مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة

Civic
Participation
Terminology
A Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases
ed

‫ﻣـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺎﺭﻛـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺪﻧـﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﻌـﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﺋــﻌــﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻟـﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟـﻤـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ‬

G
Governance Campaign Plan
p g
M
Majority
R l
Election
n
J dicial Pow
Judicial Powe
Bias
i

NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-
en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practical
assistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI works
with democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and to
promote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.

Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-
duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-
al and is sent copies of any translation.

National Democratic Institute
for International Affairs
2030 M Street, NW, 5th Floor
Washington, DC 20036-3306
tel: (202) 728-5500
fax: (202) 728-5520
website: www.ndi.org

Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.

For any comments or suggestions please contact: arabictranslation@ndi.org

~¡©ŸG ôaƒjh .⁄É©dG ‘ ™°SGh ¥É£f ≈∏Y Égô°ûfh á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ π«Ñ°S ‘ πª©J á«ëHQ ÒZ áª¶æe ƒg á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG
á«ŸÉY áμÑ°ûH kÉæ«©à°ùe ,á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh äÉ°SQÉªŸGh º«≤dG ôjƒ£J πLCG øe Ú«°SÉ«°ùdGh Ú«f~ŸG IOÉ≤∏d á«∏ª©dG I~YÉ°ùŸG »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG
,äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf ¿ƒ°Uh ,á«f~ŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉª¶æŸG AÉæH ±~¡H ⁄É©dG AÉëfCG πc ‘ Ú«WGô≤Á~dG ™e kÉ° jCG ~¡©ŸG ¿hÉ©àjh .ÚYƒ£àŸG AGÈÿG øe
.ºμ◊G ‘ ádAÉ°ùŸGh ìÉàØf’G õjõ©Jh ,ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«é°ûJ ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH

ÜÉàμdG Gòg øe AGõLCG êÉàfEG IOÉYEG øμÁ .¬d áXƒØﬁ ¥ƒ≤◊G ™«ªL .2009 á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ª∏d ™Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤M Oƒ©J ©
.~¡©ŸG ¤EG áªLÎdG øY áî°ùf ∫É°SQEGh IQƒ°ûæŸG IOÉª∏d Gk Q~°üe »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ôcP •ô°T ájQÉŒ ÒZ mäÉjÉ¨d É¡àªLôJ hCG/h

.¿G~°TQ ∑QÉe »YÉÑW º«ª°üJ ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf áªLôJ

arabictranslation@ndi.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG ÜÉàμdG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ∫GDƒ°S hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLôdG

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE

Foreword

This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) as
part of the Citizen Lebanon: Civic Education and Advocacy Program. Building on decades of experience
working with citizens and civil society organizations, NDI has developed numerous tools and approach-
es to enhance the quality and consistency of citizen input in political processes. Citizen Lebanon works
to increase citizens’ understanding of democratic principles, facilitate their identification and conceptu-
alization of issues that most affect them, and then support direct interaction between citizens and pub-
lic officials to address these issues. The guiding principle of Citizen Lebanon is a spirit of partnership and
respectful dialogue - in order to achieve this, a common set of terms and agreement about their meaning is essential.

This Glossary is part of NDI’s growing library of publications which form the basis for the Institute’s efforts to cre-
ate a new and precise lexicon to convey the concepts central to democracy and governance. Putting some of these
principles into practice, the Glossary was developed through a consultative process with NDI’s staff in Lebanon,
other field offices throughout the Middle East as well as the Institute’s Citizen Participation team. Special thanks
also to NDI’s civic partners in the Citizen Lebanon program, who served as the inspiration for this project and also
offered valuable feedback throughout the process of development.

While efforts to develop this Glossary have been exhaustive, it is by no means an authoritative resource. User
feedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage and regional application are desired
and actively encouraged. To make this process as simple as possible, please feel free to email any comments
to arabictranslation@ndi.org.


áÄWƒJ
èeÉfôH :øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øe Gk AõL ¬àØ°üH Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YEÉH (NDI) á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ΩÉb
äÉª¶æeh ÚæWGƒŸG ™e ÜhDh~dG ¬∏ªY øe Oƒ≤©dG ôe ≈∏Y ~¡©ŸG É¡Ñ°ùàcG »àdG á∏jƒ£dG IÈÿG π° ØÑa .á©aG~ŸG ¿hDƒ°Th á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG
q
.É¡JÉÑKh É¡à«Yƒf á¡÷ ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe õjõ©J ¤EG »eôJ äÉHQÉ≤eh äGhOCG I~Y ôjƒ£J øe øqμ“ ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
ôKDƒJ »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ~j~– ‘ º¡J~YÉ°ùeh ,á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸÉH ÚæWGƒŸG áaô©e ™«°SƒJ ¤EG ¤hCG á∏Môe ‘ øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ≈©°ùjh
ÚæWGƒŸG ÚH ô°TÉÑŸG πYÉØàdG øe ´ƒf ≥∏N √ÉŒÉH ™a~dG ¤EG á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘h ,É¡æY áë°VGh Iôμa øjƒμJh ÒKCÉJ ~°TCG º¡JÉ«M ≈∏Y
q
ìhQ ‘ ≈∏éààa É¡æe m »MƒH øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH πª©j »àdG á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG ÉeCG .ÉjÉ° ≤dG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ΩÉ©dG π≤◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh
.ájÉ¨dG √ò¡d kÉ≤«≤– ,É¡«fÉ©e ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàdGh äÉë∏£°üŸG øe áeÉY áYƒª› ™°Vh øe ~H ’ ¿Éc ,∂dòd .ΩGÎM’G ≈∏Y ºFÉ≤dG QGƒ◊Gh ácGô°ûdG
q
π«Ñ°S ‘ ~¡©ŸG É¡dòÑj »àdG Oƒ¡÷G É¡«∏Y õμJÎa ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG i~d á«eÉæàŸG äGQƒ°ûæŸG áÑàμe øe Gk AõL Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO πμ°ûjh
»ØXƒe ™e IOƒ≤©ŸG äGQhÉ°ûŸG øe Qm É°ùe IôªK π«d~dG Gòg AÉL ~bh .ºμ◊G IQGOEGh á«WGô≤Á~dG »ndÉ› ‘ ájQƒﬁ º«gÉØe π≤f ‘ ~«ØJ á≤«bO äGOôØe çG~ëà°SG
r
º¡©«ªL Gƒ©°Vh ¿CG ~©H ,á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG ¿hDƒ°ûH »æ©ŸG ~¡©ŸG ≥jôa ™e ∂dòch ,§°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æe ‘ á∏eÉY iôNCG á«fG~«e ÖJÉμeh ¿ÉæÑd ‘ ~¡©ŸG
,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øª°V øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~¡©ŸG AÉcô°T ¤EG ¢UÉN ôμ°T ¬«LƒJ øe kÉ° jCG ~H ’ ,QÉWE’G Gòg ‘h .≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ÇOÉÑŸG ∂∏J øe kÉ° ©H
.kÉHÉéjEG hCG kÉÑ∏°S ¬«∏Y ≥«∏©àdG ¢Vô©e ‘ èeÉfÈdG πMGôe OG~àeG ≈∏Y áªq«b äÉeƒ∏©e Gƒe~bh ´hô°ûŸG Gò¡d »Mh Q~°üe Gƒ∏μ°T º¡fC’
¿CG Éæª¡j ,∂dòd .kÉ«FÉ¡fh kÉ«ª°SQ Gk Q~°üe πμ°T …CÉH ônÑà©oj ’ ƒ¡a ,´ƒ°VƒŸG Gòg ÖfGƒL qπμH §«– ¿CG âdhÉM äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YE’ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G ¿CG ™eh
q q
,É¡dÉª©à°SG á≤jôWh ,É¡JÉØjô©Jh ,äÉë∏£°üŸG øY º¡FGQBG hCG º¡JÉ≤«∏©J AG~HEG ¤EG ìÉ◊EÉH º¡qãëfh ,¬æY äÉYÉÑ£fG øe º¡j~d ¿ƒμàj ÉÃ π«d~dG ƒe~îà°ùe ÉfOhõj
q
.arabictranslation@ndi.org :‹ÉàdG ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ÈY OOôJ ¿hO Éæà∏°SGôe AÉLôdG ,ºμJÉ≤«∏©J ∫É°üjE’ kÓ«¡°ùJh .≥WÉæŸG ‘ É¡dÉª©à°SG á«°Uƒ°üNh

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 1

A
Accountability The relationship between government ,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH ÉC °ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ
and citizens. Acknowledgement and äGQGô˘≤˘dG ø˘Y É˘¡˘ à˘ «˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùÃ á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘≤˘ J å«˘˘M
áÑ°SÉﬁ/ádAÉ°ùe
e assumption of responsibility for deci-
q
sions, actions, and policies, in light of
πªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ÉªYC’Gh
q
agreed expectations, such as an agree- øe ±ôW πc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg
q
ment between an elected official and ∫hDƒ˘ ˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘ Ø˘ ˘J’G ¬˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘°ûj ÉÃh ,ô˘˘ NB’G
his/her consituents. .¬«ÑNÉfh ÖîàæŸG n

Activist A person who believes in or participates Gòg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh ,ô°TÉÑŸG ∑ôëàdÉH øeDƒj ¢üî°T πc q
§°TÉf in direct action to make changes in gov- ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGÒ«¨J çG~MEG á«¨H ,∑ôëàdG
ernment or social conditions by cam-
paigning in public or working for an
º˘«˘¶˘æ˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘e ∂dPh ,á˘«˘YÉ˘ª˘à˘L’G ±hô˘˘¶˘ dG hCG
organization. An activist is described as .áæ«©e áª¶æe ìÉæL â– πª©dG hCG á«æ∏Y äÓªM
q
someone who pursues vigorous actions ‘ áã«ãM »YÉ°ùe ∫òÑj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG kÉ° jCG ƒgh
to pursue a political or social end. .á«YÉªàLG hCG á«°SÉ«°S äÉjÉZ ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S

Ad Hoc Committee Committee which may be formed to ç~◊ hCG áæ«©e á«° b á÷É©Ÿ ÉC °ûæJ »àdG áæé∏dG
q
address a particular issue or event, but äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’G ‘ ôªà°ùJ ’ É¡æμdh ø«©e
¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûæe áæ÷
æ does not have standing responsibilities.
q
.É¡àª¡e AÉ¡àfÉH É¡∏ªY »¡àæj PEG É¡«dEG án∏cƒŸG
n

Advocacy A process of influencing discussion, äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh äGAGôLE’Gh ä’hG~ŸG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«∏ªY
procedures and policies of government. »àdG á«∏ª©dG √òg πqãªàJh .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒÃ á≤∏©àŸG
á©aG~e This process, usually guided by civil soci-
ety and citizens, is a set of organized, á˘˘∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°ùH ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘ WGƒŸGh Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG kIOÉ˘˘Y É˘˘gOƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘j
strategic actions over a period of time áæ«©e á«æeR IÎa ≈∏Y º s¶æoJ á«é«JGÎ°SG äGƒ£N
q
directed at bringing about change ácQÉ°ûŸG ∫ÓN øe Üƒ∏£ŸG Ò«¨àdG çG~MEG ¤EG ±~¡Jh
through political participation to address
issues. Advocacy campaigns could be
äÓªM º q¶æoJh .áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©Ÿ á«°SÉ«°ùdG
organized to encourage change such as πμ°T kÓãe òNCÉj …òdG Ò«¨àdG √ÉŒÉH ™a~∏d á©aG~ŸG
demanding access to information, exert- á˘˘°SQÉ‡h ,äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ˘©ŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘ °Uƒ˘˘ dG ≥˘˘ ë˘ ˘H á˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘dÉ˘˘ £ŸG
ing pressure to ensure accountability and ,á«aÉØ°ûdGh ádAÉ°ùŸG …CG~Ñe ¿ƒ°U πLCG øe •ƒ¨° dG
transparency, and drawing public offi-
cial’s attention to problems in democrat- »àdG πcÉ°ûŸG ¤EG Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG √ÉÑàfG âØdh
ic institutions. .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡æe ÊÉ©J

2 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE

Alien/Non-Citizen Individuals living in a country who are áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe ø«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j Oôa
q
not legal citizens of the nation or of the áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG
»ÑæLCG state in which they reside, and therefore
do not have access to the same rights
¥ƒ˘≤◊É˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘dƒ˘î˘j ’ É‡ ,É˘¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘ j »˘˘à˘ dG
q
and responsibilities as citizens. .É¡«æWGƒe ¤EG IOƒ¡©ŸG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’Gh

Alliance An association of groups, people, or ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› º° j ™ªŒ
q q
nations who agree to cooperate to .∑Î°ûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG
∞∏M/∞dÉ– achieve a common goal. An alliance is
usually a formal agreement.
.»ª°SQ ¥ÉØJG πμ°T kIOÉY ∞dÉëàdG òîàjh

Alternative Process A decision-making process to change Ò«¨J ¤EG »eôjh äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬μ∏°ùj …òdG QÉ°ùŸG
policies that exist wholly outside the QÉ˘˘WEG êQÉ˘˘N π˘˘eÉ˘˘μ˘ dÉ˘˘H É˘˘¡˘ H ∫ƒ˘˘ª˘ ©ŸG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG
πj~H QÉ°ùe/á∏j~H á«∏ªY
e official procedures stated by law or
documented organizational policy.
hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«ª°SôdG äGAGôLE’G
.á≤KƒŸG á«ª«¶æàdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ÉgO~– »àdG

Association Group of individuals who organize kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›
á£HGQ/á«©ªL around a common idea or cause, with ¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG Iôμa øY
either formal or informal status in a
political system. Associations are con-
.»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG πNGO á«ª°SQ ÒZ hCG á«ª°SQ áØ°U
sidered civil society organizations and ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉ≤Ã Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G √ògh
can include non-governmental organi- hCG á˘˘«˘ eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG º˘˘° J ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ Ê~ŸG
q
zations or labor unions.
.á«dÉª©dG äGOÉ–’G

Auction A fundraising technique in which objects ìôW ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ á«æ≤J
»æ∏Y OGõe or services are donated to be sold and ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G ºMGõàj ,™«Ñ∏d áæ«©e äÉe~N hCG OGƒe
people bid against each other for a partic-
q
ular sale item. The person who bids the
áMhô£ŸG IOÉŸÉH RƒØjh .É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d º¡æ«H Ée
highest amount purchases that item. The ‘ ¢Vô˘Y π˘˘° aCÉ˘ H Ω~˘˘≤˘ à˘ j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG ™˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ d
q o
money raised, less expenses for the kÉ°übÉf ,ç~◊G Gòg øe á∏°üÙG ìÉHQC’G ÉeCG .I~jGõŸG
q
event, is the sponsoring group’s profit.
¤EG É¡©jQ Oƒ©˘«˘a ,¬˘æ˘Y á˘Ä˘°TÉ˘æ˘dG ∞˘«˘dÉ˘μ˘à˘dG É˘¡˘æ˘e
.¬ª«¶æJ âYQ »àdG áYƒªÛG

Audience A person or people to whom informa- hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒq≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ƒμàj
q
tion is conveyed or messages are .πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬sLƒoJ
Qƒ¡ªL directed.


