1) The document describes the basic commands of SQL including data types, data definition language (DDL) for creating and modifying tables, data manipulation language (DML) for insert, update, delete statements, and select statements with functions and parameters. 2) It also covers SQL security commands for creating users and granting/revoking permissions, and transaction management with commit and rollback. 3) Examples are provided for creating tables with columns, primary keys, foreign keys and check constraints, and performing queries, updates, deletes and transactions on data.

1. ‫وادارتها‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫قاعدة‬

2.  Data Type:
 Char (n): ‫مسبقا‬ ‫الطول‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫رمزية‬ ‫سلسلة‬–255‫حرف‬
 Varchar2 (n): ‫طولها‬ ‫يحدد‬ ‫الي‬ ‫هو‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫النص‬ ‫طول‬ ‫رمزية‬ ‫سلسلة‬–2000‫حرف‬
 Number(n,m):
 m: ‫للرقم‬ ‫االجمالي‬ ‫الطول‬.
 n: ‫الكسور‬ ‫طول‬
 Ex: 102.52 = Number(6,2).
 Date: ‫تاريخ‬/‫يوم‬/‫وقت‬/‫شهر‬..
‫البيانات‬ ‫وتعريف‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

3.  Tables:
 Create table tablename (Column_Name type(size) [null/notnull])
 Create table Dep(DNo number(3) not null, Dname varchar2(12));
 DESC table_name (describe the table).
 Alter table tablename Add (NewColumn_Name type)
 Alter table Dep Add (DCom number(3.2));
 Alter table tablename Modify (Column_Name type(New length))
 Alter table Dep Add (DCom number(6.2));
 Alter table tablename Rename OldColumn_Name NewColumn_Name;
 Alter table Dep Rename (DCom Com)
 Drop table tablename;
 Drop table Dep;
‫البيانات‬ ‫وتعريف‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

4.  Keys:
 Primary key:
 Create table Emp(ENo number(3) Primary Key);
 Create table Emp(ENo number(3), Ename varchar2(12),
Constraint Emp_PK primary key(ENo);
 Alter table Emp Add Constraint Emp_PK primary key (ENo);
 Foreign key:
 Create table Emp(ENo number(3), DepNo number(3),
Constraint Emp_FK foreign key(DepNo) references Dept(DepNo);
 Alter table Emp Add Constraint Emp_FK foreign key (DepNo)
references Dept(DepNo);
‫البيانات‬ ‫وتعريف‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

5.  Check Constraints:
 Create table Emp(ENo number(3) Primary Key, Age number(2)
CHECK (age between 18 to 70));
 Create table Emp(ENo number(3) Primary Key, Marital_Status
varchar2(1) default ‘s’ CHECK (Marital_status in (‘s’, ‘m’, ‘d’, ‘w’));
 Alter table Emp Add Constraint Emp_id Unique (EID);
‫البيانات‬ ‫وتعريف‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

6.  Indexes:
 Create index index_name On table_name(column_name)
 Create index std_name_Indx On student(std_name);
 Views:
 Create view view_name AS select statements.
 Create view emp_EA AS select * from emp where dep_no=10;
‫البيانات‬ ‫وتعريف‬ ‫وصف‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

7.  Insert:
 Insert into table_name ( column1, column2 …) Values (value1,…);
 Insert into student( st_no,st_name) Values (501,’Ali’);
 Update:
 Update table_name Set column_name = new_value Where Condition;
 Update student Set st_age=22 Where st_no=501;
 Delete:
 Delete From table_name Where Condition;
 Delete From student Where st_no=501;
‫البيانات‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫لغة‬ ‫أوامر‬
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Command
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

8.  Select Statement:
 SELECT {DISTINCT} Columns
 FROM Table_name
 WHERE Conditions
 {ORDER BY [DESC/ASC]}
 --------------------------------------
 Select * FROM Student
 SELECT Sname FROM Student
 SELECT SID,Sname FROM Student.
 SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Age<20
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

9.  Functions of Select Statement:
 Count:
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Student WHERE St_Avg>80;
 Avg:
 SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(Sage) FROM Student WHERE St_Avg>80;
 SUM:
 SELECT SUM(E_Salary) FROM Emp WHERE E_Dep=5 ;
 Max, Min:
 SELECT MAX(E_Salary),MIN(E_Salary) FROM Emp WHERE E_Dep=5 ;
 Aliases:
 SELECT Ename EmployeeName FROM Emp;
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

10.  Parameters:
 Like:
 SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like’A%’;
 Between:
 SELECT Ename FROM Emp WHERE ESal BETWEEN 300 AND 500;
 In:
 SELECT Ename FROM Emp WHERE EDep IN (12,15);
 Null:
 SELECT Ename FROM Emp WHERE Tel IS NULL;
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

11.  Security:
 Create/Drop user:
 Create user user_name identified by password.
 Create user guest1 identified by free;
 Grant connect, resource to user_name.
 Grant connect, resource to guest1;
 Permissions:
 Grant < Select/Insert/Delete/Update> ON <table> TO <users>.
 Grant select ON Employee TO Ali.
 Revoke < Select/Insert/Delete/Update> ON <table> TO <users>.
 Revoke insert ON Employee TO Mona.
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

12.  Rollback:
 Insert into student Values (501,’Reem’,7,20);
 ROLLBACK;
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
Student
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
501 Reem 7 20
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
501 Reem 7 20
Student Student
AbdulRahman M.Baraka

13.  Rollback:
 Insert into student Values (501,’Reem’,7,20);
 COMMIT;
 ROLLBACK;
‫البنيوي‬ ‫التساؤل‬ ‫للغة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫البنية‬(SQL)
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
Student
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
501 Reem 7 20
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
501 Reem 7 20
Student Student
SID Sname Rate Age
0102 Ali 8 18
0106 Khalid 3 22
0107 Mona 2 23
501 Reem 7 20
AbdulRahman M.Baraka