The unredacted original version of Luigi Muzii's and Isabella Massardo's article on Europe, standards and terminology for the March 2016 issue of Multilingual.
The unredacted original version of Luigi Muzii's and Isabella Massardo's article on Europe, standards and terminology for the March 2016 issue of Multilingual.
Conférence de Eve Martel - Comment pitcher un projet à une marqueMade in
Vous avez un blogue, du talent et de grandes ambitions. Mais savez-vous comment concrétiser les mille et un projets qui s’empilent dans votre calendrier de contenu ? Cette conférence proposée par Eve Martel, directrice des contenus chez Sid Lee et auteure du blogue Tellement Swell, vous fera découvrir quelles sont les meilleures pratiques pour proposer vos projets aux marques avec lesquelles vous avez des affinités. Cette session vous aidera à mieux connaitre votre valeur, à organiser vos propositions, à bien les présenter et obtenir des contrats rémunérés qui vous permettront de rentabiliser votre branding personnel. Le tout avec des trucs futés et de vrais chiffres.
Hristo Dimov - A Brief Introduction to Faculty of Physics, Sofia UniversitySEENET-MTP
Prof. Hristo Dimov presented Faculty of Physics, Sofia University (Bulgaria) during the Mini workshop "Cosmology and Strings 2016"; 2-5 November 2016, Niš, Serbia
An adaptation of Text2Onto for supporting the French language IJECEIAES
The ontologies are progressively imposing themselves in the field of knowledge management. While the manual construction of an ontology is by far the most reliable, this task has proved to be too tedious and expensive. To assist humans in the process of building an ontology, several tools have emerged proposing the automatic or semi-automatic construction of ontologies. In this context, Text2Onto has become one of the most recognized ontology learning tools. The performance of this tool is confirmed by several research works. However, the development of this tool is based on Princeton WordNet (PWN) for English. As a result, it is limited to the processing of textual resources written in English. In this paper, we present our approach based on JWOLF, a Java API to access the free WordNet for French that we have developed to adapt this tool for the construction of ontologies from corpus in French. To evaluate the usefulness of our approach, we assessed the performance of the improved version of Text2Onto on a simplistic corpus of French language documents. The results of this experiment have shown that the improved version of Text2Onto according to our approach is effective for the construction of an ontology from textual documents in the French language.
Building an Ontology in Educational Domain Case Study for the University of P...IJRES Journal
The current web is based on HTML which cannot be demoralized by information retrieval techniques and therefore processing of information on the web is generally restricted to manual keyword searches which results in unrelated information retrieval, so the semantic web was founded to resolve this problem; furthermore, ontology is used to capture knowledge about any domain of interest with the goal of integrating the machine understandable data on the current human-readable web. Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a semantic markup language for sharing ontologies on the web. In this paper, the education domain and the development of a University Ontology using Protégé 4.1 Editor is considered. The University of Palestine was chosen as an example for the Ontology Development and the diverse aspects: super class and sub class hierarchy, creating a sub class, instances for classes illustration, query retrieval process using the Unified Process for Building the Ontology (UPON) technique.
How to write an informal essay paper a report by justin mark - Issuu. Informal Essay Help! How do you start a formal essay?. ️ Informal essay outline. Cause and Effect Essay Outline: Types .... Informal Essay Writing Definition, Topics, Examples. Informal Letter Essay Sample | Goal | Action (Philosophy). About Me Paper Example Unique Short Essay Writing Help topics Examples .... 001 Essay Example Write Concluding Paragraph For Persuasive Step .... ️ How to write a formal essay example. How to Write an Informal Essay .... Compose a Remarkable Informal Essay with Our Professional Help. Informal Essay | Friendship | Intimate Relationships | Free 30-day .... How to Write an Informal Essay – Outline, Body, and Conclusion. Informal Interview Essay | Interview | Essays | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. An Informal Essay – Telegraph. 10+ Formal Writing Examples - PDF | Examples. Informal Essay Examples by InformalEssayExample on DeviantArt. Informal essay by DoMyEssays - Issuu. Buy Cheap Essay: Informal essay. Informal essay examples. Guide to Writing a Perfect Informal Essay and .... Fantastic Informal Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 007 Informal Outline For Essay Formal Research Paper Example Compare .... How to Write an Informal Essay - Complete Guide. 007 Essay Example Informal Examples Of Narrative Formal Letter Sample .... Sample Informal Report Format | Classles Democracy. Informal Email Sample | PDF Template. Informal Discussssion Research Paper Example - Discussion research ....