Authority Quality that leads the judgments, deci- AπÃ Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdG
á£∏°S sions, recommendations, and orders of ô˘eGhC’Gh äÉ˘«˘°Uƒ˘à˘dGh äGQGô˘≤˘dGh ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’G º˘¡˘JOGQEG
certain individuals and institutions to be
accepted voluntarily as right and there-
ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H øY IQOÉ°üdG
fore to be implemented by others ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤˘Ñ˘£˘j ¿CG ≈˘∏˘Yh ,á˘ë˘«˘ë˘°Uh á˘ª˘«˘∏˘°S
through obedience and cooperation. í«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d ´É«°üf’G
l
Authority is a main source of political øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe ~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG
power, but it is not identical to it. For q
example, the State may be the main á¡éc á£∏°ùdG Ωƒ¡Øe qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG
holder of authority, and therefore be á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e ø˘Y ™˘Ñ˘£˘ dÉ˘˘H ∞˘˘∏˘ à˘ î˘ j á˘˘dhDƒ˘ °ùe
the target of advocacy. á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ±~¡à°ùJ kÓãe Éæg øe .á«MÓ°üc
o
»àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG ÉÃ ádh~dG n
.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG πncƒoJ
Autonomy Political independence and self-govern- ,»JGòdG ºμ◊Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«©ÑàdG Ω~©H ≈q∏éàJ
á«dÓ≤à°SG ment, the ability to operate without IôFGO øY Gk ~«©H πª©dG á°SQÉ‡ ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH ∂dòch
outside control. The capacity to make
an informed, uncoerced decision.
äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG ≈∏Yh êQÉÿG ¬°SQÉÁ …òdG PƒØædG
.™°SGh ´ÓWG øY ºæJ »àdG Iô◊G
q


B
Bias A leaning in favor of or against some- Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG
RÉ«ëfG/õ«– thing or someone; partiality or prejudice. .ájOÉ«◊G
q
Bicameral Parliament In government, bicameralism is the ¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡ QÉª° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
Ú°ù∏› hP ¿ÉŸôH
∏ practice of having two legislative or par- Ú°ù∏› øe ¿Éfƒμàj ¿ÉŸÈdG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral
q
parliament or bicameral legislature is a
.ÚàæKG ÚàaôZ hCG ÚæKG
parliament or legislature which consists
of two chambers or houses.

Bill Proposed act not yet passed by .~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ô≤j ⁄ ìÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb
q n
¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe
e Parliament.

Bipartisan Consisting of, or supported by, mem- ¿GÈà˘©˘jo Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S ÚHõ˘M AÉ˘° YCÉ˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e π˘˘c q
ÚHõM øe ~js ƒe/ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe
D bers of two parties, especially two major ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,á˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e á˘ °UÉ˘˘N
k
political parties.
.º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj

Bloc Group with a shared interest/purpose; äÉjÉZ hCG ídÉ°üe º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›
á∏àc/πàμJ group of voters or politicians who share øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ÚÑNÉædG øe áYƒª› hCG ;ácÎ°ûe
common goals, an alliance.
.∞dÉëàdG øe ´ƒf ƒg .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ
l

Board of Directors A governing body of a civil society ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ IQGOE’G ¿hDƒ°T ¤ƒàJ »àdG áÄ«¡dG
IQGOE’G ¢ù∏›
∏ organization, which is elected and volun- AÉ° YCG ø˘e á˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æŸG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘μ˘à˘Jh .Ê~ŸG
tary, consisting of individuals who are
n q
committed to the mission of the organi-
á˘Wƒ˘æŸG á˘ª˘¡ŸG ò˘«˘Ø˘ æ˘ à˘ H º˘˘¡˘ JOGQEG AπÃ ¿ƒ˘˘eõ˘˘à˘ ∏˘ j
zation. Board members responsibilities AÉ° YCG É¡H ™∏£° j »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG ÉeCG .áª¶æŸÉH
may include guiding the strategic plan of á«é«JGÎ°S’G á£ÿG ¬«LƒJ πª°ûàa IQGOE’G ¢ù∏›
the organization, by involvement in ∫ÓN øe í«ë°üdG √ÉŒ’G ‘ áª¶æŸG É¡©° J »àdG
strategic decisions about fundraising,
staffing, and advocacy approaches. á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°S’G äGQGô˘≤˘dG ‘ º˘¡˘à˘ cQÉ˘˘°ûe
.á©aG~ŸG äÉHQÉ≤eh ∞«XƒàdGh äÉYÈàdG ™ªéH


Briefing A short and clear summary of a situa- ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh …CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e
q
≥Ñ°ùe ¢üî∏e
e tion or an event. A briefing can be a πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ
meeting or a set of written materials.
.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe

Budget Monitoring “A relatively new initiative whereby ¿ƒ£°TÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ Ωƒ≤j kÉ«Ñ°ùf ~¡©dG áãj~M IQOÉÑe
áfRGƒŸG áÑbGôe civil society activists or organizations áeƒμ◊G πªY áÑbGôÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ‘ äÉª¶æŸG hCG
monitor the government budgeting
process - considered as a means to
á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e π˘qμ˘°ûJh .É˘˘gQGô˘˘bEGh á˘˘fRGƒŸG OG~˘˘YEG ∫É› ‘
strengthen government accountability §Ñ°Vh áeƒμ◊G ádAÉ°ùe õjõ©J ¤EG kÓ«Ñ°S áfRGƒŸG
and curb corruption in public finance .áeÉ©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOEG ‘ OÉ°ùØdG
management.”

By-Law A law or rule governing the internal ¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ≈˘Yô˘J á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘b ΩÉ˘μ˘MCG á˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG ¿ƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b
»∏NGO ΩÉ¶f affairs of an organization; or a second- á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG πàëj ¿ƒfÉb hCG ;áª¶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG
q
ary law.
.¬à«ªgCG å«M øe


C
Campaign Political activity, including meetings, ral- äÉYÉªàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£°ûfC’G øe á∏ªL l
á∏ªM lies, speeches, demonstrations, parades, äÉ˘°VGô˘©˘à˘ °S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh
other events, and the use of the media,
intended to inform citizens or govern-
.áª q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉ«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh
q
ment about the platform of a particular ΩÓYEG á«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° jo
q
civic organization, coalition, or group of qp
áª¶æe Ég~©oJ »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG
citizens to gather support.
hCG ∞dÉ– hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe øe áæ«©e q
.ºY~∏d Gk ~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa

Campaign Donation A contribution of money to fund a polit- á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG
s
á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ ical or civic campaign. There are two :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h .á«f~e hCG
types of campaign donations: ‘hard
money,’ which is regulated by campaign
πjƒªàH á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¬ª q¶æJ …òdG ' ~«≤ŸG ∫ÉŸG'' q
finance laws, and ‘soft money’ which is ÚfGƒ≤∏d ™° îj ’ …òdG ' ~«≤ŸG ÒZ ∫ÉŸG''h ,á∏ª◊G
q
not subject to campaign finance laws, í˘°Tô˘e …CG º˘Y~˘d ¬˘dÉ˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG Qqò˘ ©˘ à˘ j É‰EG IQƒ˘˘còŸG
but cannot be used to diretly support a
.kGô°TÉÑe kÉªYO ‹GQ~a Ö°üæŸ
candidate in federal office.

The written document bringing together á˘eÉ˘¡˘dG çÉ˘ë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘ μŸG á˘˘≤˘ «˘ Kƒ˘˘dG
Campaign Plan
the important research, the targeting, the á«é˘«˘JGÎ°S’Gh á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dGh á˘na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh
á∏ª◊G á£N message, and the strategy of the advoca-
cy campaign. This should be drafted at
á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U Q~Œh .á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM ‘ á©ÑàŸG q
the beginning of the campaign and pro- á«Ø«c Iƒ£N kIƒ£N ¢Vô©à°ùàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘
vide a step-by-step outline of how the .á∏ª◊G √òg ±G~gCG ≥«≤–
campaign will achieve its goal.

Candidate This is the person running for a particular Ö°üæÃ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘î˘j …ò˘dG ¢üî˘°ûdG
í°Tôe elected position. The role of the candi- ™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh .ø«©e
date is to meet voters and potential
q
donors to the campaign and persuade øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y ¤EG ,¬H
them to support the candidate. The can- º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj ¿CG πªàëjo
n
didate cannot be the campaign manager, ≈∏Y Qqò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH
responsible for the strategic development
and day to day running of the campaign.
øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j ¿CG í°TôŸG
.á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T ÒH~Jh É¡à«é«JGÎ°SG º°SQ


Canvass This is a type of citizen contact in which πq≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
(QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW campaign organizers or volunteers go ç~ëà∏d QGO ¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe
from one house or apartment to anoth-
q
er, talking directly to citizens. This can
πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g á∏«°SƒdG √òg π©dh .º¡©e Iô°TÉÑe
q
be one of the most persuasive methods ºY~dGh á«bG~°üŸG Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G
of gaining credibility and support, .¬Ñ∏£àJ …òdG å«ã◊G ~¡÷Gh âbƒdG ºZQ
q
though it is time and labor intensive.

Caucus A meeting of party leaders or civic á˘«˘f~˘e á˘∏˘ª˘M »˘ª˘¶˘æŸ hCG Üõ◊G IOÉ˘≤˘d ´É˘ª˘ à˘ LG
/Úª¶æŸG hCG äGOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG organizers, the purpose of which may á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ø˘e ~˘˘Mƒ˘˘e ∞˘˘bƒ˘˘e AG~˘˘HEG ±~˘˘¡˘ H
be to show unity for a particular issue
q q
»HõM ô“Dƒe (usually held privately) or to select a
QÉ«˘à˘NG ±~˘¡˘H hCG (á˘≤˘∏˘¨˘e IQƒ˘°üH kIOÉ˘Y ~˘≤˘©˘æ˘j)
candidate for office. .øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe

Characteristics A campaign message must be concise, »MƒJ ¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéj
of Message truthful and credible, persuasive, easy kÉ° jCG Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH õ«ªàJh á«bG~°üŸÉH
q
to remember, and be important to citi-
ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e zens. A good message speaks to the
ô¶f ‘ á«ªgCG πà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG
q
heart, is targeted, and is repeated. ∑ô– »àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG
q
.ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õqcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸG
Change Agent A person or group of people who are øe ¿ƒæqμªàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°ûdG
Ò«¨àdG iƒb able to garner influence and shift pub- º˘¡˘cÓ˘à˘eÉ˘H √Ò«˘¨˘ J hCG ΩÉ˘˘©˘ dG …CGô˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÒKCÉ˘ à˘ dG
lic opinion through charisma, argu-
mentation, or other methods for
πFÉ°Sh hCG á©æ≤e áéM hCG (ÉeõjQÉc) Iqòa á«°üî°T
encouraging change in a community or ‘ hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ‘ ä’ƒ– çG~MEÉH á∏«Øc iôNCG
political process. .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG

Charter Guiding principles and statement of äÉ˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ø˘˘Y ¿Ó˘˘YE’G hCG á˘˘«˘ ¡˘ «˘ Lƒ˘˘à˘ dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG
áYô°T/¥Éã«e policies on the nature of work within a äÉª¶æe É¡jODƒJ »˘à˘dG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G á˘©˘«˘Ñ˘£˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG
civil society organization, association,
or coalition.
.äÉØdÉëàdG hCG äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG

Citizen An individual who is a naturalized or hCG kÉ°ùæ› ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG øWGƒŸG
q
øWGƒe native-born resident of a state, displays á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG √ÉŒ A’ƒdÉH ô©°ûjh ,√~«dGƒe øe
allegiance to that state’s political and
legal authority, and who is therefore
¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™àªàj ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh
q
entitled to the rights and protections of ≥M ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ) ~∏ÑdG Gòg ÚfGƒb É¡«∏Y ¢üæJ »àdG
q
its laws, including the right to political .É¡àjÉªëH π¶à°ùjh (á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG
q
participation.


Citizen Journalism The act of non-professionals partici- ≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ
/áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U pating in the collecting, reporting, á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘ L ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG
analysis, and dissemination of news
ÚaÎfi ÒZ Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U and information. Citizen journalism
π˘ª˘°ûJh .É˘gô˘°ûfh ,É˘¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,É˘˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQÉ˘˘≤˘ à˘ dG
incorportes a variety of mediums, π˘FÉ˘°Sh ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘æ˘ à˘ e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG á˘˘aÉ˘˘ë˘ °üdG
q
including blogging, SMS or text mes- áe~Nh ,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG ΩÉ¶f É¡«a ÉÃ ∫É°üJ’G
saging, twitter, photography, video, ÈY π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dGh äÉ˘fh~ŸG ΩÉ˘¶˘fh ,IÒ°ü≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘˘dG
and traditonal news pieces. Major
broadcasting networks, such as Al- ,(''ÎjƒJ'' ™bƒeh áe~N ΩG~îà°SÉH) ∫É≤ædG ∞JÉ¡dG
Jazeera, BBC, and CNN, have ájQÉÑNE’G ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh
launched citizen journalism projects. ,ájQÉÑNE’G ∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG
' »˘°S »˘H »˘H' á˘«˘fÉ˘£˘jÈdG á˘YGPE’G á˘Ä˘«˘gh Iô˘jõ÷É˘c
‘ ™jQÉ°ûe â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ' ¿G ¿G »°S'' áμÑ°Th
.áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É›

Citizen Jury A form of deliberative democracy in ºÄà∏J å«M ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
ÚæWGƒŸG øe ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g which small groups of people are ¤EG ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G á˘«˘¨˘H ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
brought together to hear evidence
about a policy or legislative issue,
πFÉ°ùe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°S ∫ƒM É¡«∏Y á°Vhô©ŸG äÉæq«ÑdG
debate and determine a judgement É¡«a π°üØdGh É¡fCÉ°ûH ∫hG~àdG ºK ,áæ«©e á«©jô°ûJ
based on the evidence received. They ¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg QhO Ωƒ≤jh .äÉæ«ÑdG ∂∏J ¤EG Gk OÉæà°SG
q
are used to inform issue-based advoca- ÉjÉ° b ∫ƒM º s¶æoJ »àdG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ~jhõJ ≈∏Y
cy campaigns or public official's deci-
sion making on complex policy mat- ¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Égòîàj »àdG äGQGô≤dG hCG áæq«©e
ters. Also see Deliberative Democracy .áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH áμFÉ°ûdG á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°T ∫ƒM
and Advocacy. .á©aG~ŸGh ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG »JQÉÑY kÉ° jCG ™LGQ

Citizenship Right of national identity bestowed by a ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊G
á«æWGƒe/á«°ùæL
æ state to individual members of that sys- ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eÉ¶æd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG
tem by birth or application, which
requests citizen allegiance.
É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j É‡ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W
.ÚæWGƒŸG A’h
Civic Education Programs which introduce the basic á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dÉ˘H ±ô˘©˘ J »˘˘à˘ dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª›
q
á«f~e á«HôJ rules and institutional features of a »˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘˘ ¶˘ ˘ æ˘ ˘ dG ‘ äÉ˘˘ ˘°ù°SDƒŸG äÉ˘˘ ˘eƒ˘˘ ˘≤˘ ˘ eh
democratic political system, and pro-
vide knowledge about democratic
¥ƒ˘˘≤◊É˘˘H á˘˘ aô˘˘ ©ŸG ™˘˘ «˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dGh ,»˘˘ WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG
rights and practices, such as under- ,ájQƒà°S~dG ¥ƒ≤◊G º¡Øc á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸGh
standing constitutional rights, gender ‘h .»˘˘ YÉ˘˘ ª÷G π˘˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ ©˘ ˘ dGh ,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhÉ˘˘ ˘°ùŸGh
equity and collective action. By better
º¡àaô©e ™«°SƒJ π° ØH ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG øqμªàj ,πHÉ≤ŸG
understanding their constitutional
rights and community organizing tech- º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh ájQƒà°S~dG º¡bƒ≤ëH
niques, citizens are able to more effectively πªY ‘ á«∏©a ácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
k


participate in their government. Civic º˘˘ ˘°SQ ‘h º˘˘ ˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘ ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ ˘ eh »˘˘ ˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ ˘àÛG
education programs aim to impart the .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG
necessary knowledge and skills needed
to effectively participate in the commu-
nity, government, and politics.

