This document discusses the debate between whether the Earth is flat or round. It provides evidence that has been used to support both the flat Earth concept and the round Earth concept over time. Some key evidence that supports the round Earth view includes: bodies in the sky are only visible from certain locations, the sun appears at different angles from different longitudes, expeditions have located the South Pole, and photographs from space clearly show the Earth's curved surface. The document analyzes both theories in an unbiased manner and notes that only by examining all available evidence can we make an informed determination.
S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.
a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.
c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of Size relative to the earth Surface and atmospheric features Relative distance from the sun Ability to support life
d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position.
e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system.
f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. Over 70% percent of Earth's surface is covered with wate[ with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains active
S6E1. Students will explore current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.
a. Relate the Nature of Science to the progression of basic historical scientific models (geocentric, heliocentric) as they describe our solar system, and the Big Bang as it describes the formation of the universe.
b. Describe the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and the universe.
c. Compare and contrast the planets in terms of Size relative to the earth Surface and atmospheric features Relative distance from the sun Ability to support life
d. Explain the motion of objects in the day/night sky in terms of relative position.
e. Explain that gravity is the force that governs the motion in the solar system.
f. Describe the characteristics of comets, asteroids, and meteors.
lithosphere is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. Over 70% percent of Earth's surface is covered with wate[ with the remainder consisting of continents and islands which together have many lakes and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. Earth's poles are mostly covered with ice that is the solid ice of the Antarctic ice sheet and the sea ice that is the polar ice packs. The planet's interior remains active
This is a PowerPoint that is about Exploring Earth Science. This is geared towards 3rd grade students. This is very picture heavy so it will easily keep the attention of young children. It is also full of helpful information
This is a PowerPoint that is about Exploring Earth Science. This is geared towards 3rd grade students. This is very picture heavy so it will easily keep the attention of young children. It is also full of helpful information
In this first module we have explored the historical ideas of the na.pdfartcraft14
In this first module we have explored the historical ideas of the nature of the Universe. In the
days of Ptolemy and Copernicus, the Universe was all things, so the question of the whether the
Sun went round the Earth or the Earth went round the Sun was a question about the nature of the
Universe. Of course today, being citizens of the 21st Century, the question is moot, the Earth
goes round the Sun, and there is lots of stuff beyond the Solar System that makes up the
Universe. But, where does this idea come from, and what is the evidence supporting
it?
For this first forum we will investigate this question in two parts.
For the first post, due Friday, 1/22 by 11pm, try to organize a response to the questions:
Does the Earth revolve around the Sun?
How do you know?
What is the evidence supporting your answer?
Solution
For some time after it was accepted that planets (including Earth) circle the Sun, there was no
direct proof that it is Earth that moves, and not the Sun.
Ancient astronomer Aristarchus thought that Earth goes around the Sun since he discovered that
the Sun is much bigger than Earth. Copernicus (who is usually credited with the idea that planets
go around the Sun) thought that Solar system centered on the Sun is more logical and beautiful,
but had no definite proof. Kepler discovered that laws governing of orbits become much more
simple if the Sun is in their center. Newton has shown that this is caused by the universal law of
gravity. If gravity works, Earth and other planets have to go around the Sun, because it is much
heavier.
There was no straightforward proof for the motion of Earth until 1725 when James Bradley
discovered stellar aberration. This is (apparent) yearly change in positions of all stars in the sky
due to Earth\'s own motion. Aberration arises due to adding up of the speed of light coming from
the star and Earth\'s own speed. This is a very complex phenomenon and its description requires
some math.
Another, much simpler, consequence of Earth\'s motion is stellar parallax. If Earth changes its
position relative to the stars, then the stars should appear to change position in the course of the
year.
A common experiment illustrating parallax is just looking at a close object (a finger, a pencil etc)
with one eye at the time. When you switch from one to the other eye, the object will appear to
move against the background. Closer the object is to your eyes, more pronounced the effect is.
Parallax should not be confused with aberration: parallax arises from the change of Earth\'s
position and depends on the distance to the star, while aberration is caused by Earth\'s great
speed and does not depend on how far the star is.
Parallax of a star was first measured by Bessel in 1838. It was not measured before because this
change of star\'s apparent position is very small (the stars are very far from us). This was a very
important discovery because Aristotle himself mentioned the lack of observable stellar parallax
as the.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Stanley weinberg the flat-eart round earth controversy
1. 1
THE FLAT-EARTH / ROUND EARTH CONTROVERSY
Original Version by Stanley Weinberg
Modified from G. Magrane et al, SPAEA, 1986
Is the earth flat like a pancake or spherical like a globe?
From ancient times each concept has had its supporters. The Sumerians, Babylonians, ancient Egyptians, early
Hebrews, and most Greeks believed in a flat earth. Some ancient Greek scientists, as well as many Church
Fathers for example, Origen, the Venerable Bede, Albertus Magus, and St. Thomas-Aquinas supported
the round earth. In late medieval and early modern times, Roger Bacon, Copernicus, Galileo, Columbus, and
Magellan held that the earth is round.
The modern flat-earth movement was founded in England about 1850 by Samuel Birley Rowbotham. William
Carpenter and Charles Johnson continued the movement. Johnson directs the International Flat Earth Research
Society in Lancaster, California. The Society has a small number of true believers from many parts of the
world. Another flat-earth group is the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion, Illinois, headed for many
years by John Alexander Dowie and William Glenn Voliva. A flat earth is a basic doctrine of this church.
Both concepts the flat earth and the round earth at first glance are equally reasonable. A priori there is no
basis for preferring one to the other. For example, both concepts allow eclipses to be predicted accurately.