M!ND course — Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications — Traffic as a...Régis Frias
This is the final report for the M!IND/I2P course at Aalto University.
Existing transport and communications systems are a legacy of old societal development models. An important challenge in modern countries is to proactively act on fast changes in social organizations and be prepared for the next generation of problems that might come up. Their goal is, thus, to be ahead of changes and help build the future, not just react to them. The Ministry’s main goal is to become more of an orchestrator in an ecosystem that integrates users (citizens) and businesses (service providers). Many solutions for transportation and communication are popping up from the private sector and also from individual initiative. Also, the way citizens purchase and consume products and services is changing. Could public transport benefit from these new models?
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND ...IJwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This
research paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include
Corpus Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation. It also addresses
factors to be considered when modeling multilingual ontologies. A case study for building a bilingual
English-Arabic ontology for smart phones is presented. The ontology was illustrated using an ontology
editor and visualization tool. The built ontology consists of 67 classes and 18 instances presented in both
Arabic and English. In addition, applications for using the ontology are presented. Future research
directions for the built industrial ontology are presented.
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND...dannyijwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This research
paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include Corpus
Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation
A DECADE OF USING HYBRID INFERENCE SYSTEMS IN NLP (2005 – 2015): A SURVEYijaia
In today’s world of digital media, connecting millions of users, large amounts of information is being
generated. These are potential mines of knowledge and could give deep insights about the trends of both
social and scientific value. However, owing to the fact that most of this is highly unstructured, we cannot
make any sense of it. Natural language processing (NLP) is a serious attempt in this direction to organise
the textual matter which is in a human understandable form (natural language) in a meaningful and
insightful way. In this, text entailment can be considered a key component in verifying or proving the
correctness or efficiency of this organisation. This paper tries to make a survey of various text entailment
methods proposed giving a comparative picture based on certain criteria like robustness and semantic
precision.
Conférence de Eve Martel - Comment pitcher un projet à une marqueMade in
Vous avez un blogue, du talent et de grandes ambitions. Mais savez-vous comment concrétiser les mille et un projets qui s’empilent dans votre calendrier de contenu ? Cette conférence proposée par Eve Martel, directrice des contenus chez Sid Lee et auteure du blogue Tellement Swell, vous fera découvrir quelles sont les meilleures pratiques pour proposer vos projets aux marques avec lesquelles vous avez des affinités. Cette session vous aidera à mieux connaitre votre valeur, à organiser vos propositions, à bien les présenter et obtenir des contrats rémunérés qui vous permettront de rentabiliser votre branding personnel. Le tout avec des trucs futés et de vrais chiffres.
Hristo Dimov - A Brief Introduction to Faculty of Physics, Sofia UniversitySEENET-MTP
Prof. Hristo Dimov presented Faculty of Physics, Sofia University (Bulgaria) during the Mini workshop "Cosmology and Strings 2016"; 2-5 November 2016, Niš, Serbia
An adaptation of Text2Onto for supporting the French language IJECEIAES
The ontologies are progressively imposing themselves in the field of knowledge management. While the manual construction of an ontology is by far the most reliable, this task has proved to be too tedious and expensive. To assist humans in the process of building an ontology, several tools have emerged proposing the automatic or semi-automatic construction of ontologies. In this context, Text2Onto has become one of the most recognized ontology learning tools. The performance of this tool is confirmed by several research works. However, the development of this tool is based on Princeton WordNet (PWN) for English. As a result, it is limited to the processing of textual resources written in English. In this paper, we present our approach based on JWOLF, a Java API to access the free WordNet for French that we have developed to adapt this tool for the construction of ontologies from corpus in French. To evaluate the usefulness of our approach, we assessed the performance of the improved version of Text2Onto on a simplistic corpus of French language documents. The results of this experiment have shown that the improved version of Text2Onto according to our approach is effective for the construction of an ontology from textual documents in the French language.