Civic Engagement Involvement in or commitment of citi- ‘ Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æ˘ eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG á˘˘cQÉ˘˘ °ûe
á«f~e ácQÉ°ûe
e zens and citizen’s organizations into the øY »YÉª÷G πª©dG QÉ°ùe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG
political or community process as they
fulfill their rights and responsibilities.
.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùÃ ´Ó£°V’Gh º¡bƒ≤ëH ™àªàdG ≥jôW

Civic Journalism Professional media that has focuses on ≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ
/áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U putting the interest of citizens above Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J
that of politicians and journalists. It is
ÚaÎfi Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U based on the understanding that jour-
Ú«aÉë°üdG øq≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh
nalists have a fundamental responsibili- áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d Éªdp
ty for strengthening civic culture and á«f~ŸG á˘aÉ˘ë˘°üdÉ˘a .á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh á˘«˘f~ŸG
democracy. Civic journalism seeks to É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG
listen to how citizens frame their prob-
lems and what citizens see as solutions á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG
to those problems. The civic journalism ~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J π◊ q
movement began in the 1988 U.S. elec- ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG
tions when journalists and scholars
began looking for a better way to cover
øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988
politics. Today, it is practiced by news- ∞ë°üdG âJÉHh .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG á«£¨àd ™‚CG πFÉ°Sh
papers, radio, and television stations in øe ≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh
many parts of the world. .áaÉë°üdG øe ´ƒædG Gòg Ωƒ«dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄É©dG

Civil Liberties Protections from the power of govern- ,ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S É¡æeDƒJ »àdG ájÉª◊G ∫Éμ°TCÉH πqãªàJ
q
á«f~e äÉjôM ments. Examples include freedom of ájôMh ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y É¡æe ôcòfh
speech, freedom of assembly, and trial
by jury. Civil liberties are usually pro-
.ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g ΩÉeCG áªcÉëª∏d ´ƒ° ÿGh ,™ªéàdG q
tected by a constitution. .kIOÉY Qƒà°S~dG É¡«ªëj äÉjôM »g á«f~ŸG äÉjô◊Gh
l

Civil Registry A list of all national citizens maintained I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ß˘nØ˘ ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘ ª˘ L º˘˘° J á˘˘ª˘ FÉ˘˘b
q
/¢SƒØædG πé°S/Ê~e πé°S
° ° by the government. Civil registries are Gòg ≈∏Y kIOÉY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G
sometimes used as the basis of a voter list,
~«≤dG πé°S
° however, they may not contain all infor-
á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc øª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG
q q
mation relevant to the voting process. .´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H


Civil Society Refers to all sorts of voluntary collective É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG á£°ûfC’G ´GƒfCG πc ¤EG Ò°ûjq
Ê~e ™ªà› activities organized around shared inter- πª°ûJh .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCGh º«bh ídÉ°üe ∫ƒM áYÉª÷G
ests, values, and objectives. These civil
society activities can be very diverse and
É˘¡˘«˘a •ô˘î˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘jÉ˘¨˘∏˘d á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G √ò˘˘g
may include providing services, sup- º˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ©˘ à˘ dG º˘˘YO hCG ,äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ ˘J Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG
porting independent education, or QÉWEG »Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG
affecting public policy. In the last exam-
ple, citizens may come together outside
¿ƒæWGƒe ™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg
of government to inform, bring pres- ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûæd »eƒμ◊G πª©dG IôFGO êQÉN
sure to bear on, or reinforce policies Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH •ƒ¨° dG á°SQÉ‡ hCG ,äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG
(punish or reward policymakers). .(º¡JCÉaÉμe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e)

Civil Society Comprised of people who form associ- Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äÉ˘«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘jo kÉ˘°UÉ˘î˘°TCG º˘˘° J
q
Organization ations to work for a common cause. ÒZ äÉ˘˘ ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘æŸG π˘˘ ª˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ gh .á˘˘ cÎ°ûe á˘˘ «˘ ˘ ° b
This includes Non-Governmental
Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe Organizations (NGOs) and Community-
É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G
Based Organizations (CBOs) both of ™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äÉ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ∫É˘˘μ˘ °TCG ø˘˘e O~ﬁ π˘˘μ˘ °T ¤EG
which are specific types of CSOs. äÉª¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácÎ°ûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG
Although extremely diverse, the one πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡YƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y ,káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
commonality between all forms of q
CSOs is their autonomy, in principle at øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH
least, from government and private sec- Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg π©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M
q
tor. It is this independence that allows ¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘ ©˘ J ¿CÉ˘ H äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘ d í˘˘ª˘ °ùj
for such organizations to exist and play
an important role in a democracy. See
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO ΩÉ¶f …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh
also Non-Governmental Organization .á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG
and Community-Based Organization.

Coalition An alliance, temporary or permanent, áYƒæàe áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,º° j ∞dÉ– q l
of different persons or organizations º˘gOƒ˘¡˘L ¿h~˘Mƒ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘ °TC’G hCG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ø˘˘e
±ÓàFG that unify for a common cause or to
engage in a joint activity, usually
•É˘˘°ûf ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG hCG á˘˘ cÎ°ûe á˘˘ «˘ ˘° b ø˘˘ Y ´É˘˘ a~˘˘ ∏˘ ˘d
focused on advocating to government ™a~J »àdG á©aG~ŸG ∫ÉªYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõqcôjh ,»æeÉ° J
for change. .Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉH

Code of Ethics A set of general rules of civil society äÉª¶æe ÉgÉYôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›
πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG organizations, their members, and sup- ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e ‘ ,ø˘jô˘°UÉ˘æ˘eh AÉ˘° YCG ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG
porters relating to their participation in
k
the organization or its activities, to which ≥aGƒj »àdGh ,É¡à£°ûfCG ‘ hCG áª¶æŸG ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûÃ
parties ideally will voluntarily agree and »gh ,∫GƒMC’G ø°ùMCG ‘ º¡JOGQEG AπÃ ±GôWC’G É¡«∏Y
which may, subsequent to that agree- áfh~ŸG √òg ø∏©Jh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ‘ ∂dP ~©H êQ~oJ ~b n
ment be incorporated in law. Proclaims
guidelines of behavior and standards that
äÉ«cƒ˘∏˘°ùdÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG kÉ˘° jCG
are difficult to embody in a statute. .ÚfGƒ≤dG ‘ É¡LGQOEG Ö©°üj »àdG ÒjÉ©ŸGh


Commission A formal group of experts brought ¿ƒ˘©˘ª˘à˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Ú«˘ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG AGÈÿG ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
áæ÷/á«°VƒØe together on a regular or ad hoc basis to ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG ΩÉ¶àfÉH
debate matters within that sphere of
expertise, and with regulatory or quasi-
√òg ™àªàJh .º¡°UÉ°üàNG IôFGO øª°V ™≤J »àdG
judicial powers such as the ability to πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH áÄ«¡dG
license activity or to subpoena witness- hCG ø˘˘«˘˘©˘ e π˘˘ª˘ Y á˘˘dhGõÃ ¿PE’G í˘˘æ˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG
q
es. Commissions usually also have advi- øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T AÉY~à°SG
sory powers to the government. The
organizational form of a commission is äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ J á˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°üH kÉ˘ ° jCG ™˘˘ qà˘˘ ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J ,∂dP
often resorted to by governments to ¤EG äÉeƒμ◊G ÉC é∏J Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°S’G
exhaustively investigate a matter of AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG º«¶æJ
national concern, and is often known as
a “commission of inquiry.” This legal
∑GòfBG ±ô˘©˘à˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘Wh á˘dCÉ˘°ùe ∫ƒ˘M π˘eÉ˘°T ≥˘«˘≤–
n o
structure can be contrasted with a á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .''≥«≤ëàdG áæé∏H''
council, the latter not enjoying quasi- ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e á˘«˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG
judicial or regulatory powers. .á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH

Community State of being shared or held in com- .áYƒª› ÚH kÉcÎ°ûe ¿ƒμj hCG ™ªéj Ée qπc ádÉM
»∏fi ™ªà›/áYÉªL mon. With regard to participation, com- ≈∏Y ácQÉ°ûŸG Ωƒ¡Øe å«M øe áØ°üdG √òg ≥Ñ£æJh
munity can apply to spatial communities
(a body of people living and/or working
áYƒª› …CG) áæ«©e áMÉ°ùe º°SÉ≤àJ »àdG äÉYÉª÷G
in the same area), which can come (¬JGP ¿ÉμŸG ‘ πª©J hCG/h ¢û«©J »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
together at any spatial scale for the local »∏ÙG ¥É£ædG øe ~àÁ ⁄É©dG øe m¿Éμe …CG ‘ ™ªàŒh
q q
to the global. .»ŸÉ©dG ¥É£ædG ¤EG

Community Based Organization made up of individuals in áYÉªL øª°V ¿ƒ°û«©j OGôaCG øe ¿ƒμàJ äÉª¶æe q l
Organization a self-defined community at the local É¡°ùØf º q¶æJh ,»∏ÙG ~«©°üdG ≈∏Y ⁄É©ŸG IO~fi
level, who have organized around com-
á«∏gCG äÉª¶æe mon interests. Examples include sports,
∂dP ≈˘˘∏˘ Y k’É˘˘ã˘ e ô˘˘cò˘˘fh .á˘˘cÎ°ûe í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘ M
youth and student clubs, women’s ,á˘˘«˘ HÓ˘˘£˘ dGh á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘Ñ˘ ˘°ûdGh á˘˘ «˘ ˘°VÉ˘˘ jô˘˘ dG …OGƒ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG
groups, cooperative and farmers associ- äÉ«©ªLh ,äÉ«fhÉ˘©˘à˘dGh ,á˘«˘FÉ˘°ùæ˘dG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh
ations. CBOs can be either informal ™ªŒ øe á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸG ¿ƒμàJ ~bh .ÚYQGõŸG
associations of individuals or have for- q q
malized rules, policies, and procedures. ÚfGƒb ™ÑqàJ ~b hCG kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW πªëj ’ OGôaCG m
.kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡«∏Y »Ø° J äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°Sh
Community Mapping A social network assessment tool used to ~j~ëàd í∏°üJ á«YÉªàL’G áμÑ°ûdG º««≤àd IGOCG
äÉLÉ«àMG/äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– determine stakeholders and power bro- .ø˘«˘©˘e »˘∏fi ™˘ª˘à› ‘ Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dGh í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘ °UCG
kers in a particular community. This tech-
q
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG nique for collecting information is often
á«æ≤àdG √òg á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG Ω~îà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ
used by civic organizations in order to äÉLÉ«àMG ~j~– ¢Vô¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ á°ü°üıG
determine community needs, identify ‘ Iƒ˘˘≤˘ dG QOÉ˘˘°üe ¤EG ±ô˘˘©˘ à˘ dGh ,»˘˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG
community assets or resources, identify ÜÉë°UCG ájƒg ~j~–h ,√OQGƒe hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG
stakeholders, and design appropriate
responses, including advocacy campaigns. á˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ à˘ d á˘˘Ñ˘ °SÉ˘˘æŸG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG PÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘JGh ,í˘˘ dÉ˘˘ °üŸG
.á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉLÉ«àM’G


Community Needs The key priorities or concerns of a øe m ≥jôa äÉeÉªàgGh äÉjƒdhCG º∏°S ‘ êQ~æj Ée ∫hCG
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG group of citizens in a specific geograph- hCG á˘˘«˘ aGô˘˘¨˘ L á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ø˘˘ª˘ °V ¿ƒ˘˘YRq ƒ˘˘à˘ j Úæ˘˘ WGƒŸG
ic, demographic, or other classified
group. These needs can be collected
áØæ°üŸG äÉÄØdG øe áÄa …CG øª°V hCG IO~ﬁ á«aGôZƒÁO
through a community mapping exercise ∫Ó˘N ø˘e äÉ˘˘LÉ˘˘«˘ à˘ M’G √ò˘˘g ~˘˘°UQ ø˘˘μÁh .iô˘˘N’G C
to determine possible policy reform èeGÈdG QGôbEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S »q∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~–
platforms. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ∫É› ‘ É¡≤«Ñ£J øμÁ »àdG

Community Method to gather community resources √Oƒ¡L ¬«LƒJh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG OQGƒe ™ª÷ á∏«°Sh
Organizing and efforts around a common issue or O~Y ΩÉªàgG π¨°ûJ ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG ádCÉ°ùe ƒëf
cause that a significant number of peo-
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ ple care enough about to take action,
∑ô˘ë˘à˘dG ¤EG º˘¡˘©˘a~˘jm π˘μ˘°ûH ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e ÒÑ˘˘c
with the long term goal of building sus- AÉæH ‘ ~«©ÑdG i~ŸG ≈∏Y º¡æe kÉ©ªW ,É¡à÷É©Ÿ
tained citizen-based movements to Oƒ¡L ≈∏Y ~æà°ùJ »àdG áeG~à°ùŸG äÉcô◊G äGQ~b
improve the quality of life and enhance
º˘FÉ˘YO ï˘«˘°Sô˘Jh ¢û«˘©˘ dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ™˘˘aô˘˘d Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG
the democratic environment.
.á«WGô≤Á~dG áÄ«ÑdG

Competition The process of different groups or hCG í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG É˘¡˘«˘a π˘N~˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG
á°ùaÉæe/¢ùaÉæJ
a a interests engaging with one another. ~°V má¡LGƒe ‘ ,º¡aÉ«WCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,äÉYƒªÛG
Competition is legitimized through
democratic practice (one of the best
~˘˘ª˘ à˘ °ùj …ò˘˘dG ,¢ùaÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘à˘ ˘dGh .¢ ©˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘dG º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘° ©˘˘ H
q
examples being elections), and can gen- IQÉ°TE’G ™e) á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe ¬à«Yhô°ûe
erate higher quality solutions and poli- √ò˘˘g ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ∫É˘˘ã˘ e ™˘˘£˘ °SCG »˘˘g äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G q¿CG ¤EG
cy platforms which respond to com- π° aCG èeGôHh ∫ƒ∏M ¤EG »° Øj ¿CG øμÁ ,(äÉ°SQÉªŸG
munity needs.
.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG »Ñ∏J äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ¿CÉ°ûH

Conflict of Interest A situation in which someone in a posi- ‘h á≤K ™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ
n
ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J tion of trust or authority, has competing á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe
professional or personal interests, which
can make it difficult to fulfill duties impar-
πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh
tially. A conflict of interest exists even if ‘ ≈˘˘à˘ M kÉ˘ ° jCG í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQÉ˘˘° J RÈjh .á˘˘jOÉ˘˘«˘ M
no unethical or improper act results from hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY ÉC °ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G
it and can create an appearance of impro- p
~≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b É‰EG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd
priety that can undermine confidence in
the person/position/office. For example, ~ª©j ¿CÉc ,øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG
if a board of directors or staff of a civic áª¶æe i~d ¿ƒ∏eÉ©dG ¿ƒØXƒŸG hCG IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› kÓãe
organization or campaign take actions ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H PÉîJG ¤EG äÓª◊G QÉWEG ‘ hCG á«f~e
in the name of the organization or
coalition for personal interest of the
hCG á«°üî°T ídÉ°üŸ áe~N ±ÓàF’G hCG áª¶æŸG º°SÉH
k
interests of a third party. Clear guide- ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG í˘˘∏˘ ˘°üJ ∂dò˘˘ d .ådÉ˘˘ K ±ô˘˘ W …CG á˘˘ ë˘ ˘∏˘ ˘°üŸ
lines spelled out in bylaws and memo- á«∏NG~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ OpônJ »àdG áë°VGƒdG á«¡«LƒàdG
randa of understandings serve to pre- ‘ ÜQÉ° J …CG ´ƒbh ¿hO ∫hDƒë∏d ºgÉØàdG äGôcòeh
vent actual, potential, or perceived con- q
flicts of interest. .πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ kÉ©bƒàe hCG kÓªàﬁ hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG


Consensus General agreement that involves seek- ±GôWC’G πc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG
q
≥aGƒJ ing and taking into account the view of ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG
all parties concerned, and reconciling
any conflicting arguments. Consensus
»æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh
does not imply unanimity. Consensus π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH
is a way of making decisions which ‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj ƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’
m
aims to include everyone in the process .Ú©fÉªŸG I~≤Y πMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG
and resolve any objections. q

Consolidation The consolidation of democracy is the ™°ShCG á«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩÉ¶ædG Ö°ùμoJ á«∏ªY
k p l
of Democracy process by which democracy becomes ≈∏Y π¡°ùj ’ ƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh
q m
so broadly and profoundly legitimatized
á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ among its citizens that it is very unlike-
≈∏Y ∫~j É‰EG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G
q
ly to break down. When democracy is ¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe
consolidated, it has been accepted by äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S
most citizens as the only game in town. á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh
The consolidation of democracy
involves behavioral and institutional É˘˘eGC .É˘˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘ j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeÉ˘˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘ ≤˘ Jh
changes that normalize democratic pol- á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘ Y
itics and narrow its uncertainty. This á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh á˘˘«˘ æ˘ WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘ gÉ˘˘Ø˘ e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘ Jh ,á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG
normalization requires the expansion of
citizen access, development of demo-
õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,á˘˘«˘ ˘WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG
cratic citizenship and culture, broaden- ,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG
ing of leadership recruitment of a .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘JÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘HÉ˘˘W AÉ˘˘Ø˘ °VEG
mature civil society, and more impor- ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢SôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch
tantly, political institutionalization.
q
Consolidation requires that habituation π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dÉ˘H äÉ˘YGõ˘æ˘dG π˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘ dG äGAGô˘˘L’Gh
q E
to the norms and procedures of demo- ìÉ‚ ô°S q¿GE ∫ƒ≤dG øY »æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG
q w
cratic conflict regulation be developed. ÒÑc ~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg
A high degree of institutional routiniza-
x
tion is key to such process.
.äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏Y

Constituency A portion of the population represent- hCG Öîàæe ø«©e ∫hDƒ°ùÃ πsã‡ ¿Éμ°ùdG øe AõL
n q
ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL ed by a particular elected leader or .äÉª¶æŸG i~MEÉH
organization.

