Textile testing & quality control 1(presentation)ShabujHossain
This presentation discusses types of tensile testing machines used for fibers and yarns. It describes tensile strength testing of yarns using the USTER TENSORAPID/USTER TENSOJET machine, which tests at high speeds with accuracy. The presentation also covers the three categories of tensile testing machines based on working principles: constant rate of extension, constant rate of loading, and constant rate of traverse. Finally, it discusses tensile strength testing methods for fabrics, including the strip test and grab test, describing sample preparation and test procedures.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
The document provides instructions for preparing fabric samples and setting up a Martindale tester to measure a fabric's abrasion resistance. Specimens are to be cut into circular shapes and weighed, then mounted onto numbered specimen holders that are assembled and placed into the Martindale tester along with weights corresponding to the specimen numbers. The tester uses a vacuum to create pressure differences across the fabric sample to measure the rate of airflow, from which the fabric's air permeability is determined.
This document describes the ISO 13938-1 standard for determining the bursting strength and bursting distension of textile fabrics using a hydraulic method. It outlines the test apparatus, materials, sampling procedures, conditioning requirements, test procedures, and how to calculate and report the results. The method involves clamping a fabric sample over an expansive diaphragm and increasing the fluid pressure at a constant rate until the sample bursts. Key values measured include bursting strength, height at burst, and volume at burst.
The document discusses various types of textile testing instruments used to test quality at different stages of textile production. It introduces instruments like the GSM cutter, Martindale abrasion and pilling tester, air permeability tester, lea strength tester, Uster evenness tester, wrinkle recovery tester, crease recovery tester, yarn count tester, yarn twist tester, standards tumble dryer, lab conditioner, fabric thickness gauge, yarn strength tester, and tearing strength tester. It provides details on how each instrument works and the procedures to test quality parameters like weight, abrasion resistance, air permeability, strength, evenness, wrinkle recovery, thickness, and tearing strength.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
This document provides information on conducting triaxial tests to determine the shear strength parameters of cohesive soils. It describes the objectives, theory, equipment, procedures, data analysis, discussion, and conclusions for performing unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests. Specimens are cylindrical soil samples encased in a rubber membrane and subjected to confining pressure and axial loads in a triaxial chamber. Data collected includes applied loads and deformations which are used to calculate stresses and strains and develop the shear strength failure envelope from tests run at different confining pressures. Care must be taken in sample preparation and testing to minimize disturbances and ensure accurate, repeatable results.
This document describes a standard test method for measuring the initial tear resistance of plastic films and sheeting. It involves cutting test specimens to specific dimensions and clamping them in grips that separate at a rate of 51 mm/min until tearing is initiated. The maximum force required to initiate tearing is recorded as the tear resistance value. At least 10 specimens must be tested for isotropic materials and 20 for anisotropic materials, with half tested parallel and half perpendicular to the orientation direction. The test provides comparative tear resistance values but may not correlate directly with actual performance. Values are expressed in newtons or pounds-force and are only comparable for specimens within 10% thickness variation.
Textile testing & quality control 1(presentation)ShabujHossain
This presentation discusses types of tensile testing machines used for fibers and yarns. It describes tensile strength testing of yarns using the USTER TENSORAPID/USTER TENSOJET machine, which tests at high speeds with accuracy. The presentation also covers the three categories of tensile testing machines based on working principles: constant rate of extension, constant rate of loading, and constant rate of traverse. Finally, it discusses tensile strength testing methods for fabrics, including the strip test and grab test, describing sample preparation and test procedures.
This document discusses testing the bursting strength and tearing strength of fabrics. It describes two common methods for measuring bursting strength - mechanical and hydraulic burst testing. Hydraulic burst testing involves clamping a fabric sample over an inflating rubber diaphragm and increasing the liquid pressure until the fabric bursts. The tearing strength is measured using an Elmendorf tearing tester, which involves clamping a fabric sample and creating a tear using the falling weight of a pendulum from a fixed height. Sample preparation and testing procedures are provided for both bursting strength and tearing strength tests.
The document provides instructions for preparing fabric samples and setting up a Martindale tester to measure a fabric's abrasion resistance. Specimens are to be cut into circular shapes and weighed, then mounted onto numbered specimen holders that are assembled and placed into the Martindale tester along with weights corresponding to the specimen numbers. The tester uses a vacuum to create pressure differences across the fabric sample to measure the rate of airflow, from which the fabric's air permeability is determined.