Building an Ontology in Educational Domain Case Study for the University of P...IJRES Journal
The current web is based on HTML which cannot be demoralized by information retrieval techniques and therefore processing of information on the web is generally restricted to manual keyword searches which results in unrelated information retrieval, so the semantic web was founded to resolve this problem; furthermore, ontology is used to capture knowledge about any domain of interest with the goal of integrating the machine understandable data on the current human-readable web. Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a semantic markup language for sharing ontologies on the web. In this paper, the education domain and the development of a University Ontology using Protégé 4.1 Editor is considered. The University of Palestine was chosen as an example for the Ontology Development and the diverse aspects: super class and sub class hierarchy, creating a sub class, instances for classes illustration, query retrieval process using the Unified Process for Building the Ontology (UPON) technique.
How to write an informal essay paper a report by justin mark - Issuu. Informal Essay Help! How do you start a formal essay?. ️ Informal essay outline. Cause and Effect Essay Outline: Types .... Informal Essay Writing Definition, Topics, Examples. Informal Letter Essay Sample | Goal | Action (Philosophy). About Me Paper Example Unique Short Essay Writing Help topics Examples .... 001 Essay Example Write Concluding Paragraph For Persuasive Step .... ️ How to write a formal essay example. How to Write an Informal Essay .... Compose a Remarkable Informal Essay with Our Professional Help. Informal Essay | Friendship | Intimate Relationships | Free 30-day .... How to Write an Informal Essay – Outline, Body, and Conclusion. Informal Interview Essay | Interview | Essays | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. An Informal Essay – Telegraph. 10+ Formal Writing Examples - PDF | Examples. Informal Essay Examples by InformalEssayExample on DeviantArt. Informal essay by DoMyEssays - Issuu. Buy Cheap Essay: Informal essay. Informal essay examples. Guide to Writing a Perfect Informal Essay and .... Fantastic Informal Essay ~ Thatsnotus. 007 Informal Outline For Essay Formal Research Paper Example Compare .... How to Write an Informal Essay - Complete Guide. 007 Essay Example Informal Examples Of Narrative Formal Letter Sample .... Sample Informal Report Format | Classles Democracy. Informal Email Sample | PDF Template. Informal Discussssion Research Paper Example - Discussion research ....
M!ND course — Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications — Traffic as a...Régis Frias
This is the final report for the M!IND/I2P course at Aalto University.
Existing transport and communications systems are a legacy of old societal development models. An important challenge in modern countries is to proactively act on fast changes in social organizations and be prepared for the next generation of problems that might come up. Their goal is, thus, to be ahead of changes and help build the future, not just react to them. The Ministry’s main goal is to become more of an orchestrator in an ecosystem that integrates users (citizens) and businesses (service providers). Many solutions for transportation and communication are popping up from the private sector and also from individual initiative. Also, the way citizens purchase and consume products and services is changing. Could public transport benefit from these new models?
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND ...IJwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This
research paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include
Corpus Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation. It also addresses
factors to be considered when modeling multilingual ontologies. A case study for building a bilingual
English-Arabic ontology for smart phones is presented. The ontology was illustrated using an ontology
editor and visualization tool. The built ontology consists of 67 classes and 18 instances presented in both
Arabic and English. In addition, applications for using the ontology are presented. Future research
directions for the built industrial ontology are presented.
A FRAMEWORK FOR BUILDING A MULTILINGUAL INDUSTRIAL ONTOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND...dannyijwest
As Web 3.0 is blooming, ontologies augment semantic Web with semi–structured knowledge. Industrial
ontologies can help in improving online commercial communication and marketing. In addition,
conceptualizing the enterprise knowledge can improve information retrieval for industrial applications.