Constituent A citizen who lives in a legislator’s area ~˘MCÉ˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J á˘≤˘£˘æ˘e ø˘ª˘°V ¿ƒ˘°û«˘©˘j ¿ƒ˘æ˘ WGƒ˘˘e
hCG ¿ƒÑNÉf of representation. A CSO constituent º¡∏qã“ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ÉeCG .ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG
may be physically located in the organi-
äÉª¶æŸG øe á∏ã‡ äÉÄa zation's area of work, or share common
kÉ«∏ªY Gh~LGƒàj ¿CG Rƒé«a Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe
interests which the organization advo- hCG É¡dÉªYCG áª¶æŸG É¡«a ¢SQÉ“ »àdG IôFG~dG øª°V
cates towards. .É¡æY á©aG~ŸG ¤ƒàJ ácÎ°ûe ídÉ°üe É¡H º¡©ªŒ


Constitution Set of basic rules by which the govern- πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›
Qƒà°SO ment of a state is organized, regulating ÚH äÉ˘˘bÓ˘˘©˘ dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e
the relationships between the legisla-
ture, the executive, and the judiciary.
.á«FÉ° ≤dGh ájò«ØæàdGh á«©jô°ûàdG äÉ£∏°ùdG

Contingency A percentage of a budget that is unas- ‘ ¢VôZ …C’ ¢ü°üîJ ’ »àdG ∫GƒeC’G øe áÑ°ùf
n
ÇQGƒ£dG »WÉ«àMG hCG ¢ü°üﬂ signed and can be used for unexpected á©bƒàŸG ÒZ äÉ≤Øæ∏d É¡dÉª©à°SG øμÁh ,áfRGƒŸG
expenses or increases in costs that were
not considered in the original budget.
á˘fRGƒŸG É˘gò˘NCÉ˘J ’ »˘à˘ dG I~˘˘FGõ˘˘dG ∞˘˘«˘ dÉ˘˘μ˘ à˘ dG hCG
.¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ á«∏°UC’G

Counterpart, peer Someone who is of equal standing as ôNBG ¢üî°T ¬∏¨°ûj …òdG ¬JGP ΩÉ≤ŸG π¨°ûj ¢üî°T
l
Ò¶f another person in a group and who has .É¡JGP ΩÉ¡ŸÉH ™∏£° j ƒgh ,áYƒªÛG øª°V
a similar funciton.

Court A branch of government established ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG º˘μ◊G äÉ˘£˘ ∏˘ °S i~˘˘MEG
á°ù∏L/áªμﬁ
∏ to adminster the civil and criminal law. kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Opôjh .á«FÉæ÷Gh á«f~ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG
This is also a session of an official
body that has the authority to try
πncƒJ á«ª˘°SQ á˘Ä˘«˘g É˘g~˘≤˘©˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°ù∏÷G ≈˘æ˘©Ã
cases, resolve disputes, or make other ‘ π˘°üØ˘dG hCG ,ihÉ˘Y~˘dG ‘ ô˘¶˘æ˘dG á˘«˘MÓ˘°U É˘˘¡˘ «˘ dEG
legal decisions. .iôNC’G á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG hCG ,äÉaÓÿG

Credibility The positive or negative view citizens É˘¡˘«˘a ô˘¶˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘Ñ˘∏˘°ùdG hCG á˘«˘ HÉ˘˘é˘ j’G Iô˘˘¶˘ æ˘ dG
E
á«bG~°üe have of a civic organization or cam- ¿CG øμÁh .á«f~ŸG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æŸG ¤EG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG
paign. Credibility may be generated in
a number of ways, including a track
‘ ÉÃ ,πFÉ°Sh I~©H É¡à«bG~°üe IÒNC’G √òg Ö°ùàμJ
record of proven action, prestige in a ,É¡d Oƒ¡°ûŸG äGRÉ‚E’G øe πaÉM ïjQÉàH »∏ëàdG ∂dP
community as a result of familial or »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG •É°ShCG ÚH á©«aQ áfÉμÃ ™àªàdG hCG
ethnic ties, or other types of seniority hCG ,É¡ª«≤J »àdG á«æKE’G hCG á«∏FÉ©dG §HGhôdG áé«àf
such as age or gender. By creating
contrast through outreach and effec- øY ≈JCÉàJ »àdG á«≤Ñ°SC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG π° ØH
tive message development, campaigns øe ,äÓª◊G ™«£à°ùJh .»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ôª©dG
can use the message to raise their ∫É˘°üJ’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ÈY É˘¡˘ª˘«˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘fQÉ˘˘≤ŸG ∫Ó˘˘N
credibility, lower their opponents’
credibility, or both.
‘ IÒNC’G √òg ∞ qXƒJ ¿CG ,á«∏©ØdG ádÉ°SôdG ôjƒ£Jh
á˘«˘bG~˘°üe º˘«˘£– hCG É˘¡˘à˘ «˘ bG~˘˘°üe õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘ J π˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ °S
.kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ hCG ,É¡eƒ°üN


D
Debate Face-to-face discussion between or ±ƒØ°U øª°V hCG ÚH ¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh Qh~j …òdG ¢TÉ≤ædG
IôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f á°ù∏L
∏ among citizens, candidates, and/or ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG
elected officials on issues of concern
where different sides of an argument
≈æ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eÉªàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ∫ƒM
q
are presented and defended. Debates á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘e ô˘¶˘f äÉ˘¡˘Lh Gƒ˘˘°Vô˘˘©˘ à˘ °ùj ¿CG ±Gô˘˘WCÓ˘ d
can occur at all levels of government or á˘aÉ˘c ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘°TÉ˘≤˘æ˘dG ~˘n≤˘©˘ oJ .É˘˘¡˘ æ˘ Y Gƒ˘˘©˘ aG~˘˘«˘ a
a community, and serve as one tactic of
advocacy campaigns.
,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG hCG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉjƒà°ùŸG
.á«μ«àμJ á∏«°Sƒc á©aG~ŸG äÓªM Ég~ªà©Jh

Decency Degree to which formation and stew- ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùdGh ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘ dG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG i~˘˘e
∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ÜGOB’G IÉYGôe ardship of rules are undertaken with- .¢UÉî°TC’ÉH ádòŸG hCG iPC’G ¥É◊EG ¿hO øe É¡≤«Ñ£J
out harm or humiliation to people.
The concept is often applied when
áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ô¶æj ÚM GC ~ÑŸG Gòg ≥Ñ£jo Ée kÉÑdÉZ
s
legislators consider reform or new I~˘˘j~÷G äGQOÉ˘˘ÑŸG hCG äÉ˘˘MÓ˘˘°UE’G ‘ á˘˘«˘ ©˘ jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG
policy initiatives. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸG

Decision-Maker A person who has the authority to cre- hCG çG~˘ë˘à˘°SG á˘£˘∏˘°S ¬˘«˘ dEG ~˘˘¡˘˘©˘ oJ …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG
n
QGô≤dG ™fÉ°U ate or change communal, organiza- á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG èeGÈdG hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J
tional, or governmental policies, pro-
.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG äÉª¶æŸG hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛÉH
grams or laws.

Delegate An individual authorized to act as a ‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢VƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG s
Üh~æe representative for another, as a deputy ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG çƒ©ÑŸG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG
or an agent, or as a representative to a
conference or convention;
.áæ«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY πãªªc »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG
q
A representative, usually chosen äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG πãªŸG
either in state caucuses or presidential äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G hCG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y á˘˘ «˘ ˘Hõ◊G
primaries, who will be responsible for QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒ˘μ˘«˘a ,á˘j~˘«˘¡˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘Fô˘dG
choosing presidential and vice presiden-
tial nominees at the national party con- ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG »Ñ°üæŸ ¬ë°Tôern
ventions every four years. Most delegates º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG


are pledged to support a specific candi- »°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿GC kÉª∏Y ø«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG
q
date. A majority of the delegates’ votes äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’
at the convention is needed for a presi-
dential candidate to receive the party’s
í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj .ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸG
nomination. This term is used specifically .I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V Gk ~j~–
within the U.S. electoral system.

Delegation When public decisions are transferred äÉÄ«g ¤EG áeÉ©dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG á«MÓ°U ádÉMEG ƒg
¢ jƒØJ to lower levels of government, civil hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG ,káÑJôe ≈fOC’G ºμ◊G
society organizations, or any authority
outside the regular political administra-
á˘jQGOE’G á˘«˘∏˘ μ˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG êQÉ˘˘N ø˘˘e iô˘˘NCG á˘˘£˘ ∏˘ °S …CG
tive structure to implement programs èeGÈdG ≥«Ñ£J ÉgQh~H ¤ƒààd ,IOƒ¡©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdGh
on behalf of the government. .áeƒμ◊G º°SÉH

Deliberative Based on the principle that legitimate ~ªà°ùJ á«WGô≤Á~dG q¿ÉC H πFÉ≤dG GC ~ÑŸG ≈∏Y õμJôJ
q
Democracy democracy arises from the public delib- ÚH á˘jQÉ÷G á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘ dG äGQhÉ˘˘°ûŸG ø˘˘e É˘˘¡˘ à˘ «˘ Yhô˘˘°ûe
eration of citizens. Activities associated
ájQhÉ°ûJ á«WGô≤ÁO
J with this process include citizen juries,
á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘¡˘H á˘£˘Ñ˘JôŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G É˘˘eCG .Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG
town hall meetings, public debates, and ,Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG qº˘˘° J »˘˘à˘ dG ÚØ˘˘∏ÙG á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ g π˘˘ª˘ °ûà˘˘a
citizen forums. ,™˘˘«˘ ª÷G ΩÉ˘˘eCG á˘˘Mƒ˘˘à˘ ØŸG á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘ dG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ L’Gh
.á«f~ŸG äÉj~àæŸGh ,áeÉ©dG ¢TÉ≤ædG äÉ°ù∏Lh
Democracy Political system in which the people á£°ûfCG ¬«LƒàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f l
á«WGô≤ÁO share in directing the activities of the É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG
state, as distinct from governments
controlled by a single class, select
.§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæ«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW
q
group, or autocrat. The definition of á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿GC ÒZ
q
democracy has been expanded to º˘˘qμ˘ ë˘ à˘ dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG á˘˘«˘ ˘∏˘ ˘gCGh ≥˘˘ M ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y O~˘˘ °ûJ
q
describe a philosophy that insists on ¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘em π˘μ˘°ûH É˘eEG ,¬˘JÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒÃ
the right and the capacity of a people,
acting either directly or through repre- .á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤–
sentatives, to control their institutions
for their own purposes.

Disclosure The release, transfer, provision of hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûf
øY ∞°ûc
c access to, or divulging in any other ¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh
manner of information outside the enti-
ty holding the information.
.É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dG

Disenfranchise(ment) Explicit or implicit revocation of, or ≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AÉ¨dEG
âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe ¿ÉeôM/~jôŒ failure to grant, the right to vote to a á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG
person or a group of people.
.á«æª°V hCG


Districting Generally, the process of marking off or ≈∏Y É¡©jRƒJ hCG ≥WÉæŸG ~j~– á«∏ªY ,ΩÉY m¬LƒH
á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J
≤ dividing into districts - for example, into »˘∏˘ã‡ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG ±~˘¡˘H á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘ à˘ f’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dÉ˘˘c ô˘˘FGhO
electoral districts for the purposes of
electing representatives to a legislature.
á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘∏˘d Oƒ˘©˘j ~˘bh .á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG
.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J ≥M É¡JGP ~ëH á«©jô°ûàdG
Diversity Situation in which a multiplicity of ¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY ºæj q
´ƒæJ perspectives exist - possibly based hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG äÉ˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J
q on religious, political, racial, or other
differences.
.É¡«dEG Ée hCG á«bô©dG


E
Efficiency Characteristic of participation which á«HÉéjE’G èFÉàædG ≈°übCG ≥q≤– »àdG ácQÉ°ûŸG Iõ«e
á«∏YÉa gives maximum positive outcomes for ∫òH AÉ≤d ÚæWGƒŸG i~d ¢û«©dG iƒà°ùe Ú°ù– á¡÷
improving citizen's quality of life, for a
minimum level of effort, time, or
.OQGƒŸG hCG âbƒdG hCG Oƒ¡÷G øe Q~b πbCG
q
resources.

Election Decision-making process through Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY
q
ÜÉîàfG which citizens of a State who are eligi- ¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d
ble to vote choose an individual or
group of individuals to hold public
á˘eÉ˘©˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG
office and work on their behalf. .º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGh

Election Day/ The day on which the voters come to ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dG
Polling Day the polls and cast their votes to elect .º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd
their leaders.
´GÎb’G Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj

Election Monitoring/ Gathering of information regarding an á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e ™˘ª˘é˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J
Observation electoral process by an organization √òg ‘ πN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d íª°ùjo ’ máª¶æe ~j ≈∏Y
which is not inherently authorized to
q n
äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe intervene in the process. Unbiased
,¿h~jÉﬁ ¢UÉî°TCG áª¡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG
l
accredited persons, domestic or inter- …CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dGh »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj
q
national, participate to detect any fraud .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ¢ûZ hCG ôjhõJ
or cheating in the electoral process.