This document describes the ISO 13938-1 standard for determining the bursting strength and bursting distension of textile fabrics using a hydraulic method. It outlines the test apparatus, materials, sampling procedures, conditioning requirements, test procedures, and how to calculate and report the results. The method involves clamping a fabric sample over an expansive diaphragm and increasing the fluid pressure at a constant rate until the sample bursts. Key values measured include bursting strength, height at burst, and volume at burst.
The document discusses various types of textile testing instruments used to test quality at different stages of textile production. It introduces instruments like the GSM cutter, Martindale abrasion and pilling tester, air permeability tester, lea strength tester, Uster evenness tester, wrinkle recovery tester, crease recovery tester, yarn count tester, yarn twist tester, standards tumble dryer, lab conditioner, fabric thickness gauge, yarn strength tester, and tearing strength tester. It provides details on how each instrument works and the procedures to test quality parameters like weight, abrasion resistance, air permeability, strength, evenness, wrinkle recovery, thickness, and tearing strength.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
This document provides information on conducting triaxial tests to determine the shear strength parameters of cohesive soils. It describes the objectives, theory, equipment, procedures, data analysis, discussion, and conclusions for performing unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests. Specimens are cylindrical soil samples encased in a rubber membrane and subjected to confining pressure and axial loads in a triaxial chamber. Data collected includes applied loads and deformations which are used to calculate stresses and strains and develop the shear strength failure envelope from tests run at different confining pressures. Care must be taken in sample preparation and testing to minimize disturbances and ensure accurate, repeatable results.
This document describes a standard test method for measuring the initial tear resistance of plastic films and sheeting. It involves cutting test specimens to specific dimensions and clamping them in grips that separate at a rate of 51 mm/min until tearing is initiated. The maximum force required to initiate tearing is recorded as the tear resistance value. At least 10 specimens must be tested for isotropic materials and 20 for anisotropic materials, with half tested parallel and half perpendicular to the orientation direction. The test provides comparative tear resistance values but may not correlate directly with actual performance. Values are expressed in newtons or pounds-force and are only comparable for specimens within 10% thickness variation.
This document provides the test method and procedures for evaluating the pilling resistance of textile fabrics using a random tumble pilling tester according to ASTM D3512. It describes the required apparatus, including the random tumble pilling tester, cork cylinder liners, and air injection device. It outlines the specimen preparation, conditioning, testing procedure, evaluation method using a rating scale of 1 to 5, and reporting requirements. The goal is to objectively assess the formation of pills and other surface changes on textile fabrics after tumbling tests.
This document describes the pneumatic method for determining the bursting strength and bursting distension of textiles according to ISO 13938-2:2013. It involves clamping a test specimen over an expansive diaphragm and applying increasing compressed air pressure until the specimen bursts. The bursting strength is determined by subtracting the pressure at the diaphragm's distension from the total bursting pressure. The test is applicable to various fabric types and can be conducted in conditioned or wet states. Conditioning and testing atmospheres should follow ISO 139 specifications.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
The document summarizes research on the influence of yarn and fabric properties on the tearing strength of woven fabrics. Key findings include:
1) Tearing strength decreases with increases in yarn fineness, twist multiplier, and pick level in plain woven fabrics. Tearing strength is minimum for plain weave and maximum for 4-thread satin weave.
2) In plain woven fabrics, tearing strength decreases as weft count increases due to weaker yarns. Warp-wise tearing strength increases with higher weft counts.
3) Tearing strength decreases as weft twist multiplier increases due to weaker, more compact yarns and higher yarn-fabric friction.
This document describes Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on measuring fabric stiffness. It introduces stiffness as a fabric property related to its ability to stand without support. The Shirley stiffness tester is described as an instrument used to measure fabric stiffness by determining the bending length of a fabric sample placed on an angled platform. The document provides specifications for the Shirley stiffness tester and describes the procedure to measure the bending length of cotton fabric samples in the warp and weft directions. The results show the bending length is 2.66 cm in the warp direction and 2.51 cm in the weft direction.