Having ontologies combine multiple languages can help in delivering the knowledge to a broad sector of
Internet users. In addition, multi-lingual ontologies can also help in commercial transactions. This research
paper provides a framework model for building industrial multilingual ontologies which include Corpus
Determination, Filtering, Analysis, Ontology Building, and Ontology Evaluation
A DECADE OF USING HYBRID INFERENCE SYSTEMS IN NLP (2005 – 2015): A SURVEYijaia
In today’s world of digital media, connecting millions of users, large amounts of information is being
generated. These are potential mines of knowledge and could give deep insights about the trends of both
social and scientific value. However, owing to the fact that most of this is highly unstructured, we cannot
make any sense of it. Natural language processing (NLP) is a serious attempt in this direction to organise
the textual matter which is in a human understandable form (natural language) in a meaningful and
insightful way. In this, text entailment can be considered a key component in verifying or proving the
correctness or efficiency of this organisation. This paper tries to make a survey of various text entailment
methods proposed giving a comparative picture based on certain criteria like robustness and semantic
precision.
Supporting User's Exploration of Digital Libraries, Suedl 2012 workshop proce...pathsproject
Workshop proceedings from the International workshop on Supporting Users Exploration of Digital Libraries, SUEDL 2012 which was held at TPDL 2012 (the international conference on Theory and Practice in Digital Libraries), Paphos, Cyprus, September 2012.
The aim of the workshop was to stimulate collaboration from experts and stakeholders in Digital Libraries, Cultural Heritage, Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval in order to explore methods and strategies to support exploration of Digital Libraries, beyond the white box paradigm of search and click.
The proceedings includes:
"Browsing Europeana - Opportunities and Challenges', David Haskiya
"Query re-writing using shallow language processing effects', Anna Mastora and Sarantos Kapidakis
"Visualising Television Heritage" Johan Ooman et al,
"Providing suitable information access for new users of Digital Libraries", Rike Brecht et al
"Exploring Pelagios: a Visual Browser for Geo-tagged datasets" Rainer Simon et al
From Crowdsourcing to BigData - how ePatients, and their machines, are transf...Ferdinando Scala
Ferdinando Scala - Leandro Agrò
Today oceans of data are being produced and collected both by people and machines, at the same time changing the way we think about healthcare as a field of study; as a result Patients - actually ePatients - are becoming ever more informed and independent with their healthcare decisions.
Jaap van der Meer, Director of TAUS, shares a compilation of the feedback on the Big Idea as well as a complete overview of new TAUS features and services and new partnerships.
Educational Research and Innovation. The OECD Handbook for Innovative Learnin...eraser Juan José Calderón
Educational Research and Innovation. The OECD Handbook for Innovative Learning Environments .
Over the last decade, the OECD region has seen a 20 percent rise in spending per school
student but yet little significant improvement in learning outcomes. When other sectors
see flat-lining productivity they look to innovation. In many fields, people enter their
professional lives expecting their practice to be transformed by innovation. This is still
not widespread in education. When the OECD conducted its first international survey
of teachers, teaching and learning (TALIS), an average of only just over a quarter of
teachers responded that more innovation in their teaching would be valued, never mind
rewarded, in their schools.
Paper for 2nd International Conference on Lean Six Sigma for Higher Education
This presentation examines the difference between the promise and application of Lean Higher Education.
Measuring for success: Goals, performances, and outcomesLuigi Muzii
Every business should measure performances against goals, substantiate its existence, and justify paychecks on solid arguments and data that customers can understand. This presentation focuses on the value KPI may show of a business. Suggestions are given about developing KPIs that can be understood by customers.
Preparing for disintermediation: Or what will the future look like in a global gig economy?
A presentation given at the tolk- en vertaalcongres in Breda on March 9, 2018 titled “The Language Industry 4.0: Embracing the future?”
The slide deck of the presentation given on June 16 at Localization World 34 in Barcelona.
To successfully run an MT platform and MT projects, a very specific skillset is needed. The right combination of MT and post-editing (PE) can help reduce turn-around times even in low-tech contexts while maximizing cost-effectiveness.
This presentation introduces to the strategies for an effective solution for translation buyers and vendors.