Election Monitor/ Accredited person participating in elec- .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe á«∏ªY ‘ ácQÉ°ûª∏d Ü~àæoj ¢üî°T
n
Observer tion observation. Can be domestic or .‹h~dG hCG »∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh
international.
äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe


Elector/Voter Person who is eligible and registered to áëF’ ‘ ¬ª°SG êQ~ŸGh âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒŸG ¢üî°ûdG
n
ÖNÉf/´Î≤e vote. .ÚÑNÉædG

Electoral/Election Authority responsible for the conduct á«∏ª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ô¡°ùJ »àdG á∏≤à°ùŸG á£∏°ùdG
Commission or supervision of the electoral process. .É¡«∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàJ hCG á«HÉîàf’G
á«°VƒØe/á«HÉîàfG áæ÷
äÉHÉîàf’G

Electoral The individual responsible for ensuring á¡jõf má≤jô£H äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ÚeCÉJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG
Commissioner the fair and impartial conduct of elec- ;ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ¬˘«˘∏˘Y ¢üæ˘j É˘e ≥˘ah á˘jOÉ˘˘«˘ Mh
tions described under the electoral law,
q
/á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏dG ƒ° Y
∏ managing the operations of the elec- ±G~˘gC’G ≥˘«˘≤– π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ á˘æ˘é˘∏˘dG ∫É˘˘ª˘ YCG IQGOEGh
äÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe toral commission to achieve objectives IÉYGôe á¡÷ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG πμH ´Ó£°V’Gh IOƒ°ûæŸG
q
and meet all legislative and reporting ¢Uô◊Gh ;ôjQÉ˘≤˘à˘dG Ë~˘≤˘J äÉ˘eõ˘∏˘à˘°ùeh ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG
responsibilities; maintaining accurate
electoral rolls; promoting public aware-
»˘Yƒ˘dG á˘YÉ˘°TEGh ;ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ∫hG~˘L ‘ á˘b~˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y
ness of electoral practices through edu- èeGôH ∫ÓN øe á«HÉîàf’G äÉ°SQÉªŸG √ÉŒ ΩÉ©dG
cation and information programs; con- ∫ƒM çÉëHC’G AGôLEGh ;äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ÒaƒJh á«YƒàdG
ducting research on electoral matters; √òg ∫ƒM í°üædG AG~°SEG Gk ÒNCGh ;á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdG
and providing advice on electoral mat-
ters to members of the legislature, polit- ÜGõMC’Gh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ¤EG ¿hDƒ°ûdG
ical parties, and others. .ºgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdG

Electoral Law The law or body of law and regulations ≈YôJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ÚfGƒ≤dG áYƒª› hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG
ÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb governing the electoral process. .ÜÉîàf’G á«∏ªY

Electoral List/Electoral A list of names and other relevant º¡«a ôaGƒàJ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G nAÉª°SCG qº° J íFGƒd
Roll/Voter's List details of persons who meet the eligibil- á≤∏©àŸG π«˘°UÉ˘Ø˘à˘dGh âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d á˘«˘∏˘gC’G •hô˘°T
ity requirements to vote. This list is
n
/ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd used as a control document during the
§˘Ñ˘° d á˘≤˘«˘Kƒ˘c í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG √ò˘g π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ù˘oJh .º˘˘¡˘ H
n
/ÚÑNÉædG πé°S
q ° voting process. .´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
Ö£°ûddG íFGƒd

Electoral Participation The ratio or percentage of voters cast- ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘ H ¿ƒ˘˘d~˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤ŸG á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùf O~–
äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûe
e ing their votes to eligible voters in a .áæ«©e mäÉHÉîàfG
specific election.
q


Electoral Process Steps involved in the preparation and AGô˘˘LE’ Ò° ë˘˘à˘ dG QÉ˘˘WEG ‘ ò˘˘î˘ à˘ oJ »˘˘à˘ dG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG
á«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY carrying out of an election. It usually ~˘Yƒ˘e ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’É˘H kIOÉ˘Y CG~˘Ñ˘J »˘gh ,äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
starts with the announcement of the
election and includes the enactment of
πª°ûJh (áÑNÉædG äÉÄ«¡dG IƒY~H) äÉHÉîàf’G AGôLEG
the electoral law, the registration of vot- ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJh ,»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG QGôbEG kÉ° jCG
ers and candidates, the campaign, the ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªYh ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊Gh ,Úë°TôŸGh
voting, and the tabulation of votes until ‘ É¡LGQOEGh äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG) äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh
the announcement of results.
.èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEÉH »¡àæJh ,(∫hG~L

Electoral System Combination of formulas and mecha- A’OE’G ø˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ø˘˘ qμ“ mäÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘dBGhm ≠˘˘ «˘ ˘°U è˘˘ eO
»HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f nisms which provides for the electorate »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ‘ äGƒ°UC’G √òg πqãªààa º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
to cast the votes and to translate these
votes into seats in the parliament or the
.á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG πNGO É¡H RƒØJ
legislature.

Electorate This is the portion of the population .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ´GÎbÓd á∏gDƒŸG á«fÉμ°ùdG áëjô°ûdG
/ÚÑNÉædGQƒ¡ªL able to vote in a given election. .ÖNÉf ™LGQ
áÑNÉf äÉÄ«g
Eligible Voter Individual who satisfies the legal á˘˘«˘ fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG •hô˘˘°ûdG ¬˘˘«˘ a ô˘˘aGƒ˘˘à˘ ˘J …ò˘˘ dG Oô˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dG
(âjƒ°üà∏d) π gƒe ÖNÉf requirements to participate in the elec-
qD tion. Those requirements are usually
•hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g §˘Ñ˘Jô˘Jh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d
related to nationality, age, soundness of
,π≤©˘dG á˘eÓ˘°Sh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘°ùæ÷G π˘eGƒ˘©˘H kIOÉ˘Y
mind, and absence of a criminal record. .ΩôL …CG øe ‹~©dG ¬∏é°S ƒ∏Nh q

Endorsement Practice by which an influential individ- ,äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› hCG Gƒ˘fÉ˘c Gk OGô˘aCG ,Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG ΩÉ˘˘«˘ b
ºY~dG hCG ~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG ual or group legitimizes a candidate or .á°SÉ«°S hCG ÖNÉf …CG ≈∏Y á«Yhô°ûŸG AÉØ°VEÉH
policy.

Enfranchise(ment) To grant the privilege of voting to a ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©j
âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe person who meets requirements set by Éªc ,âjƒ°üà∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ¬«a ôaGƒàJ …òdG
the state for voter eligibility. More
broadly, enfranchisement can refer to
ƒ¡a ,™°ShC’Gh πª°TC’G √Éæ©e ‘ ÉeCG .ádh~dG ÉgO~–
the process by which an individual or ø«©e ≥jôa hCG OôØd íª°ùJ »àdG á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Ò°ûj
q
group receives the right for some sort .¬jCGôH A’OE’G hCG Ée ∑ôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ≥M ∫Éæj ¿CÉH
of action or voice.


Equal Opportunity/ An equal entitlement to something áæ«©e ¢Uôa hCG ¥ƒ≤ëH IGhÉ°ùŸG Ω~b ≈∏Y ™àªàdG
q
Rights (despite race, gender, ethnicity, creed, hCG »YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ¥ô©dG øY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H)
etc). Access to concepts like justice
q
¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe/¢UôØdG ƒaÉμJ
e D and due process, or to ownership of
øe É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,á«æj~dG I~«≤©dG hCG »æKE’G AÉªàfE’G
property or some interest in property, kÓãe á≤∏©àŸG º«gÉØŸG ¢ ©H øe IOÉaE’Éc ,(πeGƒY
real or personal. These rights include AÉ˘æ˘à˘bG hCG ,á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG ∫ƒ˘°UC’G IÉ˘YGô˘eh á˘dG~˘˘©˘ dÉ˘˘H
various freedoms, protection against
interference with enjoyment of life and
ÒZ hCG ájQÉ≤Y ∑ÓeCG øe ´ÉØàf’G hCG äÉμ∏àªŸG
property, civil rights enjoyed by citi- ,É¡YƒæJ ≈∏Y ,äÉjô◊G πª°ûJ ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡a .ájQÉ≤Y
zens such as voting and access to the ≥M ‘ πN~àdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG ~°V ø°üëàdGh q q
courts, natural rights accepted by civi- ¥ƒ˘≤◊G kÉ˘° jCG π˘ª˘°ûJh ,á˘«˘μ˘∏ŸGh IÉ˘«◊É˘H ™˘˘à˘ ª˘ à˘ dG
lized societies, human rights to protect
people throughout the world from ter- Aƒé∏dGh ´GÎb’G ≥ëc ÚæWGƒª∏d áMƒæªŸG á«f~ŸG
ror, torture, barbaric practices, and É˘¡˘H ô˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ «˘ Ñ˘ £˘ dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊Gh ,º˘˘cÉÙG ¤EG
q
deprivation of civil rights and profit »ª– »àdG ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤Mh ,áf~ªàŸG äÉ©ªàÛG
from their labor.
äÉ˘°SQÉ˘ªŸGh Öjò˘©˘à˘dGh ÜÉ˘gQE’G ø˘e ⁄É˘©˘dG Üƒ˘©˘ °T
á«f~ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg øe É¡fÉeôM ¿hO ∫ƒ–h ájôHÈdG
.É¡dÉªYCG øe ìÉHQC’G Ö°ùc øeh

Equal Suffrage Principle according to which every per- ~MGh äƒ°üH A’OE’G Oôa qπμd √É° à≤Ã q≥ëj GC ~Ñe
´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe
e son is entitled to one vote (one person, .(~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U)
one vote).

Equity (Electoral) Demands that voting operations offer áÄaÉμàe kÉ°Uôa ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ôqaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG
±É°üfEG equal opportunities for participation to âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘ d Ú∏˘˘gDƒŸG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ™˘˘«˘ ª˘ L á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸ
all eligible voters and political partici-
q
pants. Encompasses aspects of accessi-
Gò˘g ø˘° à˘ë˘jh .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘ dG ‘ ÚWô˘˘î˘ æŸGh
bility and transparency. .ádAÉ°ùŸGh á«aÉØ°ûdG ôgÉ¶e ¢ ©H Ωƒ¡ØŸG

Establishment The label given to powerful, elite indi- äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e má˘Ñ˘î˘æ˘d ≈˘£˘©˘jo Ö≤˘˘d
l
PƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG viduals or groups who can make impor- I~©°UC’G ≈∏Y áeÉg mäGQGôb òîàJ ¿CG É¡©°ùj »àdG
tant social, political, and economic pol-
icy decisions for society.
≈∏Y ∂dòch ,ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«YÉªàL’G
.™ªàéª∏d áeƒ°SôŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ~«©°U


F
Facilitator Someone who helps a group of people á˘aô˘©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ~˘YÉ˘°ùj ø˘e n
§°ûæe/ô °ù«e understand their common objectives á˘£˘N OG~˘YEG ‘ º˘¡˘æ˘ «˘ ©˘ «˘ a ,á˘˘cÎ°ûŸG º˘˘¡˘ aG~˘˘gCG
qæ q« and assists them to plan and achieve
them without taking a particular posi-
‘ kÉ˘æ˘«˘©˘e kÉ˘Ø˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘à˘j ¿CG ¿hO ø˘e É˘¡˘≤˘«˘≤˘ë˘à˘ d
q
tion in the discussion. .¢TÉ≤ædG ¢Vô©e

Facilitation Creating opportunities for learning by õjõ©Jh IõqcôŸG á£°ûfC’G ∫ÓN øe ºq∏©à∏d m ¢Uôa ≥∏N
§«°ûæJ/Ò°ù«J
æ « focusing activities and promoting par- .á˘Mhô˘£ŸG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸG ‘ ≥˘«˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG Òμ˘˘Ø˘ à˘ dGh á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG
ticipation and reflection. Facilitation is
goal oriented and guides participants
±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf á¡LƒŸG §«°ûæàdG á«∏ªY ~«ØJh
but does not drive them. Civic groups .ø«©e √ÉŒÉH º¡©a~J ¿CG ÒZ øe ÚcQÉ°ûŸG OÉ°TQEG ‘
q
often use facilitation techniques to rep- Ò°ù«àdG äÉ«æ≤àH á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG Ú©à°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ
resent citizen interests in political .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe πqãªàd
processes.

Fairness The degree to which laws and polices ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ≥˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ £˘ J ‘ IGhÉ˘˘°ùŸG CG~˘˘Ñ˘ e IÉ˘˘YGô˘˘e i~˘˘e
∫~Y apply equally to all citizens in a socie- ¢ ¨H ™ªàÛG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ™«ªL ≈∏Y äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh
ty, regardless of status. While difficult
q
to measure or quantify, the principle is
¢SÉ«b áHƒ©°U ºZQh .º¡eÉ≤e hCG º¡©bƒe øY ô¶ædG
often the focus of civic organizations πqμ°ûj Ée kÉÑdÉZ ƒ¡a ,á«ªc hCG ¢SÉ«≤Ã GC ~ÑŸG Gòg
who engage in government monitor- ‘ ∑QÉ°ûJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉªàgG õcôe
ing activities. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πªY áÑbGôÃ á≤∏©àŸG á£°ûfC’G

Federal Of or describing a constitutionally É˘˘gOh~˘˘M º˘˘°Sô˘˘j äÉ˘˘j’h OÉ–G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ≥˘˘n∏˘ £˘ oJ á˘˘ Ø˘ ˘°U
…OÉ–G/‹GQ~a delineated union of states having a cen- OÉ–’G ÉeCG .ájõcôe áeƒμM IQGOE’ ™° îJh Qƒà°S~dG
tral government. In the American sys-
tem, a federal union is ultimately based ≈∏Y Gk ÒNCGh k’hCG õμJÒa »cÒeC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ ‹GQ~ØdG
upon national supremacy but is also a áÑ«cÎdG Ö°ùëH ,¬qfCG q’GE á«æWƒdG áeƒμ◊G IOÉ«°S
political arrangement that reserves kÉ° jCG äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG í˘æÁ ,É˘¡˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG
powers for the states.
.äÉ«MÓ°üdG ¢ ©H


Federalism National or international political sys- øe Újƒà°ùe ¢SQÉÁ ‹hO hCG »æWh »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f
á«dGQ~a tem in which two levels of government .º˘¡˘°ùØ˘fCG Úæ˘WGƒŸGh É˘˘¡˘ JGP »˘˘°VGQC’G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y º˘˘μ◊G
control the same territory and citizens.
Countries with federal political systems
‹GQ~˘Ø˘dG »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ™˘Ñ˘qà˘J »˘à˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dÉ˘a
have both a central government and äÉeƒμ◊Gh ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d ~MGh m¿BG ‘ ™° îJ
governments based in smaller political kIOÉY ±ô©oJ kÉªéM ô¨°UCG á«°SÉ«°S äG~Mh ‘ áªFÉ≤dG
n
units, usually called states, provinces, or √òg ∫RÉæàJh .äÉ©WÉ≤ŸG hCG º«dÉbC’G hCG äÉj’ƒdÉH
territories. These smaller political units
surrender some political power to the á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG É˘˘¡˘ JÉ˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°U ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘ μ◊G
central government, relying on it to act πª©à°S IÒNC’G √òg ¿CÉH É¡à≤ãd ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d
for the common good. .ΩÉ©dG ÒÿG Ω~îj ÉÃ

Focus Group A method of sociological research in ¤EG ≈˘˘Y~˘˘J »˘˘à˘ dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘ Yƒ˘˘ ª›
õ«cÎdG áYƒª› which a small group of people is ±~¡j .á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S É¡«∏Y ìô£«d ´ÉªàL’G
brought together and asked a series of
questions. The aim is to receive qualita-
∫ƒ°ü◊G á«YÉªàL’G çÉëHC’G ‘ ~ªà©ŸG è¡æŸG Gòg
tive information about public attitudes áYƒªÛG AÉ° YCG ∞bƒe øY á«Yƒf äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y
and test reactions to various messages äGOQ QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘NGh á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dG ø˘e
and information.
.É¡gÉŒ º¡∏©a

Forum One tactic used to further an advocacy »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«Y~àd ∂«àμJ
i~àæe campaign or raise awareness on an issue á«HÉî˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ∫ƒ˘M hCG á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ∫ƒ˘M
- electoral processes for example. A
q
forum gathers members of a communi-
™ªà› hCG áYÉªL øe AÉ° YCG ™ªéj i~àæŸGh .kÓãe
ty, possibly including citizens, politi- Ú«˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdGh Úæ˘˘ WGƒŸG º˘˘ ° j ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ ø˘˘ «˘˘ ˘©˘ ˘ e
q q
cians, government officials, etc. .¢UÉî°TC’G øe ºgGƒ°Sh Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh

Free and Fair The definition of a free and fair election å«˘M ø˘e ,á˘¡˘jõ˘æ˘dGh Iô◊G äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘°üà˘˘≤˘ J ’
Elections is about more than just a smooth tech- ,á°SÓ°ùH …ôŒ á«æ≤J á«∏ªY Oô› ≈∏Y ,∞jô©àdG
nical process, but also includes the
á¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG respect for basic civil and political ΩGÎMG CG~˘˘Ñ˘ e »˘˘YGô˘˘J á˘˘ «˘ ˘∏˘ ˘ª˘ ˘Y ¤EG kÉ˘ ˘° jCG Ò°ûJ É‰EG
rights, such as freedom of expression, á˘jô˘ë˘c á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘°SC’G á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdGh á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG äÉ˘˘jô◊G
of movement, of association, and ;äÉ«©ª÷G ¢ù«°SCÉ˘Jh ™˘ª˘é˘à˘dGh π˘≤˘æ˘à˘dGh ÒÑ˘©˘à˘dG
q
assembly; as well as the absence of bar-
riers to the full participation of all citi-
≥FGƒY …CG ÜÉ«Z ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G √òg q∫~J ∂dòch
zens, without any form of discrimina- á˘∏˘eÉ˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG π˘˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe ¿hO ∫ƒ–
q
tion; the absence of any form of intim- Ω~Y ≈∏Yh ;õ««ªàdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG øY Gk ~«©H q
idation; and the compliance overall ≈∏˘Yh ;Ö«˘gÎdG ô˘gÉ˘¶˘e ø˘e ô˘¡˘¶˘e …C’ º˘¡˘°Vô˘©˘J
with the rule of law.
q
.¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCÉH k’ÉªLEG ºg~q«≤J


