxSamuelAbragham
This document discusses statistical design of experiments in research methodology. It explains that statistical design of experiments identifies sources of variation and accounts for them in designing the experiment and analysis. The goal is to obtain the maximum information from a well-designed experiment. Some key principles discussed include randomization, replication, and local control to eliminate extraneous influences and obtain valid results. Examples of statistical experiments include coin tosses and rolling dice due to their random outcomes.
In 3 sentences:
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts like research objectives, types of research, research approaches, and the scientific steps of research including developing research questions, conducting a literature review, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The document also covers formulating hypotheses and research design to systematically study research problems.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in health research methodology. It discusses identifying research topics and prioritizing them based on relevance, feasibility, and other criteria. The document also covers analyzing problems, formulating clear problem statements, conducting literature reviews, and developing research objectives. The overall aim is to guide researchers in designing and planning rigorous, ethical health research studies.
This document discusses various aspects of the research process, including identifying a research topic, defining the research problem and objectives, and developing a research proposal.
It begins by outlining the typical steps in the research process, from selecting a topic to analyzing data and reporting results. It then focuses on identifying a research topic, noting that topics can come from the researcher's experience, literature, or clients. Attributes of a good topic include being interesting and feasible to study. The document also discusses turning topics into clear research questions and defining the research problem and objectives.
This document provides an overview of the requirements and process for writing a Master's thesis. It discusses defining research, identifying a problem, selecting a research problem, conducting a literature review, and issues to consider when reading papers. The key points are:
- A thesis requires 12 credits and a published 11 page manuscript. It must follow the Graduate School's guidelines.
- Research involves systematically studying a field to establish facts or principles.
- Problems can come from work, literature, discussions, or courses and must be interesting, urgent, useful, within one's abilities, unique, and feasible.
- Literature reviews examine if a research question was already answered and help identify gaps. Useful websites include Google Scholar and PubMed
SOP (statement of the problem) research 1.pptxAnthony Bacalzo
This document provides information about writing a statement of the problem for a research proposal. It defines what constitutes a research problem and discusses how to identify, select and define a good research problem. The key parts of a statement of the problem are described as presenting an ideal situation, the current reality that prevents the ideal, and proposing how to improve the current situation. Examples of effective statement of the problem formulations are also provided.
Mastery of Scientific English Writing: Crafting Clear and Concise Research Communication is very much needed.Itdelves into the intricacies of effective communication in the realm of scientific research. This comprehensive guide equips readers with the essential skills necessary to articulate complex ideas, experimental findings, and theoretical frameworks with clarity and precision. Through practical examples, insightful tips, and structured exercises, this resource empowers researchers to navigate the nuances of scientific language, adhere to conventions of academic writing, and engage effectively with their audience. Whether drafting research articles, reports, or grant proposals, this book serves as an indispensable companion for scientists seeking to convey their discoveries with impact and professionalism in the global scientific community.
The document provides guidance on conducting research through a systematic process. It discusses selecting an area and topic, developing research questions and hypotheses, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and publishing findings. It also covers different types of research like basic vs applied research and exploratory vs descriptive vs explanatory research. Additionally, it provides tips on doing a literature review by searching, evaluating, and analyzing previous studies on the topic to inform the research.
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The document classifies anemias based on cause (hypo proliferative, hemorrhagic, hemolytic) and cell size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic). Common causes discussed are iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, aplastic anemia, and hemolytic anemia.
- Signs and symptoms of anemia
This document provides an overview of anemia for nursing students. It defines anemia, discusses its causes and types. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation and management of anemia. Nursing management focuses on improving nutrition, managing activity intolerance and improving tissue perfusion. The document aims to help nursing students understand anemia and how to care for patients with this condition.
The document discusses binary logistic regression. Some key points:
- Binary logistic regression predicts the probability of an outcome being 1 or 0 based on predictor variables. It addresses issues with ordinary least squares regression when the dependent variable is binary.
- The logistic regression model transforms the dependent variable using the logit function, ln(p/(1-p)), where p is the probability of an outcome being 1. This results in a linear relationship that can be modeled.
- Interpretation of coefficients is similar to ordinary least squares regression but focuses on odds ratios. A positive coefficient increases the odds of an outcome being 1, while a negative coefficient decreases the odds. The odds ratio indicates how much the odds change with a one-
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mm Hg. It has many risk factors including family history, age, gender, obesity, and substance abuse. If left untreated, it can lead to complications like heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage. The document discusses the types of hypertension, diagnostic tests, and medical and nursing management including lifestyle modifications and medications to control blood pressure.