The document is a lab report that tests different layups of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites to verify the 10% Rule of Mixtures. Four composite samples with layups of [0]8s, [90]8s, [+/-45]4s, and [0 90 +45 -45]2s were tested under 3-point bending and tension. The results found that the Rule of Mixtures accurately predicted the composite strengths and was generally conservative. The report concludes that the Rule of Mixtures allows fast prediction of composite performance for design requirements.
Astm designation c 136 for coarse aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.
This document summarizes the development of an automated drapability tester that quantifies the draping behavior of reinforcement fabrics. The tester combines force measurement with optical analysis to detect defects like gaps, loops, and wrinkles during forming. It uses cameras and laser scanning to capture these defects, allowing drapability effects to be quantified. Test results on non-crimp fabrics and woven fabrics show how the tester can measure forces, gap widths, fiber misalignment, and sample deformation at different forming levels. The automated tester provides detailed drapability data to support composite part and process design.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
This document describes a test method for determining the particle size distribution of fine aggregates through sieve analysis. The test involves drying a sample, sieving it using a nested set of sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentages passing and retained to obtain the gradation. The results are used to determine compliance with specifications and provide data for controlling aggregate production and mixtures. The method is not applicable to materials finer than 75 microns.
This document provides instructions for conducting a tensile test experiment using a Universal Testing Machine. The aim is to determine properties like elastic limit, yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation, and percentage reduction in area of a mild steel specimen. The procedure involves fixing a specimen in the grips of the UTM and applying a tensile load until failure. Measurements are taken from the load-extension graph to calculate the material properties.
This document provides details on testing the length and uniformity of cotton fibers using a Fibrograph instrument. It describes the apparatus, sampling and specimen preparation methods, testing procedures, calculations, and reporting of results. Key details include:
- The Fibrograph scans fiber samples to create a fibrogram curve from which fiber length and uniformity measurements are derived.
- Samples are prepared by combing fibers randomly onto combs and inserting them into the Fibrograph.
- The instrument measures the span lengths at specific percentage points along the fibrogram curve, from which average lengths and a uniformity ratio are calculated.
This document discusses textile testing and quality control. It begins by defining textile testing as examining the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of textiles. Quality control ensures products meet requirements by regulating variables that affect quality. Textile testing is important for research, material selection, process monitoring, product evaluation, and more. Different types of textile testing include fiber, yarn, and fabric tests. Sampling methods like random and zoning techniques are used to obtain representative samples. Factors like humidity, time, temperature affect moisture regain and content, which are measures of the water in a material.
The document discusses a study on the elastic recovery of different single jersey knitted structures at varying loop lengths. It aims to determine how stitch length influences stretch recovery and the structural impact on recovery properties. Materials tested included single jersey plain, polo pique, double lacoste, and single lacoste fabrics knitted with polyester cotton yarn at stitch lengths from 2.60 to 3.16 mm. Stitch lengths were verified using a Hatra course length tester before specimens were prepared and tested in a Titan strength tester to measure elastic recovery percentages at different time intervals.
This document describes Test Method D 4970 for determining the pilling resistance of textile fabrics using a Martindale tester. The tester simulates pilling and surface changes by rubbing fabric specimens against each other for a specified number of movements. Pilling resistance is evaluated by comparing specimens to visual standards and rated on a scale of 1 to 5. The method is applicable to woven fabrics up to 3mm thick but has not been determined for nonwovens. It provides a subjective evaluation of pilling and is not recommended for acceptance testing without further evaluation of bias between laboratories.
This document discusses impact testing procedures according to ASTM A370 and E-23 standards. It describes the apparatus, testing procedures, significance, and interpretation of results for Charpy impact testing. Charpy impact testing involves breaking a notched specimen with a single blow from a pendulum to determine the material's resistance to brittle fracture. The document provides details on specimen preparation, conditioning, breaking procedures, and measuring absorbed energy and fracture appearance to characterize ductile versus brittle behavior.
This document provides test methods for evaluating various properties of textiles, including:
- Color fastness to water, laundering, perspiration, pressing, and rubbing
- Tearing strength, drape, bursting strength, grab strength, and strip strength
- Procedures are described for preparing samples and conducting each test, with apparatus and formulas provided. Results are evaluated using grey scales or by measuring maximum force values.