Freedom Political condition that permits free- ∑ôëàdG QÉ«àNG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ±hô¶dG
ájôM dom of choice of action for individuals í˘˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ ˘°ùJh ,•ô˘˘ ˘ °T hCG ~˘˘ ˘ «˘ ˘ ˘b ¿hO ø˘˘ ˘ e ¿h~˘˘ ˘ jô˘˘ ˘ j …ò˘˘ ˘ ˘dG
and also for individuals and groups to
participate in the decisions and opera-
äGQGô≤dG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉ° jCG OGôaC’G A’Dƒ¡dh äÉYƒªéª∏d
tions of the society and political system. .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædGh ™ªàÛÉH á£ÑJôŸG ∫ÉªYC’Gh

Freedom of Speech The concept of being able to speak ÒZ øe ájôëH ΩÓμdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG ¤EG Ò°ûj Ωƒ¡Øe l
ÒÑ©àdG hCG ΩÓμdG ájôM freely without censorship. The right to ájôM ≥M ‹h~dG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG øª° jh .áHÉbô∏d ´ƒ° ÿG
freedom of speech is guaranteed under
international law through numerous
¥ô£àJ »àdG IO~©àŸG ∑ƒμ°üdG ∫ÓN øe ΩÓμdG
q
human rights instruments notably ¿ÓYE’G øe 19 IOÉŸG Éª«°S ’ ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ¤EG
under article 19 of the Universal hCG ∫h~dG ÒJÉ°SO q¿CG kÉª∏Y ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG
Declaration of Human Rights, and is √ôcP ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG »JCÉJ iôNC’G á«°ù«°SCÉàdG ≥FÉKƒdG
also often encoded in state’s constitu-
tions or other foundational documents. .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘

Fundraiser An event planned with the goal of rais- hCG á˘∏˘ª◊ kÉ˘ª˘YO ,∫Gƒ˘eC’G ™˘ª˘L ±~˘¡˘H º˘ s¶˘æ˘ jo ç~˘˘M
/äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ πØM ing money for a campaign cause or í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ~bh .áæq«©e áª¶æe hCG á«° b
organization. May also refer to the per-
äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL son who raises the funds for the cam-
ájCÉH á∏ªë∏d mäÉYÈJ ™ªéj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG
paign by any method. .âfÉc á∏«°Sh

Fundraising Any method used to raise money for áeRÓdG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H Ω~îà°ùoJ »àdG á∏«°SƒdG
n
äÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL the campaign, or resources required to .ìÉéæH Égò«ØæJ ¿Éª° d áHƒ∏£ŸG OQGƒŸG hCG á∏ªë∏d
successfully implement it.


G
General Assembly Delegates selected (through election or ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY) ºgQÉ«àNG ºàj øjòdG ¿ƒHh~æŸG
á«eƒªY hCG áeÉY á«©ªL appointment) to participate in gover- äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e i~˘MEG IQGOEG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘ d (Ú«˘˘©˘ à˘ dG hCG
nance of a civil society organization or
association. Terms of membership and
‘ ájƒ° ©dG •hô°T ÉeCG .äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
scope of decision-making of the general PÉ˘î˘JG á˘¡÷ É˘¡˘°UÉ˘°üà˘NG ä’É›h á˘eÉ˘©˘dG á˘«˘©˘ ª÷G
assembly should be laid out in the char- hCG áª¶æŸG ΩÉ¶f øª°V O~ëàJ ¿CG Öé«a äQGô≤dG
ter or by-laws.
.»∏NG~dG É¡eÉ¶f øª°V hCG »°SÉ°SC’G á«©ª÷G

Gender Mainstreaming Process of ensuring that the priorities ICGôŸGh πLôdG äÉjƒdhCG ≈¶– ¿CG ≈∏Y ¢Uô– á«∏ªY l
/»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J of men and women in policies and pro- øª° Jh ;èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ ΩRÓdG ΩÉªàg’ÉH
grams are given adequate consideration;
‘ Ú°ùæ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉÉeOEG
æ that men and women have equal rights
≥˘˘ ˘ M ‘h ICGôŸGh π˘˘ ˘ Lô˘˘ ˘ ˘dG ÚH ¥ƒ˘˘ ˘ ˘≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ˘˘ ˘ ˘°ùŸG
IQ~æL/èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG
e and access to participate in civic, politi- ÉgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG áÄ«ÑdG ‘ Éª¡àcQÉ°ûe
cal, and other social environments. .á«YÉªàL’G äÉÄ«ÑdG øe

Goal The subject of an advocacy effort. .á©aG~ŸG Oƒ¡L ¬dƒM QƒëªàJ …òdG ´ƒ°VƒŸG
(ΩÉY) ±~g

GOTV - Get Out “Get Out The Vote” or GOTV is the ¬LƒàdÉH ÚÑNÉædG Òcòàd Ω~îà°ùjo …òdG í∏£°üŸG
q
The Vote term used to remind voters to go to the º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘JGƒ˘˘ °UCÉ˘ ˘H A’OE’G π˘˘ LCG ø˘˘ e ´GÎb’G õ˘˘ cGô˘˘ ˘e ¤EG
polls and vote for your candidate.
âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûJ
°J Often a campaign will expend a consid-
Ωƒj πÑb Gk ÒÑc Gk ~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .í°Tôª∏d
erable amount of effort just before elec- ‘ ¿ƒcQÉ°û«°S øjô°UÉæŸG q¿GC øe ~cCÉà∏d ÜÉîàf’G
tion day to make sure that your sup- .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~jh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
o
porters turn out and vote.


Governance The act of affecting government and á˘Ñ˘bGô˘eh º˘μ◊G äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÒKCÉ˘ à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ Y
/ºμM/ºμ◊G IQGOEG monitoring (through policy) the long- πjƒ£dG i~ŸG ≈∏Y É¡JÉ¡LƒJh äÉª¶æŸG á«é«JGÎ°SG
term strategy and direction of an organ-
áªcƒM hCG á«ªcÉM ization. In general, governance com-
ΩÉ¶f πª°ûjh .(É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ÓN øe)
prises the traditions, institutions, and äGAGôLE’Gh äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh ~«dÉ≤àdG ΩÉY m¬LƒH ºμ◊G
processes that determine how power is »à˘dG π˘Ñ˘°ùdGh ,á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG á˘°SQÉ‡ á˘«˘Ø˘«˘c O~– »˘à˘dG
q
exercised, how citizens are given a PÉîJG á≤jôWh ,º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àJ
voice, and how decisions are made on
issues of public concern. .ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG ÉjÉ° ≤H á≤∏©àŸG äGQGô≤dG

Government System of social control under which qø˘°S ≥˘M ~˘¡˘©˘ oj å«˘˘M ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG ¿hDƒ˘ °T IQGOE’ lΩÉ˘˘¶˘ f
n
ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe/áeƒμM
° the right to make laws, and the right to I~Y ≥n∏£oJh .ø«©e ≥jôØd É¡≤«Ñ£J ≥Mh ÚfGƒ≤dG
enforce them, is vested in a particular
q
group in society. There are many classi-
,É¡à«ª°ùJ ∞∏àîJ »àdG áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y äÉØ«æ°üJ
fications of government. According to ±ÓàNÉH ,~ªà©ŸG …~«∏≤àdG ∞«æ°üàdG ¤EG Gk OÉæà°SG
n
the classical formula, governments are hCG Gk OôØæe kÉ°üî°T ¿ÉcCG á£∏°ùdG ¢SQÉÁ …òdG ±ô£dG
distinguished by whether power is held
.ájÌcC’G hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe á∏b
by one person, a few, or a majority.

Government of Broad coalition governments including á«°SÉ°SC’G ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL º° j ™°SGh ∞dÉ– øY ºæJ
q q
National Unity all major parties in the legislature. ‘ πqμ°ûàJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ á∏ãªàŸG
Some countries with numerous diver-
á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM gent politial parties or religious and
¢ ©H CÉé∏jh .áFQÉW m±hôX πX ‘ hCG Üô◊G äGÎa
q
ethnic groups use governments of hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¬HGõMCG O~©àH õ«ªàj …òdG ¿G~∏ÑdG
q
national unity as the preferred form of ¤EG AGQB’G á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG á˘«˘æ˘KE’Gh á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ L
government to build consensus áÑ«côJ π° aCG É¡àØ°üH ,áeƒμ◊G √òg πãe π«μ°ûJ
.≥aGƒàdG AÉæH ‘ º¡°ùJ á«eƒμM

Grassroots Activism Grassroots activism is activity conducted ¢UÉî°TCG áYƒª› É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’ÉH ≈q∏éàj
á«Ñ©°ûddG ~YGƒ≤∏d §°TÉf πªY by a group of like-minded people who ´Éa~∏d É¡j~jDƒe ±ƒØ°U ¢UôJh É¡JGP ájDhôdG ∑QÉ°ûàJ
have come together for a cause they
q
believe in. Activities include holding
AÉ«MEG á£°ûfC’G √òg πª°ûJh .É¡H øeDƒJ á«° b øY
public events, letter writing campaigns, ,ádÉ°SôdG áZÉ«°üd mäÓªM º«¶æJh áeÉ©dG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG
information dissemination, engaging the .ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûfh
media, etc.


H
Human Resources Staff and volunteers working for a civic á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘Yƒ˘˘£˘ àŸGh ¿ƒ˘˘Ø˘ ˘XƒŸG
ájô°ûHH OQGƒe organization or campaign. Their individ- º˘¡˘JGÈN q¿GC QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘H á˘«˘f~ŸG äÓ˘˘ª◊G hCG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG
ual and cumulative experience and skills
enhance the potential for success of cam-
ìÉ‚ á˘«˘fÉ˘μ˘eGE Rõ˘©˘J ,ká˘©˘ª˘à›h á˘jOô˘a ,º˘¡˘JGQÉ˘¡˘ eh
q
paigns. One of three interlinked resources, á£HGÎŸG áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG i~MEG ¿ƒ∏μ°ûj ºgh .äÓª◊G
including material resources and time. .âbƒdG πeÉYh ájOÉŸG OQGƒŸG ÖfÉL ¤EG É¡æ«H Ée ‘

Human Rights The rights people are entitled to simply ,kÉfÉ°ùfEG ¬fƒc OôÛ OôØdG É¡H ™àªàj »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊G
¿É°ùf’G ¥ƒ≤M
fE because they are human beings, irrespec- ,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ¬æWƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh
tive of their citizenship, nationality, race,
ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, or abili-
¬˘dƒ˘«˘e hCG ,¬˘°ùæ˘L hCG ,¬˘à˘¨˘d hCG ,»˘æ˘K’G ¬˘˘FÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ fG hCG
E
ty. Human rights become enforceable ÚM ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùjh .¬JGQ~b hCG ,á«°ùæ÷G
when they are codified as conventions, ÚM hCG äG~gÉ©ŸG hCG Oƒ¡©dG hCG äÉ«bÉØJE’G É¡Yô°ûJ q
covenants, or treaties, or as they become
recognized as customary international law.
.á«dh~dG ÚfGƒ≤dG áeƒ¶æe ‘ kÉaôY êQ~oJ n


I
Impartiality/ Dealing with matters in a fair and unbi- ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .á«Yƒ°Vƒeh ∫~Y qπμH QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdG
Nonpartisanship ased manner. It is the operational p
.OÉ«◊G áª∏μd ÊÓª©dG ÒÑ©àdG ƒg í∏£°üŸG Gòg q¿CG
expression of neutrality.
/O ôŒ
q
RÉ«ëf’G hCG õ«ëàdG Ω~Y
q
Independents Candidates for, or members of, the leg- ’ øjòdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG hCG ¿ƒë°TôŸG
¿ƒ∏≤à°ùe
e islature, who do not belong to a politi- .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj
cal party.

Index of A figure which illustrates the collective »àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¥ôØdG ´ƒª› RÈj ºbQ l
Disproportionality disparity between the votes cast for par- »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Üõ◊G É¡dÉæj
ties in an election and the seats in the
/ähÉØàdG áÑ°ùf
f legislature the parties win.
.iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ É¡H RƒØj
Ö°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒe
In-kind contribution A donation of time, expertise, space, or äGÈÿG hCG âbƒdG :á«dÉàdG ∫Éμ°TC’G ~MCG òNCÉJ äÉÑg
á«æ«Y äÉªgÉ°ùe
e goods. These might include office äÉÑ¡dG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG Rƒéjh .OGƒŸG hCG ¿ÉμŸG hCG
space or lunch for a meeting, office
supplies, technical assistance, or occas-
áe~≤ŸG AG~¨dG áÑLh hCG Öàμªc áe~îà°ùŸG áMÉ°ùŸG
sional secretarial work. I~˘YÉ˘°ùŸG hCG ,á˘«˘Ñ˘à˘μŸG ΩRGƒ˘∏˘dG hCG ,´É˘ª˘à˘LG AÉ˘˘æ˘ KGC
.ô°ùdG áfÉeCG ∫ÉªYCÉH kÉàbDƒe ΩÉ«≤dG hCG ,á«æ≤àdG

Interest Groups Groups characterized by the will to ™æ°U ≈∏Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG ‘ É˘¡˘à˘Ñ˘Zô˘H õ˘«˘ª˘à˘J äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª›
q l
ídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª› influence political decision-making, in ¢ ©H ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ìÉéædG ±~¡H á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGô≤dG
order to successfully implement certain
political goals or values. They tend to
•Gôîf’G ƒëf ´õæJh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG º«≤dG hCG ±G~gC’G
be integrated into the political process. .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘


Internal Democracy Practice of decision-making within civil kÉ≤ÑW Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe πNGO äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG
á«∏NGO á«WGô≤ÁO society organizations which emulates .á˘«˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG É˘˘gô˘˘gƒ˘˘L ‘ »˘˘cÉ– äÉ˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸ
democratic principles. Specific focus
could include organizing policy debates
~≤Y ≈∏Y á°UÉN ΩÉªàg’G õqcÎj ,¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Yh
k
and issue forums with citizens and º˘«˘¶˘æ˘Jh á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG äÉ˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘M ¢TÉ˘≤˘ f äÉ˘˘°ù∏˘˘L
party representatives; providing polling ÚæWGƒŸG Qƒ° ëH áæ«©e ÉjÉ° b ìô£J »àdG äÉj~àæŸG
q
and surveying services; and providing
training to staff and members of a CSO
∫É› ‘ äÉ˘˘ ˘ e~ÿG Ë~˘˘ ˘ ≤˘ ˘ ˘Jh ;ÜGõ˘˘ ˘ M’G ø˘˘ ˘ ˘Y Ú∏˘˘ ˘ ˘ã‡h
C
to increase the skills of leaders (negoti- äÉª¶æe »ØXƒŸ ÖjQ~àdG ÒaƒJh ;…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG
ations, communications, management). ájOÉ«≤dG äGQÉ¡ŸG õjõ©J ±~¡H É¡FÉ° YCGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
.(IQGOE’Gh π°UGƒàdGh ¢VhÉØàdG äGQÉ¡e) º¡j~d

Issue A subject or interest for advocates or »˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘ °ûj …ò˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘°VƒŸG hCG ¿CÉ˘ °ûdG
ádCÉ°ùe/á«° b
e decision-makers. .äGQGô≤dG »©fÉ°U hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM


J
Jargon The specialized language of a particular áYÉæ°U hCG IQÉŒ hCG áæ¡e ‘ ádhG~àŸG ¢UÉ°üàN’G á¨d
á«MÓ£°UG á¨d profession, trade, or industry. .áæ«©e
q

Judicial Power The power of the judiciary branch of ∫É£HEÉH á«FÉ° ≤dG áÄ«¡dG ¤EG πncƒJ »àdG á£∏°ùdG
á«FÉ° b á£∏°S government to annul the acts of the Újô˘NC’G Úà˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ø˘Y IQOÉ˘°üdG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G ∫ƒ˘©˘Ø˘e
other branches when these branches are
not in accordance with a higher norm.
.É¡«∏Y ±QÉ©àŸG É«∏©dG ÒjÉ©ŸG ™e ≥aGƒàJ ’ ÚM
n