This document summarizes key points about hypertension from Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition by Linda S. Williams and Paula D. Hopper. It provides statistics on the incidence of hypertension, guidelines for taking blood pressure accurately, classifications of hypertension severity, risk factors, treatment options including lifestyle changes and medications, complications, hypertensive emergencies, and the importance of patient education for lifelong blood pressure control.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure over 90 mm Hg. It has many risk factors including family history, age, gender, obesity, and substance abuse. If left untreated, it can lead to complications like heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet changes and exercise as well as medication. Nurses educate patients on managing their condition, diet, medication compliance, and monitoring blood pressure at home.
Hypertension is high blood pressure that can lead to severe heart and other health problems if left untreated. It is often asymptomatic until advanced stages. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes like exercise and diet or medications to lower blood pressure. While those with hypertension can usually exercise moderately, untreated hypertension can impair exercise ability. Managing hypertension is important for reducing health risks in older adults.
Coronary angiography is a procedure that uses dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart. It is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease and can identify the location and severity of any blockages. A coronary angiogram involves inserting a catheter into the heart and injecting dye so that blockages are highlighted on x-ray images. Potential complications are usually minor but can include heart attack, stroke, or kidney injury from the dye. The results of the angiogram are used to determine if further procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery are needed.
This document provides information on coronary angiography views and angiographic anatomy. It discusses the clinical divisions of the major coronary arteries and defines what constitutes significant coronary artery disease. Standard angiographic views are described for visualizing different segments of the left and right coronary arteries. Lesion classification systems and other angiogram interpretation elements like TIMI frame count are also summarized.
Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for detecting coronary artery disease. The technique was first performed in 1958 by Dr. Mason Sones at the Cleveland Clinic. Coronary angiography allows visualization of the coronary arteries, branches, and anomalies to precisely locate lesions. It remains an important diagnostic tool used to evaluate patients with suspected coronary artery disease. The procedure involves accessing the femoral artery and advancing a catheter into the heart to inject contrast and obtain images of the coronary arteries under fluoroscopy. Precise technique and monitoring are required to minimize risks of potential complications.
This document discusses vascular access during cardiac catheterization. It covers various topics related to arterial and venous access including common access sites, complications, risk factors, prevention of complications, and management of complications. Specific complications discussed in detail include hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Treatment options for complications like ultrasound-guided compression, thrombin injection, endoluminal techniques are also summarized.
This document discusses congestive heart failure (CHF) and its nutrition management. Myocardial infarction can weaken the heart, limiting its ability to pump blood and removing fluid from the body. This causes a build up of fluid in the extremities and lungs. Nutrition is also impaired as the heart and lungs work harder to pump more fluid. Treatment includes diuretics to reduce fluid load and strengthen the heart. Nutrition therapy aims to reduce cardiac workload by limiting sodium and fluid intake to reduce fluid retention, and providing nutrient-dense foods and supplements if needed to support nutrition and weight status. Close monitoring is needed when providing nutrition support to avoid worsening heart failure.
Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional impairment of the ventricle that reduces its ability to fill or eject blood. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in adults over 65 years old. The document defines heart failure, discusses its key concepts like cardiac output and ejection fraction, classifications like NYHA and ACC/AHA stages, risk factors, pathophysiology including compensatory mechanisms and remodeling, symptoms, complications, diagnostic tests and emergency management.
This document discusses heart failure and its treatment with drugs. It begins by defining heart failure and listing the objectives of the lecture. It then covers cardiac physiology factors that influence cardiac output like preload, afterload, and contractility. The main drugs used to treat heart failure are also discussed - diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and digitalis. Side effects and examples of drugs in each class are provided.
This document discusses myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It begins with an introduction defining MI as the death of heart muscle cells from loss of oxygen. It then provides details on the definition, causes, locations, and risk factors of MI. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension. The document outlines the pathophysiology of an MI, describing how reduced blood flow leads to cell death. It details the signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, drug and surgical treatment options, and recent advances in MI management, including optimizing percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes and strategies to reduce reperfusion injury.
This document provides an overview of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack. It defines MI as irreversible damage to the heart muscle caused by prolonged lack of oxygenated blood flow. The document outlines the types, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of MI. It also discusses the diagnostic criteria including cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram changes and imaging tests. Finally, it summarizes the treatment approach for MI including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological management as well as revascularization procedures like angioplasty, stenting and bypass surgery.
This document discusses the analysis of a 12-lead EKG. It begins by describing the components that should be assessed, including rhythm, rate, axis, and grouped lead analysis. Specific abnormalities are then discussed in detail such as ST segment changes, bundle branch blocks, Q waves, and more. The overall goal is to systematically analyze all aspects of the 12-lead EKG to evaluate for any cardiac abnormalities.
