Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for secure data communication. It was created as a secure replacement for insecure remote shell protocols like Telnet. SSH uses encryption to provide confidentiality and integrity of data as well as authentication to securely conduct remote login and other secure network services over unsecured networks like the Internet. While SSH improves security over earlier protocols, it still has some vulnerabilities like password cracking, traffic analysis, and buffer overflows that can be exploited in both SSH version 1 and 2.
Shell is a protocol that provides authentication, encryption and data integrity to secure network communications. Implementations of Secure Shell offer the following capabilities: a secure command-shell, secure file transfer, and remote access to a variety of TCP/IP applications via a secure tunnel. Secure Shell client and server applications are widely available for most popular operating systems.
install hadoop in windows using maven and windows sdk and visual c++ compiler.
To install hadoop on windows see below link step by step guidance.
From version 2.3 hadoop suppot windows also but by default it supports linux and other version. to install in windows need to compile the hadoop source in native windows sdk and then that hadoop distribution generated can be used to run hadoop in windows.
hadoop installation on windows
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. This presentation is made as an assignment during our university course.
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS
Handshake
protocol
, which
is
responsible
for
authentication of
the parties in the
communication
and
negotiation of
security parameters
that
will be used
to protect
confidentiality and
integrity of the
data
. It
will
be
analyzed the
attacks
against the implementation of Handshake
protocol, as well as the
attacks against the other
elements
necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security
flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studyi
ng methods of defense
.
All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the researc
h but
emphasis will be placed
on the critical
attack that
the most endanger the safety of data.
The goal of
the research
is
to point out the
danger of
existence
of at least
vulnerability
in the SSL/TLS protocol
, which
can be exploited
and
endanger the safety of
the data
that should be protected.
Shell is a protocol that provides authentication, encryption and data integrity to secure network communications. Implementations of Secure Shell offer the following capabilities: a secure command-shell, secure file transfer, and remote access to a variety of TCP/IP applications via a secure tunnel. Secure Shell client and server applications are widely available for most popular operating systems.
install hadoop in windows using maven and windows sdk and visual c++ compiler.
To install hadoop on windows see below link step by step guidance.
From version 2.3 hadoop suppot windows also but by default it supports linux and other version. to install in windows need to compile the hadoop source in native windows sdk and then that hadoop distribution generated can be used to run hadoop in windows.
hadoop installation on windows
Secure Shell (SSH) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. This presentation is made as an assignment during our university course.
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS
Handshake
protocol
, which
is
responsible
for
authentication of
the parties in the
communication
and
negotiation of
security parameters
that
will be used
to protect
confidentiality and
integrity of the
data
. It
will
be
analyzed the
attacks
against the implementation of Handshake
protocol, as well as the
attacks against the other
elements
necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security
flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studyi
ng methods of defense
.
All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the researc
h but
emphasis will be placed
on the critical
attack that
the most endanger the safety of data.
The goal of
the research
is
to point out the
danger of
existence
of at least
vulnerability
in the SSL/TLS protocol
, which
can be exploited
and
endanger the safety of
the data
that should be protected.
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS Handshake protocol, which is responsible for authentication of the parties in the communication and negotiation of security parameters that will be used to protect confidentiality and integrity of the data. It will be analyzed the attacks against the implementation of Handshake protocol, as well as the attacks against the other
elements necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studying methods of defense. All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the research but emphasis will be placed on the critical attack that the most endanger the safety of data. The goal of the research is to point out the
danger of existence of at least vulnerability in the SSL/TLS protocol, which can be exploited and endanger the safety of the data that should be protected.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that ensures privacy between communicating applications and their users on the Internet. When a server and client communicate, TLS ensures that no third party may eavesdrop or tamper with any message. TLS is the successor to the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
OpenSSH is a FREE version of the SSH connectivity tools that technical users of the Internet rely on.
This talk will explain the most interesting features of ssh and some info about future developments.
Comparative Analysis of Open-SSL Vulnerabilities & Heartbleed Exploit DetectionCSCJournals
Since its introduction in 1994 the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol (later renamed to Transport Layer Security (TLS)) evolved to the de facto standard for securing the transport layer. SSL/TLS can be used for ensuring data confidentiality, integrity and authenticity during transport. A main feature of the protocol is its flexibility. Modes of operation and security aims can easily be configured through different cipher suites. During its evolutionary development process several flaws were found. However, the flexible architecture of SSL/TLS allowed efficient fixes in order to counter the issues. This paper presents an overview on theoretical and practical attacks of the last 20 years.
Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) | Part - 2 Vishal Kumar
In this presentation we will learn about the Record Protocol, Alert Protocol, Closing and Resuming SSL Connections and Attacks on SSL.