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
D3410D3410M.27027 Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite.pdfmahmoodkhan77
This document describes Test Method D3410/D3410M for determining the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The test method involves loading a flat composite strip specimen in compression using a specially designed fixture that applies a shear force via wedge grips. Key properties that can be determined include ultimate compressive strength, ultimate compressive strain, compressive modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio in compression, and transition strain. The test method is sensitive to factors like specimen preparation, gripping, alignment and material variability.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the dimensional characteristics of seam puckering and the influence of various causes on puckering. An objective image processing-based assessment method was developed to quantify puckering dimensions and overcome subjective evaluations. Experiments varied needle tension, stitch density, and fabric properties to analyze their effects on puckering severity. Puckering images were processed to estimate parameters for a luminosity model characterizing dimensional puckering properties. Results showed puckering severity increased with higher tension and correlated with fabric weight and bending rigidity properties.
This document provides the test method and procedures for evaluating the pilling resistance of textile fabrics using a random tumble pilling tester according to ASTM D3512. It describes the required apparatus, including the random tumble pilling tester, cork cylinder liners, and air injection device. It outlines the specimen preparation, conditioning, testing procedure, evaluation method using a rating scale of 1 to 5, and reporting requirements. The goal is to objectively assess the formation of pills and other surface changes on textile fabrics after tumbling tests.
This document describes the pneumatic method for determining the bursting strength and bursting distension of textiles according to ISO 13938-2:2013. It involves clamping a test specimen over an expansive diaphragm and applying increasing compressed air pressure until the specimen bursts. The bursting strength is determined by subtracting the pressure at the diaphragm's distension from the total bursting pressure. The test is applicable to various fabric types and can be conducted in conditioned or wet states. Conditioning and testing atmospheres should follow ISO 139 specifications.
stiffness,Handle,Drape properties of fabric ,Fabric property TTQC-2AtiqFaysal
This presentation discusses the stiffness, handle, and drape properties of fabrics. It will cover stiffness and how it is tested using machines like the Shirley Stiffness tester. It will also discuss fabric handle properties, the factors that influence handle, and how to measure drape properties using a drape tester to determine the drape coefficient. Relevant apparatus and testing procedures will be explained.
The document summarizes research on the influence of yarn and fabric properties on the tearing strength of woven fabrics. Key findings include:
1) Tearing strength decreases with increases in yarn fineness, twist multiplier, and pick level in plain woven fabrics. Tearing strength is minimum for plain weave and maximum for 4-thread satin weave.
2) In plain woven fabrics, tearing strength decreases as weft count increases due to weaker yarns. Warp-wise tearing strength increases with higher weft counts.
3) Tearing strength decreases as weft twist multiplier increases due to weaker, more compact yarns and higher yarn-fabric friction.
This document describes Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on measuring fabric stiffness. It introduces stiffness as a fabric property related to its ability to stand without support. The Shirley stiffness tester is described as an instrument used to measure fabric stiffness by determining the bending length of a fabric sample placed on an angled platform. The document provides specifications for the Shirley stiffness tester and describes the procedure to measure the bending length of cotton fabric samples in the warp and weft directions. The results show the bending length is 2.66 cm in the warp direction and 2.51 cm in the weft direction.
The document is a lab report that tests different layups of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites to verify the 10% Rule of Mixtures. Four composite samples with layups of [0]8s, [90]8s, [+/-45]4s, and [0 90 +45 -45]2s were tested under 3-point bending and tension. The results found that the Rule of Mixtures accurately predicted the composite strengths and was generally conservative. The report concludes that the Rule of Mixtures allows fast prediction of composite performance for design requirements.
Astm designation c 136 for coarse aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
Sieve Analysis for Coarse Aggregate as per ASTM. Slides contain all the relevant data and steps that would be required for the performance of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates.
This document summarizes the development of an automated drapability tester that quantifies the draping behavior of reinforcement fabrics. The tester combines force measurement with optical analysis to detect defects like gaps, loops, and wrinkles during forming. It uses cameras and laser scanning to capture these defects, allowing drapability effects to be quantified. Test results on non-crimp fabrics and woven fabrics show how the tester can measure forces, gap widths, fiber misalignment, and sample deformation at different forming levels. The automated tester provides detailed drapability data to support composite part and process design.