Read about the dos and don’ts when dealing with MT + PE in regard to improving productivity and increasing speed and ease of translation; the best setup for an operating environment based on the right project requirements and practices specifically devised; and the primary challenges posed by MT and PE, as preparing data, assessing quality of outputs, estimating the post-editing effort, vetting, selecting, instructing and compensating human resources.
Il Traduttore Nuovo, rivista dell'Associazione Italiana Traduzione e Interpreti
N. 1/96
Numero speciale dedicato alla Terminologia, con contributi di Christian Galinski, Donatella Pulitano, Claudia Rosa Pucci, Klaus-Dirk Schmitz, Blaise Nkwenti-Azeh, Annamaria Tagliabue, Alan K. Melby, Bruno de Bessé
Term Mining and Terminology Management in a Corporate Setting PerspectiveLuigi Muzii
The time spent looking for and not finding information cost an organization a total of $6 million a year, not including opportunity costs or the costs of reworking existing information that could not be located. Only 41% of localization-mature organizations have some terminology management policy in place, almost solely translation-oriented. Then we must show how terminology management works, demonstrate its power, through controlled languages, ontologies, search engine applications, content and knowledge management applications, and e-learning systems.
A short essay on translation quality standards, the new standards ISO 17100, translation quality assessment, sampling and translation data quality for statistical machine translation.
Diversità in rete: distanza che si trasforma in ricchezzaLuigi Muzii
Appunti per la partecipazione alla Social Media Week di Milano del 20 febbraio 2014 per il panel "Diversità in rete: distanza che si trasforma in ricchezza" organizzato dalle Girl Geek Dinners Milano.
Il testo è disponibile su http://goo.gl/AMq7nn.
Presentazione del webinar su vendor e project management volto alla revisione delle best practice in fatto di selezione, valutazione, analisi prestazionale e sviluppo delle risorse e in fatto di gestione progetti, con particolare attenzione alla definizione e distinzione dei ruoli e dei profili di vendor manager e di project manager nell’industria della traduzione, specialmente per quanto riguarda le fasi di analisi preventiva, programmazione e monitoraggio e i relativi strumenti.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. 35March 2016
Focus
We use standards every day, in all aspects of our lives. Some
standards have been around for hundreds or even thousands of
years. Think, for example, of weights and measures and how their
differences and similarities affect us all. Standards provide a shared
reference framework that ensures safety, reliability, interoperability
andtransparency,withpartnershavingcommonexpectationsoneach
other’s performances and products.
Translation and terminology standards
In 1991, during the third TermNet Summer School in Vienna, Christian
Galinski predicted that, before the turn of the millennium, the importance of
terminology would eventually be universally acknowledged. Galinski also pre-
dicted that terminology would reserve its own place among C-level executives.
A quarter of a century later, terminology is still an ancillary discipline for a
belittled profession, with a lot of specialized literature considering terminology.
However, no standard effort, however smart, can keep the pace with technol-
ogy evolution.
Terminology plays a crucial role in accessing and managing information,
especially today, but it is still a knowledge-intensive, labor-demanding human
task, with users being more and more often unaware of — and possibly uninter-
ested in — its principles and methods, and the many terminological standards
available are becoming obsolete as soon as they are published because of the
slowness of the process and the verticality of topics and efforts.
Every year, TermNet, the Vienna-
headquartered International Net-
work for Terminology, organizes
an online training with a final exam
that requires the presentation of an
application scenario. The course is
sponsored by the European Certifica-
tion and Qualification Association, a
nonprofit association whose aim is to
provide a worldwide unified certifi-
cation schema for numerous profes-
sions. Sessions are held by academics
and experts tackling the main aspects
of terminology management, with
participants being given useful infor-
mation and examples, but almost no
practical exercises on term extrac-
tion, stop-word list building, term
data handling or other real-life sce-
narios. Instead, much time is devoted
to data categories, data modeling,
semantic interoperability and even
on team management theory.
How much time can translators
— be they freelance or in-house
Standards, terminology and Europe
Luigi Muzii is an
independent consultant
with over 30 years of ex-
perience as a translator,
localizer, technical writer,
teacher and trainer.