The Part - 1 cab be founded at : https://www.slideshare.net/vishalkumar245/fundamental-of-secure-socket-layer-ssl-part-1
Client server computing in mobile environments part 2Praveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
This paper analyzes vulnerabilities of the SSL/TLS Handshake protocol, which is responsible for authentication of the parties in the communication and negotiation of security parameters that will be used to protect confidentiality and integrity of the data. It will be analyzed the attacks against the implementation of Handshake protocol, as well as the attacks against the other
elements necessary to SSL/TLS protocol to discover security flaws that were exploited, modes of
attack, the potential consequences, but also studying methods of defense. All versions of the
protocol are going to be the subject of the research but emphasis will be placed on the critical attack that the most endanger the safety of data. The goal of the research is to point out the
danger of existence of at least vulnerability in the SSL/TLS protocol, which can be exploited and endanger the safety of the data that should be protected.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that ensures privacy between communicating applications and their users on the Internet. When a server and client communicate, TLS ensures that no third party may eavesdrop or tamper with any message. TLS is the successor to the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
OpenSSH is a FREE version of the SSH connectivity tools that technical users of the Internet rely on.
This talk will explain the most interesting features of ssh and some info about future developments.
Comparative Analysis of Open-SSL Vulnerabilities & Heartbleed Exploit DetectionCSCJournals
Since its introduction in 1994 the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol (later renamed to Transport Layer Security (TLS)) evolved to the de facto standard for securing the transport layer. SSL/TLS can be used for ensuring data confidentiality, integrity and authenticity during transport. A main feature of the protocol is its flexibility. Modes of operation and security aims can easily be configured through different cipher suites. During its evolutionary development process several flaws were found. However, the flexible architecture of SSL/TLS allowed efficient fixes in order to counter the issues. This paper presents an overview on theoretical and practical attacks of the last 20 years.
Fundamental of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) | Part - 2 Vishal Kumar
In this presentation we will learn about the Record Protocol, Alert Protocol, Closing and Resuming SSL Connections and Attacks on SSL.
The Part - 1 cab be founded at : https://www.slideshare.net/vishalkumar245/fundamental-of-secure-socket-layer-ssl-part-1
Client server computing in mobile environments part 2Praveen Joshi
Client server computing in mobile environments. Versatile, Message based, Modular Infrastructure intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability and scalability as compared to Centralized, Mainframe, time sharing computing.
Intended to reduce Network Traffic.
Communication is using RPC or SQL
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. 4/21/2023 1
SSH – The ‘Secure’ Shell
Presented by
Karthik Sadasivam
Course: CSCI 5931 Web Security
Instructor : Dr.Yang
2. 4/21/2023 2
Secure What.. ?
‘Secure shell is a de facto standard for remote logins and
encrypted file transfers.’ [SSH communications inc.]
Founded in 1995 by Tatu Ylonen, a researcher at Helsinki
University of Technology, Finland
It provides authentication and encryption for business critical
applications to work securely over the internet.
Originally introduced for UNIX terminals as a replacement for the
insecure remote access “Berkeley services" , viz. rsh, rlogin, rcp,
telnet, etc.
It can also be used for port forwarding of arbitrary TCP/IP or X11
connections (interactive terminals)
It is a layer over TCP/IP and runs on the port 22.
3. 4/21/2023 3
Why SSH?
The three core security requirements for a remote access
technology – confidentiality, integrity and authentication
Most of the earlier technologies lack confidentiality and integrity.
For e.g Telnet and FTP transmit username and passwords in
cleartext.
They are vulnerable to attacks such as IP spoofing, DoS, MITM
and eavesdropping.
Secure shell satisfies all the three requirements by using:
Data Encryption to provide confidentiality
Host-based and (or) client-based authentication
Data integrity using MACs and hashes
4. 4/21/2023 4
Flavors of SSH
There are two incompatible versions of the SSH protocol: SSH-1
and SSH-2
SSH-2 was introduced in order to fix several bugs in SSH-1 and also
includes several new features
Both versions have technical glitches and are vulnerable to known
attacks (discussed later)
SSH-1 is more popular nowadays due to licensing issues with
SSH-2
OpenSSH is a free version of the SSH with open source code
development. It supports both the versions and mainly used in UNIX
environment.
5. 4/21/2023 5
The SSH-1 protocol exchange
Client Server
Opens a TCP connection to port 22
SSH protocol version exchange
e.g ASCII :” SSH-1.5-1.2.27”
Server identification {H+S+list of ciphers and
authentication methods+cookie} + session
parameters
Selected data cipher +encrypted session
key K(H,S) +cookie
Server acknowledgement encrypted
with K
Secure connection established!
Server authenticated
H – host key ; S- Server Key ; cookie- sequence of 8 random bytes; K- session key
6. 4/21/2023 6
The SSH-1 protocol exchange (contd.)
Once secure connection is established, client attempts to
authenticate itself to server.
Some of the authentication methods used are:
Kerberos
RHosts and RHostsRSA
Public key
Password based authentication (OTP)
Integrity checking is provided by means of a weak CRC -32
Compression is provided using the “deflate” algorithm of GNU gzip
utility. It is beneficial for file transfer utilities such as ftp, scp, etc.