Echocardiography uses ultrasound to generate images of cardiac structure and function and assess blood flow dynamics. Common laboratory tests for cardiovascular patients include complete blood count, electrolytes, renal function, liver function, lipid panel, and biomarkers like BNP and troponins. Modern cardiovascular imaging includes echocardiography, nuclear imaging like PET, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography which provide information on structure, function, blood flow, and tissue characteristics.
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Round table discussion of vector databases, unstructured data, ai, big data, real-time, robots and Milvus.
A lively discussion with NJ Gen AI Meetup Lead, Prasad and Procure.FYI's Co-Found
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
3. • The term „Research‟ consists of two words:
• Research = Re + Search
• „Re‟ means again and again and „Search‟ means to find out something, the
following is the process:
• Therefore, research means to observe the phenomena again and again
from different dimensions.
3
3
4. Definition of research:
4
•Different scholars define research; however, P.M. Cook has
given a very comprehensive and functional definition of the
term research.
•“Research is an honest exhaustive, intelligent searching for
facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a
given problem.
•The product or findings of a given piece of research should
be an authentic, verifiable and contribution to knowledge in
the field studied.”
4
5. General characteristics of research:
• The following characteristics may be gathered from the definitions of
„Research‟.
• 1. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand
sources.
• 2. It places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles.
• 3. It is an exact of systematic and accurate investigation.
• 4. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.
• 5. It is logical and objective.
• 6.The researcher resists the temptation to seek only the data that
support his hypotheses.
5
6. •7.The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences.
•8. It endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms.
•9. Research is patient and unhurried activity.
•10. The researcher is willing to follow his procedures to the
conclusions that may be unpopular and bring social disapproval.
•11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
•12. Conclusions and generalisations are arrived at
carefully and cautiously.
6
7. Selection of the problem
The selection and analysis of the problem for research should
involve those who are responsible for the health status of the
community.
• All research is set in motion by the existence of a problem .
• A problem is a perceived difficulty, a feeling of discomfort about
the way things are, or a discrepancy between what someone
believes should be the situation and what the situation is in
reality.
7
8. When problem needs research?
Perceived difference or discrepancy between what it is and
what it should be;
The reason(s) for this difference should be unclear; and
There should be more than one possible and plausible
answer to the question (or solution to the problem).
If the answer to the research question is obvious, we are dealing with a
management problem that may be solved without further research
8
9. Why statement of problem?
Foundation for the further development of the research
proposal component
Enables the researcher to systematically point out why the
proposed research on the problem should be undertaken
and what you hope to achieve with the study results.
9
10. Information included in the statement of a problem
An overview of health status
brief description of socioeconomic and cultural characteristics its
size, distribution, and severity (who is affected, where, since
when, etc.)
Major factors that may influence the problem
Convincing argument that the available knowledge is insufficient
to answer a certain question
10
11. Information included in the statement of a problem…
A brief description of any solutions that have been tried in
the past, how well they have worked, and why further
research is needed.
If necessary, a short list of definitions of crucial concepts
used in the statement of the problem.
11
12. Statement of the problem
Effective problem statements answer the question:
Why does this research need to be conducted?
What is the main question you want to answer?
12
13. • Approach:
• Describe the problem at global, regional, national and study area's
local levels in terms of;
• Magnitude,
• Severity,
• Associated factors (predictors),
•Efforts that were made to solve it/explain it
(existing theories/ controversies in
explaining it),
•References- all literature including grey literatures,
books, journals policy documents can be used here.
13
13
15. Literature
It is the systematic analysis and interpretation of available
information.
Literature review is the documentation of a comprehensive
review of the published and unpublished work from
secondary sources of data in the areas of specific interest to the
researcher
The literature review is an integral part of the entire research
process and makes a valuable contribution to almost every
operational step.
The literature review is the „intellectual ancestor’ of the research
project.
Specifies which literature makes significant contributions to the
understanding of the topic
15
16. Literature review:
•Critical analysis of published literature on the subject (related
to the objectives of the study).
•Enables to share with the reader the results of other studies
that are closely related to the study being reported.
•Relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature
about a topic, filling in gaps and extending prior studies.
•Shows to the reader that you have a comprehensive grasp of the
field and are aware of important recent substantive and
methodological developments.
•Enables the researcher to identify what is missing (unknown) in
the effort to solve the problem.
16
17. Questions to ask:
•What other studies have been done in the area/subject?