Isabella Massardo is an
ECQA-certified terminol-
ogy manager with 25
years of experience in
the translation industry
and is content manager
at Memsource.
Luigi Muzii Isabella Massardo
2. Focus
36 March 2016
linguists — really spend on terminol-
ogy, if we consider the productivity
level and the strict deadlines that
are imposed by the various parties
involved in a translation project?
From experience we know that
translators hardly have the time to
quickly click on the concordance
option in a computer-aided transla-
tion (CAT) tool to browse through the
translation memory they were given
and add terms with a second click to a
given term base. We also know that the
exchange of term bases from one CAT
tool to another will result in a loss of
metadata and cause import problems.
In 2007 Erin McKean, a lexicog-
rapher and editor for the Oxford
American English Dictionary, gave an
enthusiastic TED Talk on the joys of
lexicography. Her objective was clear
even for a layman: the creation of an
online dictionary collecting not only
all the traditionally accepted words
and definitions, but also new words
and new uses for old words. The talk
became a huge success.
McKean heads Wordnik.com, the
world’s biggest online English dic-
tionary by number of words. Exam-
ple sentences are pulled from major
news media (such as the Wall Street
Journal) and from books available in
the public domain (Project Guten-
berg and the Internet Archive), as
well as from other sources across the
web including less conventional ones
such as blogs. The website also offers
all sorts of information on each word:
synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms,
words used in the same context, a
reverse dictionary and tags.
Of course, there are differences
between lexicography and terminol-
ogy. One might suffice for all; while
the former is descriptive, the latter
tends to be more normalizing, if
not prescriptive. But Wordnik.com
is pointing us in the right direction.
Collaborative, cloud-based transla-
tion environments that allow the
sharing of linguistic data — in the
form of translation memories and
term bases — coming from all the
parties involved in a translation proj-
ect are the best way forward.
A role for Europe
The Old Continent is where stan-
dardization was born and is still the
translation studies homeland for
many research, staffing and resource
organizations. And yet, most efforts
have been focusing on updating ter-
minology and translation standards
and issuing new ones, without giving
evidence of their actual impact, if
any, on the evolution of society.
Like translation, terminology is a
complex, time-demanding, knowledge-
intensivetask,anditcanbehardtoshow
its cost effectiveness and attractiveness.
Possibly, potential users could benefit
from the definition and actual spread-
ing of basic criteria and requirements
for using terminology and profit from it.
Whilewearewriting,acontroversy
is raging over the insolvency of four
Italian regional banks. Unscrupu-
lous staff from these banks allegedly
pushed many unknowing customers
to buy subordinated bonds. Custom-
ers had to sign long contracts written
in the typical abstruse language of
finance without being provided with
any explanations about the nature of
the bonds they were buying, and they
eventually lost their life’s savings.
It would be difficult for anyone to
find a comprehensive and yet concise
description of what subordinated
bonds are, for example. Wikipedia
only offers an entry, in English, for
“subordinated debt,” with the equiva-
lent, in Italian, of debito non garantito
(junior debt) containing a reference to
an obscure credito chirografario (unse-
cured debt).
Forget InterActive Terminology
for Europe (IATE), the interinstitu-
tional terminology database of the
European Union (EU) administered
by the Terminology Coordination
Unit (TermCoord) of the Directorate-
General for Translation (DG TRAD)
of the European Parliament. It has
three entries for obbligazione sub-
ordinata, all marked as reliable, but
whose definitions are mostly overlap-
ping and inconsistent with standard
methodology.
This should be solid evidence of
the importance of terminology and
of terminological resources, not only
for translation but for everyday life.
In fact, how many nonlinguists —
and maybe even linguists — know of
the existence of IATE?
And yet, this is not an isolated case.
Fifteen years ago, at Linate Airport in
Milan, Italy, an SAS airliner carrying
110 people collided on take-off with
a business jet carrying four people
aboard.All114peopleonbothaircrafts
were killed, as well as four ground
personnel. Investigations identified
a number of deficiencies in airport
procedures, including violations of
International Civil Aviation Organiza-
tion regulations on the part of air traffic
controllers, ranging from incorrect
readbacks to the usage of non-standard
phraseology in communications, with
a specific irrelevant term — extension
— leading to a fatal misunderstanding.