Prediction is possible, however, because eclipses occur at regular intervals. Accurate record-keeping makes it
possible to determine these intervals. Only when we examine all the relevant evidence do we have a basis for
making a reasoned choice.
The flat earth concept asserts that the earth is like a phonograph record. The North Pole is at the center. Around
the rim is a 150-foot-high wall of ice which nobody has ever crossed. This ice wall is "south." There is no
South Pole. The equator is a circle half way between the North Pole and the South Ice Wall. See Fig. 1.
Following is some of the evidence said to support this view:
Fig. 1 The Flat Earth Concept
2. 2
A. Some evidence for the flat earth concept:
1. Many passages in the Bible are consistent with a flat earth.
2. The land looks flat, even when viewed from high up or when measured by surveyors' instruments.
3. The surface of every body of water is flat. (See experiment conducted by Alfred Russel Wallace and John
Hampden to test this hypothesis described in Schadewald's publications.)
4. In nature there is an "up" and a "down." If the earth were round, people in Australia would hang by their
heels.
5. There is no gravitation.
6. The circumference of the earth at 45° south latitude is double what it is at 45° north latitude, because in the
south the meridians of longitude spread out as they approach the South Ice Wall.
7. The space program is a fraud. The space shuttle is a joke. Thc Apollo moon project was a Hollywood
scenario written and directed by Arthur C. Clarke, well-known science fiction writer.
8. In certain eclipses of the moon, both the moon and the sun are seen above the horizon. Thus the earth cannot
be a round body positioned between the sun and the moon.
9. Also see William Carpenter, “One Hundred Proofs that the Earth Is Not a Globe”.
B. Some evidence for the round earth concept:
1. On a flat earth, bodies in the sky should be visible at the same time from all parts of the surface. This is not
so. For example, stars around the Pole Star are never visible at low latitudes in the southern hemisphere.
2. If the sun is observed at noon from different points on the same meridian of longitude, it is seen at different
angles from the different points. This would not be true on a flat earth. In the year 240 B.C., Eratosthenes
measured the difference between two such points. From this difference, and from the distance between the
points, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth as 24 000 miles close to the currently accepted
value (see Fig. 2).
3. The South Pole has been located exactly by explorers and by Antarctic expeditions. On a given day at this
point, the sun is lower in the sky than anywhere else on earth, because the South Pole is the southernmost
point. No insurmountable ice wall has been found in Antarctica.
4. The times at which sunrise, sunset, the rising and setting of stars, and eclipses are seen to occur differ at
different longitudes. This would be true on a round earth but not on a flat earth.
5. In a total eclipse of the moon the sun is always below the horizon. The eclipse is caused by the shadow of
the round earth completely covering the moon. In a partial eclipse the sun may be partially visible. In this event
the earth's shadow on the moon is seen to have a curved edge.
3. 3
Fig. 2 Note that at noon the sun lies directly over the observer’s meridian of longitude. Syene
and Alexandria have nearly the same longitude. So the sun, the two places, and the earth’s
centre may be drawn on the same flat slab of space.
6. As a ship moves away from an observer, it disappears below the horizon hull first (see Fig. 3)
7. The distances between meridians of longitude become smaller as we move north in the northern hemisphere
and south in the southern hemisphere. This would be true on a round earth. On a flat earth it would be true as
the meridians converge toward the North Pole. But in the southern region of a flat earth, the meridians would
spread out as they approach the South Ice Wall, and the distances between them would become greater.
8. It is correct that surveys of short distances and small areas city lots, for example are done accurately
on the assumption that the earth is a flat plane. This works out because the error caused by ignoring the
curvature of the earth is less than the error of the surveyor's instruments. But in larger-scale surveys, such as
laying out the long boundary between the United States and Canada, plane surveying becomes inaccurate.
Instead, geodesy, based on the assumption of a round earth, is used. Geodesy uses sights on bodies in the sky
to locate points on the earth. Also, all accurate plane surveys use a network of geodetic "monuments" as
starting points.
4. 4
9. The earth does not have a top or bottom. "Up" and
"down" are based on gravity. "Down" is toward the
earth. On the moon, "down" is toward the moon.
There is a point between the earth and the moon
where the gravitational pulls of the earth and the
moon are equal. Here there is no gravity and no up
or down. At this point astronauts experience
weightlessness. In the universe outside the solar
system there is no center of gravity; hence there is no
''up" or "down."
10. The equator and parallels of latitude run straight
on the earth's surface. They are not curves on a plane
surface as called.for by the flat-earth concept.
Instead, they curve in the third dimension of a round
earth.
11. No map simultaneously and correctly shows
distances, dimensions, and shapes and sizes of land
masses This is because there must be some distortion
when the round earth is projected onto the flat
surface of the map. Depending on the type of
projection chosen, a choice is made as to the
dimensions to be shown correctly and the
dimensions to be distorted.
Fig. 3 The tangent of the horizon line
12. The curvature of the earth's surface is clearly shown in photographs made from space.
REFERENCES
Carpenter, William, One Hundred Proofs that the Earth Is Not A Globe. Baltimore: published by the author,
1885; available from the Library of Congress. Reprinted by Christian Catholic Apostolic Church, Zion,
Illinois.
Hogben, Lancelot, Science for the Citizen. Norton, 1938.
Schadewald, Robert J., The Layman's Guide to Alternative Science, Chapter 1, "The Plane Truth”. 1981.
"He knew the earth was round, but his roof fell flat”, .Smithsonian Magazine, April 1978.
"Earth orbits? Moon Landings? A fraud! Says this prophet”, Science Digest, July 1980.
Weinberg , Stanley L., and Verlin Abbort, Action Earth Science / The Solid Earth. in press.
Earth science and physical geography texts.