Astm designation c 136 for fine aggregatesMuhammad Ahmad
This document describes a test method for determining the particle size distribution of fine aggregates through sieve analysis. The test involves drying a sample, sieving it using a nested set of sieves, weighing the material retained on each sieve, and calculating the percentages passing and retained to obtain the gradation. The results are used to determine compliance with specifications and provide data for controlling aggregate production and mixtures. The method is not applicable to materials finer than 75 microns.
This document provides instructions for conducting a tensile test experiment using a Universal Testing Machine. The aim is to determine properties like elastic limit, yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus of elasticity, percentage elongation, and percentage reduction in area of a mild steel specimen. The procedure involves fixing a specimen in the grips of the UTM and applying a tensile load until failure. Measurements are taken from the load-extension graph to calculate the material properties.
This document provides details on testing the length and uniformity of cotton fibers using a Fibrograph instrument. It describes the apparatus, sampling and specimen preparation methods, testing procedures, calculations, and reporting of results. Key details include:
- The Fibrograph scans fiber samples to create a fibrogram curve from which fiber length and uniformity measurements are derived.
- Samples are prepared by combing fibers randomly onto combs and inserting them into the Fibrograph.
- The instrument measures the span lengths at specific percentage points along the fibrogram curve, from which average lengths and a uniformity ratio are calculated.
This document discusses textile testing and quality control. It begins by defining textile testing as examining the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of textiles. Quality control ensures products meet requirements by regulating variables that affect quality. Textile testing is important for research, material selection, process monitoring, product evaluation, and more. Different types of textile testing include fiber, yarn, and fabric tests. Sampling methods like random and zoning techniques are used to obtain representative samples. Factors like humidity, time, temperature affect moisture regain and content, which are measures of the water in a material.
The document discusses a study on the elastic recovery of different single jersey knitted structures at varying loop lengths. It aims to determine how stitch length influences stretch recovery and the structural impact on recovery properties. Materials tested included single jersey plain, polo pique, double lacoste, and single lacoste fabrics knitted with polyester cotton yarn at stitch lengths from 2.60 to 3.16 mm. Stitch lengths were verified using a Hatra course length tester before specimens were prepared and tested in a Titan strength tester to measure elastic recovery percentages at different time intervals.
This document describes Test Method D 4970 for determining the pilling resistance of textile fabrics using a Martindale tester. The tester simulates pilling and surface changes by rubbing fabric specimens against each other for a specified number of movements. Pilling resistance is evaluated by comparing specimens to visual standards and rated on a scale of 1 to 5. The method is applicable to woven fabrics up to 3mm thick but has not been determined for nonwovens. It provides a subjective evaluation of pilling and is not recommended for acceptance testing without further evaluation of bias between laboratories.
This document discusses impact testing procedures according to ASTM A370 and E-23 standards. It describes the apparatus, testing procedures, significance, and interpretation of results for Charpy impact testing. Charpy impact testing involves breaking a notched specimen with a single blow from a pendulum to determine the material's resistance to brittle fracture. The document provides details on specimen preparation, conditioning, breaking procedures, and measuring absorbed energy and fracture appearance to characterize ductile versus brittle behavior.
This document provides test methods for evaluating various properties of textiles, including:
- Color fastness to water, laundering, perspiration, pressing, and rubbing
- Tearing strength, drape, bursting strength, grab strength, and strip strength
- Procedures are described for preparing samples and conducting each test, with apparatus and formulas provided. Results are evaluated using grey scales or by measuring maximum force values.
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
D3410D3410M.27027 Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite.pdfmahmoodkhan77
This document describes Test Method D3410/D3410M for determining the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The test method involves loading a flat composite strip specimen in compression using a specially designed fixture that applies a shear force via wedge grips. Key properties that can be determined include ultimate compressive strength, ultimate compressive strain, compressive modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio in compression, and transition strain. The test method is sensitive to factors like specimen preparation, gripping, alignment and material variability.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the dimensional characteristics of seam puckering and the influence of various causes on puckering. An objective image processing-based assessment method was developed to quantify puckering dimensions and overcome subjective evaluations. Experiments varied needle tension, stitch density, and fabric properties to analyze their effects on puckering severity. Puckering images were processed to estimate parameters for a luminosity model characterizing dimensional puckering properties. Results showed puckering severity increased with higher tension and correlated with fabric weight and bending rigidity properties.