Allthiscallsintoquestiontheweight
and trustworthiness of terminology
standards. We also need to mention
that neither the International Orga-
nization for Standardization (ISO)
nor the other standard-setting bodies
provide for any public termbase what-
soever. As far as private termbases,
a Common Sense Advisory survey
revealed that only 41% of localization-
mature organizations have some ter-
minology management policy in place,
almost solely translation-oriented.
Tenyearsago,inanarticleinvolume
13 issue 3 of KMWorld titled "The high
cost of not finding information," Susan
Feldman reported that in 2001, the
International Data Corporation (IDC)
began to gather data on the costs an
organization has to face when it doesn’t
find the information it needs. IDC’s
3. Focus
37March 2016
study showed that knowledge workers
spent 15% to 35% of their time search-
ing for information, that searches were
successfully completed 50% of the time
or less, and that only 21% of workers
found the information they needed
85% to 100% of the time. The time
spent looking for information and not
finding it cost an organization a total of
$6 million a year, not including oppor-
tunity costs or the costs of reworking
the existing information that could not
be located. The cost of reworking the
information that was not found cost
that organization a further $12 million
a year (15% of time spent in duplicating
existing information). The opportunity
cost of not locating and retrieving
information amounted to more than
$15 million per year.
Also, in a study for the EU-funded
MULTIDOC project in 2010, Jörg
Schütz and Rita Nübel claimed that
terminology has a cost multiplier
of ten for localization and of 20 for
maintenance.
Terminology management can
be extremely costly in the short
term, especially for a localization-
negligent organization. According
to a JD Edwards study presented at
the TAMA conference in Antwerp
in February 2001, one terminological
entry has a cost of $150.00.
Many potential terminology users
are possibly not very interested in
standards, but have an interest in the
associate terminology. Of the hun-
dreds of standards available at ISO
and regional standards bodies, more
than half contain terminology. This
could then be harmonized, structured
and made publicly and freely available.
In November, the European Asso-
ciation for Terminology will celebrate
its 20th anniversary in the historical
first hemicycle of the European Parlia-
ment with a flashback on the activity in
terminology during the past 20 years.
At the event, a prize will be awarded
for the best thesis on terminology.
Rather than financing mammoth
Directorate General for Translation
(DGT)-oriented educational pro-
grams with the typical EU regulatory
aim (have you ever heard of the bendy
banana law?), the DGT could fund a
program for the consolidation of the
many dust-collecting terminological
archives scattered all along the Old
Continent in its innumerable universi-
ties. This program could be entrusted
to a pool of outstanding graduates
from the universities feeding the ranks
of underpaid DGT interns.
Futurists, visionaries
and wishful thinkers
In the last two decades, the ability of
effectively using and integrating a wide
range of software tools forming the
typical translator’s toolbox has become
pivotal.Today,translatingislessaques-
tion of language knowledge and more
one of knowing how to use it and the
right tools to exploit it. The integration
of machine translation (MT) into the
now widespread, comprehensive and
increasingly mundane translation tools
is making MT and post-editing part of
a translator’s daily job.
The last year marked the final
statement for data as the lifeline of
our online existence. With hardware
increasingly being commoditized and
software simply a click away, data is
gold. Machine learning technologies
are revolutionizing everything, from
image recognition to voice transcrip-
tiontoMT.Thesetechnologiesrequire
massive amounts of training data.
Translators will have to be able to
build parallel corpora, produce, access
anduse(big)data,processunstructured
dataset to mine, as well as produce and
manage rich terminology data.
Terabytes of translation data are
produced in Europe alone every year.
But, as Andrew Joscelyne and Anna
Samiotou recently explained in the
“TAUS Translation Data Landscape
Report,” data sources are heteroge-
neous and unbalanced, and private
owners can be reluctant to give their
translationdataforfreeoreventoopen
source it. Traditional public sources of
translation data are no longer enough.
Incentives are necessary for a transla-
tion open data project in order to
prevent any conflicts of interests. [M]
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