•What was not addressed by others?
•Is there a gap in what has been done so far?
•Where must we search? Or How must we search?
17
18. 18
• Framework for critical analysis of relevant literature;
Author
year
Place Study
design
Populati
on
Sample
size
Samplin
g
metho
d
Major
findings
Commen
ts
18
19. Uses of literature Review
It prevents you from duplicating work that has been done before.
It increases your knowledge on the problem you want to study
It gives you confidence why your particular research project is
needed.
To be familiar with different research methods
19
20. Sources of Literature Review
1. Individuals, groups, and organization
Opinion, observation, experience, routine reports, etc
2. Unpublished information
Raw data, annual reports, documentation
Local surveys, etc
3. Published information
• Books, Journals, abstracts, indexes
4. Computer-based searches/databases
• Google, Google scholar, PUBMED (MEDLINE),
Hinary Library
20
26. Characteristics of
Effective Literature Reviews
Outlining important research trends
Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of existing
research
Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
Establishing a need for current and/or future research
projects
26
27. Steps for Writing a Literature Review
1. Planning
2. Searching
3. Analyzing
4. Drafting
5. Revising
27
28. Managing Literature review
Identified literatures
o Should first be read
o Summarization of important information recorded on
card or computer
Summary of contents, brief analysis and references
o Finally included in proposal
Discuss in topics from global to local level
28
29. How can search literatures
Steps of literature searching
There are five integrated steps in research reviews:
1. Identifying the topic
2. Preparing a coding sheet
3. Searching for research publications
4. Synthesizing research publication
5. Reporting previous research on the selected topic.
29
30. Coding sheet …
Literature review coding sheet for items of general interest
Background Information
Source __________________________________________________________________
Author(s) ________________________________________________________________
Title ____________________________________________________________________
Journal __________________________________________________________________
Year _____________________ Volume ______________Pages ____________
Design Information
Primary/Secondary study ___________________________________________________
Random/Nonrandom _______________________________________________________
Control/No control ________________________________________________________
Matching/Statistical control _________________________________________________
Pretest/No pretest _________________________________________________________
Type(s) of intervention _____________________________________________________
Population _______________________________________________________________
Sample size ______________________________________________________________
Response rate ____________________________________________________________
Sample characteristics _____________________________________________________
Sample representativeness __________________________________________________
Sampling biases __________________________________________________________
Other ___________________________________________________________________
30
31. Coding sheet …
Measurement Information
Research question or hypothesis
______________________________________________
Dependent variable(s)
______________________________________________________
Independent variable(s)
_____________________________________________________
Validity of measures
_______________________________________________________
Reliability of measures
_____________________________________________________
Statistical measures
________________________________________________________
Outcome Information
Hypothesis supported or refuted
____________________________________________
31
32. Organization
Five common approaches to organizing the body of your paper
include:
Topical
Distant to close
Debate
Chronological
Seminal Study
32
33. Topical: Characteristics
Most common approach
Breaks the field into a number of subfields, subject areas, or
approaches
Discusses each subsection individually, sometimes with critiques of
each
Most useful for organizing a large body of literature that does not have
one or two studies that stand out as most important or a clear
chronological development
33
34. Distant to Close: Characteristics
A type of topical organization, with studies grouped by their
relevance to current research.
Starts by describing studies with general similarities to current
research and ends with studies most relevant to the specific topic.
Most useful for studies of methods or models.
34
35. Debate: Characteristics
Another type of topical approach, with a chronological component.
Emphasizes various strands of research in which proponents of
various models openly criticize one another.
Most useful when clear opposing positions are present in the
literature.
35
36. Chronological: Characteristics
Lists studies in terms of chronological development
Useful when the field displays clear development over a
period of time
Linear progression
Paradigm shift
36
37. Seminal Study: Characteristics
Begins with detailed description of extremely important
study.
Later work is organized using another pattern.
Most useful when one study is clearly most important or
central in laying the groundwork for future research.
37
38. Structure of literature writing
Introductions
Indicate scope of the literature review.
Provide some background to the topic.
Demonstrate the importance or need for research.
Make a claim.
Offer an overview/map of the ensuing discussion.
38
39. Body
• Contains your discussion of sources.
Conclusions
Summarize the main findings of your review.
Provide closure.
Explain “so what?”
Implications for future research.
OR
Connections to the current study.
39
40. Revising
SomeTips on Revising LR
Title: Is my title consistent with the content of my paper?
Introduction: Do I appropriately introduce my review?
Thesis: Does my review have a clear claim?
Body: Is the organization clear? Have I provided headings?