Jurisdiction The geographical area over which a hCG áªμÙG É¡«∏Y §°ùÑJ »àdG á«aGô¨÷G áMÉ°ùŸG
/¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U court or government body has the ¿CG É¡d ≥ëjh ÉgPƒØf ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øe á°ù°SDƒe …CG
power and right to exercise authority.
/á£∏°ùddG ¥É£f .ÉgOh~M øª°V É¡à£∏°S ¢SQÉ“
ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe


L
Labor Union An organization of workers in a partic- ájÉ¨dG ¿ƒμJh ,øq«©e ∫É› ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG qº° J áÄ«g
l
á«dÉªY äÉHÉ≤f/äGOÉ–G ular field formed to serve members’- á¡÷ á«YÉª÷G AÉ° YC’G ídÉ°üe áe~N É¡FÉ°ûfEG øe
collective interests with regard to
wages and working conditions.
.πª©dG ±hôXh QƒLC’G

Law A general body of rules and regulations i~MEG É¡°SôμJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›
¿ƒfÉb officiated by authority. Laws are gener- ÒJÉ°S~dG ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG êQ~æJ ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHh .äÉ£∏°ùdG
ally found in constitutions, legislation,
and judicial opinions.
.á«FÉ° ≤dG äGOÉ¡àL’Gh äÉ©jô°ûàdGh

Law and Order The strict enforcement of the law and ¤EG …ODƒj ƒëf ≈∏Y kÉeQÉ°U kÉ≤«Ñ£J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J
m
Gk õjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J the consequent social stability that PÉ˘Ø˘fEG ø˘Y œÉ˘˘æ˘ dG »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ L’G QGô˘˘≤˘ à˘ °S’G AÉ˘˘°SQEG
comes from the enforcement of law
ΩÉ¶ædGh øeCÓd within a givin society.
.ø«©e ™ªà› ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG
q

Leader Someone who rules, guides, or inspires hCG ,ø˘jô˘NB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘à˘£˘∏˘°S §˘°ùÑ˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG
º«YR/~FÉb others. A leader can be someone in kÉ˘° jCG ƒ˘gh .º˘¡˘d ΩÉ˘¡˘dEG Q~˘°üe ¿ƒ˘μ˘j hCG ,º˘˘¡˘ ¡˘ Lƒ˘˘j
charge of others or someone members
of a community follow.
hCG øjôNB’G ¿hDƒ°T ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
.áYÉª÷G AÉ° YCG ¬©Ñàj …òdG
Leadership The ability to lead, and therefore the ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘«˘dÉ˘Jh …OÉ˘jQ Qh~˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’G ≈˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG
IOÉ«b ability to gain followers. This is also ÒKCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG kÉ° jCG »gh .´ÉÑJC’G ádÉªà°SG
the ability to influence and direct fol-
lowers towards the achievement of ±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf º¡¡«LƒJh ´ÉÑJC’G A’Dƒg ≈∏Y
political goals. .IOƒ°ûæŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG

Leadership Qualities The particular traits people are looking øe ¢üî°T ‘ OôØdG É¡æY åëÑj »àdG á°UÉÿG íeÓŸG
ájOÉ«b äGõ«e/äÉØ°U for in those who represent them. .¬∏qãÁ


Legal Framework Structure of political processes includ- πª°ûJ »àdG á«°SÉ«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘æ˘H ‘ ≈˘q∏˘é˘à˘j
ÊƒfÉb QÉWEG ing elections consisting of the constitu- Éeh ,ÚfGƒ≤dGh ,~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y …ƒ£æJh äÉHÉîàf’G
tional rules, laws, complementary regu-
lations, and explicit or implicit codes of
∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äÉ˘fh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj
conduct. .Qƒà°S~dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dG

Legislature An officially elected or otherwise ÉgQÉ«àNG hCG É¡HÉîàfG …ôéj »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª›
/á«©jô°ûJ á£∏°S hCG áÄ«g
J selected body of people vested with á£∏°Sh á«dhDƒ°ùe É¡«dEG ~¡©oJ »àdGh ,iôNCG á≤jô£H
the responsibility and power to make
n
»©jô°ûJ ¢ù∏›
J ∏ laws for a political unit, such as a state
á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S I~˘Mh ø˘ª˘°V …ô˘°ùJ »˘à˘ dG ÚfGƒ˘˘≤˘ dG qø˘˘°S
or nation. .áeC’G hCG áj’ƒdÉc áæ«©e q

Legitimate Government All free and legitimate government is õ˘μ˘Jô˘jh kÉ˘«˘ fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b kÉ˘ ©˘ HÉ˘˘W π˘˘ª– »˘˘à˘ dG Iô◊G á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G
á«Yô°T áeƒμM based on governing the interactions m
OÉ«°SCG ºg OGôaCG ÚH á«∏YÉØJ äÉbÓY ájÉYQ ≈∏Y É¡ªμM
between sovereign individuals through
mutually accepted contracts.
.Úaô£dG Óc á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj m~≤Y ÖLƒÃ ∂dPh ,ºgQGôb

Level Playing Field The act of giving equal opportunities ∞∏àı áMÉàŸG ¢UôØdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùŸG ≈Yôj …òdG GC ~ÑŸG
¢UôØdG ƒaÉμJ
D to different participants or players. .AÉbôaC’G hCG ÚcQÉ°ûŸG

Leverage To use personal or institutional influ- ¢üî°ûdG Éª¡H ™àªàj …òdG ™bƒŸG hCG ÒKCÉàdG ∫Ó¨à°SG
PƒØf ence or position to gain support and/or ‹ÉŸG ºY~dG hCG/h ~«jCÉàdG Ö°ùc πLCG øe á°ù°SDƒŸG hCG
financial backing of other people and/or
institutions in a mutual endeavor.
.iôNC’G äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG/h ¢UÉî°TC’G øe

Lobby People who support some common hCG k’ÉªYCG hCG á«° b ¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’ÉH πãªàJ
/§¨° dG äÉYƒª› cause, business, principle, or sectional ;ø«©e ´É£≤H á∏°U äGP ídÉ°üe hCG ácÎ°ûe ÇOÉÑe
interest; a group of people who try
q
á£ZÉ°V iƒb actively to influence legislation.
ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG ~éH ≈©°ùJ ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒªÛG √ògh
x
.äÉ©jô°ûàdG ≈∏Y
Local Election An election held in a particular locality π˘LCG ø˘e ø˘«˘©˘e ¿É˘μ˘e ‘ …ôŒ »˘à˘dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
q
á«∏ﬁ äÉHÉîàfG to choose between candidates or to .ìGÎbG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG hCG Úë°TôŸG ÚH QÉ«àN’G
vote on ballot measures.


M
Majority Fifty percent of the votes cast plus one ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ Ú°ùªN »æ©J
á≤∏£e ájÌcCG vote. This as opposed to a plurality of »æ©J »àdG ájOÉ©dG ájÌcC’ÉH áfQÉ≤e ,~MGh äƒ°U
k
the vote or the most votes cast. See
Plurality.
™˘˘LGQ .á˘˘ YpÎ≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘ °UC’G á˘˘ jÌcCG ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘ °ü◊G
.á«Ñ°ùædG ájÌcC’G
Majority System An electoral formula in which the win- ÌcCG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ∫Éæj ¿CG »° à≤J á«HÉîàfG á¨«°U
á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f ning candidate must receive more than á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG Ö°ùëH áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ∞°üf øe
half (50% + 1) of the votes cast.
.(1+%50)

Mandate A command or an authorization given º¡∏ãªŸ ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬ëæÁ …òdG ∞«∏μàdG hCG π«cƒàdG
áj’ƒdG I~e/¢ jƒØJ by a political electorate to its represen- »àdG IÎØdG ÉeCG .º¡ª°SÉH ºμ◊G ¢SQÉÁ ¿CG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG
tative. The period of time that this rep-
resentative stays in office is also called
I~Ã kÉ° jCG ±ô©àa ¬Ñ°üæe ‘ ÒNC’G Gòg É¡«° ≤j
n o
mandate. .ºμ◊G ‘ ¬àj’h

Mass Media Any independent press that has a large .™°SGh Qƒ¡ªéH ≈¶ëj π≤à°ùe »eÓYEG Èæe …CG
ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh audience.

Material Resources Tangible assets such as money, equip- πFÉ˘°Shh äG~˘©ŸGh ∫Gƒ˘eC’É˘c á˘°Sƒ˘ª˘∏ŸG äGOƒ˘LƒŸG
ájOÉe OQGƒe ment, modes of communication, and i~MEG äGOƒLƒŸG √òg πqμ°ûJh .π≤æàdGh ∫É°üJ’G
transportation. One of three interlinked
resources (including human resources
ÖfÉ˘L ¤EG) É˘¡˘æ˘«˘H É˘e ‘ á˘£˘HGÎŸG á˘˘KÓ˘˘ã˘ dG OQGƒŸG
and time) essential to consider in any òNDƒJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG (âbƒdG πeÉYh ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸG
n
planning of an advocacy campaign or …CG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«¶æJ ~æY ¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘
q
other civic action. .ôNBG Ê~e ∑ô–

Mayor Chief official of a city can be elected or Rƒ˘é˘j .á˘æ˘j~ŸG ¿hDƒ˘°T ô˘j~˘j ≈˘∏˘YCG »˘˘ª˘ °SQ ∫hDƒ˘ °ùe
l
áj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«FQ
« appointed. .¬æ««©J hCG ¬HÉîàfG


Media Access The purpose of this policy is to ensure ¿hDƒ°T á÷É©e ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G ¤EG á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg ±~¡J
¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG/ΩG~îà°SG ≥M that privacy, security and legal issues á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸGh á˘eÓ˘°ùdGh á˘«˘°Uƒ˘°üÿG
concerning the Internet and other
ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh forms of electronic communication,
»àdG á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe ÉgGƒ°Sh âfÎfE’ÉH
including e-mail, voice-mail, electronic ,á˘˘ «˘ ˘Jƒ˘˘ °üdG π˘˘ FÉ˘˘ °Sô˘˘ dGh ,ÊhÎμ˘˘ d’G ~˘˘ jÈdG π˘˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ °ûJ
E
fax, bulletin boards, television access äÉ˘˘£ﬁh ,äGô˘˘°ûæ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘Mƒ˘˘dh ,ÊhÎμ˘˘d’G ¢ùcÉ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dGh
E
channels, electronic subscription serv- ‘ ∑GÎ°T’G á˘e~˘˘Nh ,∫hÉ˘˘æ˘ àŸG ‘ á˘˘Yƒ˘˘°VƒŸG Iõ˘˘Ø˘ ∏˘ à˘ dG
ices, and any other electronic commu-
nication forms are addressed, and that a ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh …CGh ,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG
policy is formally established to define q¿GC ø˘˘e ~˘˘cÉC ˘ à˘ dG ¤EG kÉ˘ ° jCG ±~˘˘¡˘ J »˘˘gh .á˘˘ «˘ ˘fhÎμ˘˘ d’G
E
appropriate use of these tools. ¤EG »eôJ É‰EG á«ª°SôdG äÉÄ«¡dG É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG
.áªFÓŸG ¥ô£dÉH äGhOC’G √òg ∫Éª©à°SG á¡Lh ~j~–

Mediation The process of a person or group serv- ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ hCG ¢üî˘°ûd í˘ª˘ °ùJ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG
§«°SƒdG QhO AGOCG/áWÉ°Sh ing as a neutral facilitator between two πμH ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW ÚH äÉbÓ©dG Ò°ù«àH ¢UÉî°TC’G
q
or more parties. Civil society organiza-
tions and media can play this role in
πFÉ°Shh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàjh .ájOÉ«M
democratic societies to bridge the inter- äÉ˘˘ ˘©˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ àÛG ‘ Qh~˘˘ ˘dG Gò˘˘ ˘g …ODƒ˘ ˘ J ¿CÉ˘ ˘ ˘H ΩÓ˘˘ ˘ Y’G
E
ests of citizens and government. ídÉ°üe ÚH Öjô≤àdG ¤EG É¡æe kÉ«©°S ,á«WGô≤Á~dG
.áeƒμ◊Gh ÚæWGƒŸG

Member Person who voluntarily joins an organiza- hCG á˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ¤EG ¬˘˘JOGQEG AπÃ º˘˘° æ˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG
q
ƒ° Y tion or campaign, and has certain rights ¢ ©ÑH ™∏£˘° jh ¥ƒ˘≤◊G ¢ ©˘Ñ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘«˘a ,á˘∏˘ª◊G
and responsibilities within the decision-
making structure. Members of CSOs play
Ö©˘˘∏˘ jh .QGô˘˘≤˘ dG PÉ˘˘î˘ JG Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘NGO äÉ˘˘«˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùŸG
various roles, includng Volunteer recruit- ôncòjo ,QGhOCG I~Y Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ AÉ° YC’G
ment, participation in General Assembly ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸGh ,ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG ‘ ºgQhO É¡æe
sessions, and public relations. .áeÉ©dG äÉbÓ©dG ~«WƒJh ,áeÉ©dG á«©ª÷G äÉ°ù∏L

Message A limited body of truthful information ,É¡H ¥ƒKƒe mäÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y ô°üà≤j »°ù«FQ ¢üf
(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ that is consistently conveyed by a candi- ≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á∏ª◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÖXGƒjh
date, party, or civic campaign to provide
persuasive reasons for an audience to
¬©a~J á©æ≤e kÉHÉÑ°SCG Qƒ¡ª÷G AÉ£YEG ±~¡H ÉgOGOôJ
choose, and act on behalf of that choice. .QÉ«ÿG ∑GP øem »MƒH πª©dGh √QÉ«N øY ÜGôYE’G ¤EG

Mission Statement A written statement explaining the øe Oƒ°ûæŸG »°SÉ°SC’G ¢Vô¨dG ìô°ûj Üƒàμe ¿É«H
áª¡ŸG ¿É«H main purpose of the civic organization, á˘©˘aG~ŸG á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ M hCG ±Ó˘˘à˘ F’G hCG á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG á˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG
coalition, or advocacy campain and
what it aims to accomplish.
.¬≤«≤– ¤EG äÉÄ«¡dG √òg ƒÑ°üJ …òdG ±~¡dGh


Mobilization Process of organizing and motivating ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ƒëf º¡©aOh ÚæWGƒŸG º«¶æJ á«∏ªY
∂jô–/áÄÑ©J/~°ûM
M citizens to take part in civic organizing, á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ∫ÓN øe Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ¿hDƒ°T ÒH~J
including public advocacy campaigns,
ÚæWGƒŸG elections, or community activities.
.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG á£°ûfCG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G hCG ,áeÉ©dG

Multi-Culturalism Refers to a society that recognizes val- kÉ˘fRh º˘«˘≤˘j …ò˘˘dG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG ¤EG Iô˘˘gÉ˘˘¶˘ dG √ò˘˘g Ò°ûJ
hCG á«aÉ≤K ájO~©J ues and promotes the contributions of OG~LC’G çGôJh ‘É≤ãdG çQE’G ¬e~≤j Ée »ªæjh º«≤∏d
the various cultural heritages and ances-
q q
äÉaÉ≤ãdG ájO~©J tries of all. A policy of inclusion of all
‘ kÉ˘° jCG ≈˘q∏˘é˘à˘J »˘gh .äÉ˘eÉ˘¡˘°SEG ø˘e ø˘˘«˘˘Yƒ˘˘æ˘ àŸG
r n
cultures and ethnicities in a society or äÉ˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dG ™˘«˘ª˘L êÉ˘eOEG ¤EG »˘eô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG
civilization. .IQÉ° ◊G hCG ™ªàÛG ‘ á«æKE’G ¢üFÉ°üÿGh

Multi-Party System System in which more than two parties ~«dÉ≤e ‹ƒJ ≈∏Y ÚHõM øe ÌcCG ¬«a ¢ùaÉæàj ΩÉ¶f
á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f compete for control of government. ‘ á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .ºμ◊G
Most of the world’s democracies are
multi-party systems.
.á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdÉH õ«ªàJ ⁄É©dG
q


N
Negotiation Problem solving methodology which äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J ¤EG kI~gÉL ≈©°ùJ πcÉ°ûŸG π◊ á«dBG q
¢VhÉØJ/á°VhÉØe strives to meet the needs of both (or all) q¿GC q’GE ,´GõædG »naôW ,(ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL hCG) ÚHõ◊G Óc
parties involved in a dispute. While it is
r
not always possible to meet the needs
Gk ô¶f áæ«©e ±G~gCG ≥«≤– ƒëf ¬éàJ á«∏ª©dG √òg
q
of all, the process is goal oriented. This πqμ°ûjh .ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J Qqò©àd
practice is one of the cornerstones of á˘˘«˘ WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG á˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸG õ˘˘FÉ˘˘cQ ~˘˘MGC Qh~˘˘ dG Gò˘˘ g AGOCG
democratic practice and civic organiz- .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ¤EG Ú«YÉ°ùdG Ê~ŸG πª©dG º«¶æJh
ing to achieve policy reform.