7. 4/21/2023 7
The SSH-2 protocol
SSH-1 is monolithic, encompassing multiple functions into a single
protocol whereas SSH-2 has been separated into modules and
consists of 3 protocols:
SSH Transport layer protocol (SSH-TRANS) : Provides the
initial connection, packet protocol, server authentication and
basic encryption and integrity services.
SSH Authentication protocol (SSH-AUTH) : Verifies the
client’s identity at the beginning of an SSH-2 session, by three
authentication methods: Public key, host based and password.
SSH Connection protocol (SSH-CONN) : It permits a number
of different services to exchange data through the secure
channel provided by SSH-TRANS.
A fourth protocol SSH protocol architecture (SSH-ARCH) describes
the overall architecture.
All the protocols are still in the draft stage.
8. 4/21/2023 8
The SSH-2 protocol (contd.)
TCP/IP
SSH-TRANS
Binary Packet Protocol
Negotiated Encryption Protocol
Negotiated Compression Protocol
SSH-CONN
Connection Protocol
X11
TCP Port
Forwarding
SSH-USERAUTH
Authentication Protocol
Layering of SSH-2 Protocols
SSH Version
Identification
Pseudo-
Terminal
Algorithm
Negotiation
(compression,
encryption)
Key Exchange
(eg. Diffie-
Hellman)
Challenge-
Response
Pass-
word
Public-
key
Keyboard-
Interactive
Password
[Source: ‘Analysis of Secure shell vulnerability’ – white paper ]
9. 4/21/2023 9
SSH-1 vs SSH-2
SSH-2 SSH-1
Separate transport, authentication
and connection protocols
One monolithic protocol
Strong cryptographic integrity
check
Weak CRC-32 integrity check
No server keys needed due to
Diffie Hellman Key exchange
Server key used for forward
secrecy on the session key
Supports public key certificates N/A
Algorithms used: DSA, DH, SHA-
1, MD5, 3DES, Blowfish, Twofish,
CAST-128, IDEA, ARCFOUR
RSA, MD5, CRC-32, 3DES, IDEA,
ARCFOUR, DES
Periodic replacement of session
keys
N/A
10. 4/21/2023 10
Is SSH really secure?
Secure shell does counter certain types of attacks such as:
Eavesdropping
Name service and IP spoofing
Connection hijacking
MITM
Insertion attack
However it fails against these attacks:
Password cracking
IP and TCP attacks
SYN flooding
TCP RST, bogus ICMP
TCP desynchronization and hijacking
Traffic analysis
Covert channels
11. 4/21/2023 11
Some known vulnerabilities in SSH
OpenSSH Challenge-Response Authentication Buffer Overflow: A hostile
modification to the SSH client floods the server with authentication
responses and causes a buffer overflow. [SSH-2]
Passive analysis of SSH traffic: It lets the attacker obtain sensitive
information by passively monitoring encrypted SSH sessions. The
information can later be used to speed up brute-force attacks on passwords,
including the initial login password and other passwords appearing in
interactive SSH sessions. [SSH-1 & SSH-2]
Key recovery in SSH protocol 1.5 : This vulnerability may lead to the
compromise of the session key. Once the session key is determined, the
attacker can proceed to decrypt the stored session using any
implementation of the crypto algorithm used. This will reveal all information
in an unencrypted form. [SSH-1]
CRC-32 integrity check vulnerability : It is based on the weakness of the
CRC-32 integrity that becomes exploitable due to CBC and CFB feedback
modes [SSH-1]
12. 4/21/2023 12
Case study : The ‘GOBBLES’ exploit
This exploits the weakness in the challenge-response authentication
mechanism of OpenSSH.
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_REQUEST,
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_REQUEST ,
SSH_MSG_USERAUTH_INFO_RESPONSE
13. 4/21/2023 13
Case study : The ‘GOBBLES’ exploit
(contd.)
Instead of sending the requested number of responses, the client sends a large
integer
The server allocates memory for these response strings
18. 4/21/2023 18
SSH tools
There are several commercial and freeware SSH tools for UNIX and
windows platforms
Windows –
PuTTY
TeraTerm
SecureCRT
UNIX –
The RedHat Linux package and OpenBSD come alongwith tools such as
ssh, sshd(daemon), scp(secure copy), sftp(secure ftp), etc.
OpenSSH
19. 4/21/2023 19
Bibiliography
[1] ‘Securing remote connections with SSH’ – a white paper by SSH
communications Security corp.
[2] Red Hat tutorials – Chapter 10 SSH :
http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-7.3-Manual/ref-
guide/ch-ssh.html
[3] SSH tools - http://bach.dynet.com/sshtools/
[4] ’Firewalling a Secure Shell Service’ – a white paper
http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~joclaess/pub/ceci2001.pdf
[5] Cisco Security Advisory: Multiple SSH Vulnerabilities –
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/707/SSH-multiple- pub.html
[6] SSH -The Secure Shell :The definitive guide Daniel Barrett &
Richard E. Silvermann (O’Reilly publications)
[7] ‘Analysis of a Secure Shell vulnerability’ - James M. Mike Anthis
A white paper