Similar to Standard Test Method for Resistance to Unsnapping of.pptx (20)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
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2. Scope
This test method covers the determination
of the force required to disengage snap
fasteners by a pull perpendicular to and
parallel with the plane of the snap
fastener.
3. Definitions
the force required to disengage a snap
fastener resulting from a pull in the
plane parallel to the material to which
the snap fastener is attached
Lateral holding strength
4. Snap action
The force required to disengage a snap
fasteners resulting from a pull is extended
perpendicular to the plane of material to
which the snap fasteners is attached.
5. snap fastener
Device for attaching one material to
another consisting of matching male and
female parts each of which is attached
separate material so that the parts can
be joined by a low compressive force
and separated by a low perpendicular
tensile force.
6. Summery of the test method
Snap fasteners mounted on stripe of material near the end are
tested on tensile testing machine equipped for testing the strength
of textile fabric and having sensitivity for accurate low force
levels.
Test are made on snap fasters before laundering with the option of
testing against after a pre-determined number of laundering or
other types of refurbishing.
7. Apparatus
Tensile Testing Machine
A constant rate of extension (CRE) type or constant rate of
traverse (CRT) type testing machine conforming to
Specification D 76 with a rate of traverse of 305 mm (12
in.)/min, or a rate agreed upon between purchaser and
seller, and a scale which will produce accurate results at very
low force levels. There may be no overallcorrelation between
the results obtained with the CRE and CRT tensile testing
machines. In the case of controversy, however, the CRE
method shall prevail.
8. Jaws
The back jaws of the clamps on the tensile testing
machine should be at least the same width as the
front jaws. The front jaws must be 25.4 mm (1
in.) wide.
9. Aluminum Plate
A plate is required measuring 50 by 100 by 4 mm (2 by 4
by 1⁄8 in.) with dowel pins inserted
10. Attaching Machine
A hand operated, foot operated, or automatic machine for
attaching snap fastener parts conforming to specifications
of seller
11. Conditioning
Condition the specimens by bringing them from the dry
side to approximate moisture equilibrium for testing in
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in
Practice D 1776
12. Procedure
Preparing specimen
Cut fabric specimen to dimensions of 38 by 89mm and
attach male part to one fabric specimen and female part to
the other fabric specimen. Both approximately 19 mm from
the end or edge of the fabric specimen.
13. Cutting Specimens From Garments
Cut specimen from garments so that the snap fasteners
are approximately 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) from the end of a
specimen measuring 38 by 89 mm (1.5 by 3.5 in.). Cut the
specimen as close to these dimensions as possible where
snap fastener spacings limit specimen size cut from
garments.
14. Determination of Snap Action
Set the distance between the upper and lower clamps of the testing machine for 76 mm
(3 in.). Clamp the aluminum plate loosely in the jaw of the upper clamp to prevent the
specimen from twisting. Insert the female end of the specimen so that the lower edge of
the jaw in the upper clamp is even with the mark placed on the material and tighten the
clamp. Clamp the male end of the specimen in the jaw of the lower clamp so that the two
snapped halves are straight and the pull is perpendicular to the plane of the snap fastener
and material (see Fig. 3). Apply the load until the snap fastener disengages. Remove the
male end of the specimen from the lower clamp, reset the distance between clamps to 76
mm (3 in.), snap the male specimen to the female specimen, align the pieces so that the
fabric material edges are straight and tighten the lower clamp. Apply the load until the
snap fastener disengages. Record the nature of the failure and the load at failure to the
nearest 0.4 N (0.1 lbf). Repeat this procedure until the specimen has been tested three
times
15. Determination of Lateral Holding
Strength
Use the same specimens prepared from snap action tests.
Use the same procedure specified,except that the male
specimen is clamped in the upper clamp and the force is
applied in a plane parallel to the material and snap
fastener
16. Report
State that the tests were made as directed in Test Method
D 4846. Describe the material or product being sampled
and the method of sampling used. Describe the material
and end product.
Report the following information
Type of testing machine and load range used. Individual and
average results.
Note any fabric or snap fastener failure beside results with F
for fabric and S for snap fastener. Disregard fabric failures.
Report the units of force in newtons (N) or pounds force
(lbf).