Topic sentences: Have I clearly indicated the major idea(s) of each
paragraph?
Transitions: Does my writing flow?
Conclusion: Do I provide sufficient closure?
Spelling and Grammar: Are there any major spelling or grammatical
mistakes?
40
42. Conceptual framework
• It is a pictorial presentation of the theoretical fames of the
study,
• It shows how the different variables are related,
• It guides data analysis and discussion of the results,
• Usually, developed based on literature review,
• Sometimes it can be adapted/ adopted,
• Shows the direct and theoretical indirect effect of predictor
variables on the outcome.
We need to make sure that;
• All the variable is in the conceptual framework are
measurable.
• All the variables are used in the analysis.
42
43. Importance of conceptual
framework
Conceptual frameworks provide researchers with:
– The ability to move beyond descriptions of„what‟ to
explanations of„why‟ and„how‟.
– A means of setting out an explanation set that might be
used to define and make sense of the data that flow from
the research question.
– A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions
and related data collection methods.
– A reference point/structure for the discussion of the
literature, methodology and results.
– The boundaries of the work.
43
44. How to develop conceptual
framework?
Conceptual frameworks are always constructed by
researchers.
Mostly, diagrams are created to clearly define the
constructs or variables of the research topic and their
relationships are shown using arrows.
the entire methodology must agree with the variables, as
well as their relationships and context.
Researchers are at liberty to adopt existing frameworks,
but have to modify it to suit the nature of the context of
their research as well as the nature of their research
questions.
44
45. The following steps may be useful in developing the
conceptual model:
1) Study the research literature related to your problem. How have
others conceptualized problems similar to yours? Are
their conceptual analyses adaptable to your framework?
2) Reduce the problem to the simplest set of conditions. Sometimes
you can “assume away” parts of a complex problem to gain
an initial understanding.
3) Identify applicable theory. Consider a wide range of theories
in selecting the most appropriate.
45
Developing the conceptual model
46. 4) Start with a“base model”analysis. Based on your
literature review and basic assumptions, start with a
simple model (statistical, graphical, mathematical …)
5) Expand the base model to other relevant dimensions of the
problem. Alter and relax assumptions, then reanalyze
the problem. This will likely make the model more
complex, but remember, the goal is not complexity,
but rather, accurately addressing the problem.
6) Assemble relevant,testable hypotheses from the conceptual
analysis.
46
Developing the conceptual model …
47. Referencing
A number of referencing systems are in common
use today including:
Harvard - (author, date).
Vancouver (number) .
APA (American PsychologicalAssociation)
MLA (Modern LinguisticsAssociation) –
… many others
47
48. Conceptual framework: Look at the conceptual frame for a study on “Nutrition
education and hemoglobin level in pregnant women” in the following figure.
49. Setting research objective
Having decided what to study, and knowing why s/he
wants to study it, the investigator can now formulate his
study objectives
Objectives should be closely related to the statement of
the problem.
49
50. Importance of developing objectives
Focus the study
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary
Properly formulated specific objectives facilitate the
development of research methodology and help to orient the
collection, analysis, interpretation and utilization of data.
Helps for evaluating the project
50
51. Objectives
General objective:
summarizes what is to be achieved by the study
should be clearly related to the statement of the problem.
Specific objectives:
logically connected parts of the general objective
focus the study on the essentials
direct the design of the investigation
orient collection, analysis and interpretation of the data
They indicate the variable to be examined and
measured
Eg.Assessment of low vaccination coverage and asscociated factors in
Dessie town,North east Ethiopia,2019.
General objective:
Specific objectives:
51
52. formats used for stating research objectives?
Research objectives can be stated as:
A) Questions:“The objectives of this study are to answer the
following questions …”
B) Positive sentence:“The objectives of this study are to
determine …”
C) Hypothesis:“The objective of this study is to verify the
following hypothesis...”
52
53. Formulating Objectives:
research questions vs hypotheses
The format chosen depends on the type of study that will be
undertaken.
A hypothesis requires sufficient knowledge of the problem to be
able to predict relationships among factors which then can be
explicitly tested.
53
54. formats used for stating research objectives?
Research questions are formulated when the
investigators do not have enough insight into the
problem being studied.
Eg of research question. Does post-menopausal hormone
replacement therapy predispose women to develop
endometrial cancer?
If the study is descriptive or exploratory in nature, then
objectives are stated in the form of questions or positive
sentences.
54
55. Criteria for setting research objectives
Focused: each covering a single point
Ordered in a logical sequence
Realistic and feasible to answer
Operational: using action verbs such as
determine
describe
calculate
Measurable outcomes at the end of the research
55