Network Communication structure within which äÉYƒªÛG hCG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG ä’É°üJ’G á«æH
áμÑ°T individuals or groups share values or ¤EG kÉ˘«˘©˘°S á˘©˘aG~ŸG Oƒ˘¡˘é˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dG hCG º˘«˘≤˘dG ∫OÉ˘Ñ˘J
advocate policy changes.
.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG

Networking Process by which new relationships are øe I~j~L äÉbÓY áeÉbEG ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dG
äÉμÑ°ûddG AÉ°ûfGE /è°ùf
f °f built to raise awareness about an organiza- hCG á«° b hCG áª¶æe …CG ∫ƒM »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG πLCG
q
tion, issue, or process. Networking is an
essential component of an advocacy cam-
äÉ˘eƒ˘≤ŸG i~˘MEG π˘qμ˘°ûj äÉ˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûdG è˘˘°ùæ˘˘a .QÉ˘˘°ùe
paign, to build momentum and encourage ºNõdG AÉ£YEG ¤EG »eôjh ,á©aG~ŸG äÓª◊ á«°SÉ°SC’G
broader participation in the process. .™°ShCG ácQÉ°ûe ¬«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ™«é°ûJh QÉ°ùe …C’
k

Neutral Political A political environment aiming at hav- …CG ºYOh AGôLEG ¤EG ±~¡j …òdG »°SÉ«°ùdG §«ÙG
q
Environment ing and supporting free, fair, and credi- .á¡jõfh ádOÉYh IôM äÉHÉîàfG
ble elections.
…OÉ«M »°SÉ«°S §«ﬁ
Neutrality A system or environment that does not ôNBG ≈∏Y kÓj~H kÓM π° ØJ ’ áÄ«H hCG ΩÉ¶f πc GC ~Ñe
q q
p
ájOÉ«M/OÉ«M favor any particular alternative or out- .iôNCG ≈∏Y áæ«©e áé«àf ’h
come.
q


Non-Government An organization that is not developed hCG ÉgAÉ°ûfEG á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG ¤ƒàJ ’ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG
Organization (NGO) or directed by government bodies, ÒZ äÉ˘°ù°SDƒŸG π˘μ˘°T ò˘î˘à˘ J É˘˘e kÉ˘ Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z »˘˘gh ,É˘˘¡˘ JQGOEG
often having non-profit status, whose
á«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe work focuses on strengthening politi- á«∏ª©dG õjõ©J ≈∏Y É¡∏ªY ¥É£f ‘ õqcôJh á«ëHôdG
cal processes and institutions. They ¤EG ≈©°ùJ »¡a .äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ºFÉYO â«ÑãJh á«°SÉ«°ùdG
work to create more political space
and increase the potential and quality
ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe IOÉjRh »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG á©bQ ™«°SƒJ
if citizen participation. NGOs are ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG πé°ùoJh .á«YƒædGh äÉ«fÉμeE’G å«M øe
s
legally registered CSOs with formal Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe áfÉN â– kÉ«fƒfÉb á«eƒμ◊G
rights and responsibilities, and a bind-
ing formal governance structure. See
,á˘«˘ª˘°SQ äÉ˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùÃ ™˘∏˘£˘° Jh ¥ƒ˘≤˘ë˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J »˘à˘dG
also Non-Profit Organization and kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏ªY IQGOEG ∫É› ‘ á«ª°SQ á«æÑH Ωõà∏Jh
Civil Society Organization. .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG á«ëHôdG ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG

Non-Partisan When something relates to all political §ÑJôj ’ hCG ÜGõMC’G ™«ªéH §ÑJôj Ée ≈∏Y q∫~J áØ°U
/»HõM ÒZ parties or no particular political parties. kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW òîàJ ’ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’Éa .Ú©e ÜõëH
A non-partisan election is one in which
RÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe ÒZ
q candidates are not affiliated with partic- ÜGõMCG ¤EG É¡«a Úë°TôŸG »ªàæj ’ mäÉHÉîàfG ¤EG Ò°ûJ
ular parties and their party is not listed ÉeCG .ÜGõMC’G ôcP ≈∏Y ´GÎb’G ábQh »JCÉJ ’h áæ«©e
on the ballot. A non-partisan organiza- •ÉÑJQG ¿hO ∫ƒ– »àdG ∂∏J »¡a IRÉëæŸG ÒZ áª¶æŸG
tion is one that associates with either no
political parties or many different polit- ,ÜGõMCG I~Y ™e ≈WÉ©àJ »àdG hCG ø«©e mÜõëH É¡ª°SG
q
ical parties, avoiding the association .øq«©e ÜõëH É¡£Hôd kÉjOÉØJ
with one particular party.

Non-Partisan A domestic organization that, on the ájOÉ«◊ÉH É¡˘aÉ˘°üJG º˘μ˘ë˘H »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸG
Domestic Election basis of political impartiality, monitors ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ¤ƒ˘à˘J á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG
election processes to promote electoral
Monitoring ΩGÎMG ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘°Uô˘Mh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘gGõ˘æ˘d Gk õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘ J
integrity and ensure that the rights of
Organization (or voters are respected in the electoral √ò˘g º˘° Jh .á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG √ò˘˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤˘ M
Group)
q
process. Such an organization is com-
¬«a …ôŒ …òdG ~∏ÑdG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ÚæWGƒe äÉª¶æŸG
á«∏ﬁ (äÉYƒª› hCG) äÉª¶æe prised of nationals of the country
where the voting is taking place and Úë°TôŸG øe …CG ¿h~jDƒj ’ º¡æμdh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY
áÑbGôÃ án∏cƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ
n does not support or detract from any .º¡fCÉ°T øe ¿ƒ°ü≤àæj ’h äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸG
äÉHÉîàf’G competitor in an election.

Non-Partisan A national of a country who monitors πª°ûàa ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ÖbGôj …òdG øWGƒŸG
Domestic Election election processes, including observing õ˘cGô˘e π˘NGO á˘˘«˘ YôŸG äGAGô˘˘LE’G á˘˘Ñ˘ bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘eÉ˘˘¡˘ e
procedures inside polling places, as part
Monitor (or IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏ﬁ áª¶æe ‘ Gk ƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ´GÎb’G
of a nonpartisan domestic election
Observer) monitoring organization. .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ ≈æ©oJ
»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe
RÉëæŸG ÒZ


Non-Profit A specific classification of civil society Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ≈∏Y …ô°ùj O~ﬁ ∞«æ°üJ
Organization organization, noting a tax-exempt sta- ¢üæJ Ée ≥ah ÖFGô° dG øe á«Ø©e É¡fCG ≈∏Y ád’~∏d
tus as determined by the state’s legisla- q
á«ëHQ ÒZ äÉª¶æe tion. In order to maintain such status, √òg ≈∏Y ø«©àjh .áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG äÉ©jô°ûJ ¬«∏Y
q
organizations must comply with a ~«≤àJ ¿CG ,áØ°üdG √òg ≈∏Y É¡æe kÉXÉØM ,äÉª¶æŸG
q
diverse array of legal and regulatory
requirements and have a sound system
á«ª«¶æàdGh á«fƒfÉ≤dG •hô°ûdG øe á©°SGh áMhôÃ
for finanial reporting. .á«dÉŸG ôjQÉ≤àdG Ë~≤àd kÉª«∏°S kÉeÉ¶f ™ÑàJ ¿CGh
q

Non-Violence Approach of gaining political power πFÉ°SƒdÉH á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdÉH RƒØdG í«àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸG
∞æYÓdG/∞æ©dG òÑf through means which do not involve ô°TÉÑe ÒZ hCG ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH ¢UÉî°TC’G ¢Vô©J ’ »àdG
direct or indirect physical harm to per-
q
sons. A driving philosophy in many polit- Òãμ∏d kÉjƒb kÉªNR »£©J áØ°ù∏a »gh .áj~°ùL ájPCG ¤EG
ical movements and advocacy campaigns. .á©aG~ŸG äÓªMh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉcô◊G øe


O
Objective A defined, incremental step toward a ≥«≤– ƒëf Oƒ≤J »àdG á≤MÓàŸGh IO~ÙG äGƒ£ÿG
¢UÉN/O~ﬁ ±~g hCG ¢VôZ goal. An advocacy objective aims to Ò«˘¨˘J ƒ˘g á˘©˘aG~ŸG ø˘˘e ¢Vô˘˘¨˘ dÉ˘˘a .ΩÉ˘˘©˘ dG ±~˘˘¡˘ dG
change the policies, programs, or posi-
(ΩÉY ÒZ) tions of governments, institutions, or É˘gò˘î˘à˘J »˘˘à˘ dG ∞˘˘bGƒŸG hCG è˘˘eGÈdG hCG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG
organizations relative to that goal or ±~¡dG ∂dP øe äÉª¶æŸG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG äÉeƒμ◊G
toward achieving that goal. .¬≤«≤– √ÉŒÉH hCG

Opinion Poll A survey conducted between and iôNCGh äÉHÉîàfG ÚH Ée …ôéj ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SG
ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG before elections to get a projection on äÉ©bƒJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G πLCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb Éeh
the outcome of the elections. Such
polls can also be a tool of a CSO, polit- …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG í∏°üJh .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∫ƒM
ical party, or government official/office Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe É¡e~îà°ùJ IGOCÉc kÉ° jCG √òg
to gauge public opinion on public poli-
cies or reform efforts.
¿ƒ˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸG É˘¡˘H Ú©˘à˘°ùj hCG á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G hCG
ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d Gk ~°UQ á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«eƒμ◊G
.ìÓ°UE’G Oƒ¡L hCG áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ƒM
Opposition A political party or an organized group ¢VQÉ©J »àdG áª q¶æŸG áYƒªÛG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G
á°VQÉ©e opposed to the group, party, or govern- .á£∏°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG ≥jôØdG
ment in power.

Organization In most basic terms, an organization is áYƒª› ¤EG ,»°SÉ°SC’G ÉgÉæ©Ã ,áª¶æŸG áª∏c Ò°ûJ
áª¶æe a group of people who work together º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª¶æjh kÉ©e ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe
and are purposely organized to accom-
plish an overall, common goal or set of ±G~˘˘gCG á˘˘ Yƒ˘˘ ª› hCG ∑Î°ûe ±~˘˘ g ≥˘˘ «˘ ˘≤– ~˘˘ °ü≤˘˘ H
goals. Members of an organization usu- Gk Qƒ°üJ kIOÉY áª¶æŸG AÉ° YCG ™° jh .k’ÉªLEG ácÎ°ûe
q
ally have a vision, or image, about how
the organization should be working
πμ°ûdG øYh áª¶æŸG πªY á≤jôW øY áeÉY Iôμa hCG
and how it should appear when things .ΩGô˘j É˘e ≈˘∏˘ Y É˘˘¡˘ dÉ˘˘ª˘ YCG Ò°ùJ ÚM √ò˘˘î˘ à˘ J …ò˘˘dG
are going well. In addition, each organ- áª¡e AGOCÉH áª¶æe qπc ~¡©àJ ,∂dP ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH
ization has a specific mission, or over-
all purpose.
.ΩÉY ±~g ≥«≤ëàH hCG áæ«©e q


Outreach Effort by individuals in an organization á˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG AÉ˘° YCG É˘¡˘dò˘Ñ˘j »˘à˘dG Oƒ˘¡÷G
∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡L or group to connect its ideas or prac- hCG äÉª¶æe ¤EG º¡JÉ°SQÉ‡ hCG ºgQÉμaCG π≤f ¤EG kÉ«©°S
tices to the efforts of other organiza-
tions, groups, specific audiences, or the Ö©˘°ûdG ¤EG hCG ø˘«˘©˘e Qƒ˘˘¡˘ ª˘ L hCG iô˘˘NCG äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
q
general public. Outreach is a funda- õFÉcôdG i~MEG πqμ°ûJ √òg ∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡éa .káeÉY
mental component of any successful .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«dEG ~æà°ùJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G
advocacy campaign.

Overhead The fixed operating expenses of an …CG É˘g~˘Ñ˘μ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘à˘HÉ˘ã˘dG π˘«˘¨˘°ûà˘dG ∞˘jQÉ˘˘°üe
(Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ) áeÉY ∞jQÉ°üe organization that are added to a budget á°SQÉ‡ øe É¡æqμÁ ÉÃ É¡àfRGƒe ¤EG É¡Ø«° Jh áª¶æe
to enable that organization to do busi-
ness. Overhead costs may include rent, áeÉ©dG ∞«dÉμàdG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG øμÁh .É¡dÉªYCG
utilities, equipment, supplies, and com- ,äGõ«¡éàdGh ,äBÉ°ûæŸGh ,äGQÉéjE’G (Iô°TÉÑŸG ÒZ)
munication. .ä’É°üJ’Gh ,ΩRGƒ∏dGh


P
Parallel Vote Provides an independent verification of è˘FÉ˘à˘f ø˘e á˘˘∏˘ ≤˘ à˘ °ùe á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ g ~˘˘j ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ≥˘˘≤˘ ë˘ à˘ dG
Tabulation (PVT) election results. To conduct a sound á˘æ˘«˘Y QÉ˘«˘à˘NG º˘à˘j ,QÉ˘WE’G Gò˘g ‘h .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G
PVT, a random statistical-based sample
q q
ájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG of polling stations are drawn. Trained ¤EG OÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘à˘ ˘°S’É˘˘ H ´GÎb’G õ˘˘ cGô˘˘ e ø˘˘ e á˘˘ «˘ ˘ FGƒ˘˘ ˘°ûY
volunteers from civil society are ∫hG~˘˘L OG~˘˘YEG π˘˘ LCG ø˘˘ e Iô˘˘ aGƒ˘˘ àŸG äÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘FÉ˘˘ °üME’G
deployed to polling stations to observe ‘ ÚHQ~ŸG ÚYƒ£àŸG ô°ûf ºàj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .áª«∏°S
and record all aspects of the voting and q
counting process. This information, ∫ƒM º¡JÉ¶MÓe Gƒ∏é°ùjh GƒÑbGÒd ´GÎb’G õcGôe
including the official polling stations .Éª¡ÑfGƒL πμH ,äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ´GÎb’G »à«∏ªY
q
vote count results, is then sent to a cen-
tral collection point where the data is
èFÉàædG É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg ∫É°SQEG ¤EG QÉ°üjo ºK
used to evaluate the overall quality of the õcôe ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ äGƒ°UC’G RôØd á«ª°SôdG
election day proceedings and to project, äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω~îà°ùoJ å«M äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ ¢ü°üﬂ
n
or verify, official results based on precise
analysis of polling center data.
äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G á«Yƒf º««≤àd
è˘˘FÉ˘˘à˘ æ˘ dG ¿CÉ˘ °ûH äÉ˘˘©˘ bƒ˘˘à˘ dG QG~˘˘°UE’h ,∫É˘˘ª˘ LE’É˘˘H
π˘«˘∏– ¤EG Gk OÉ˘æ˘à˘°SG ,É˘¡˘æ˘e ≥˘≤˘ë˘à˘dG hCG ,á˘«˘ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG
.kÉ≤«bO kÓ«∏– ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY áŒÉædG äÉfÉ«ÑdG

Parliament The political assembly in which elected ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã˘ªŸG É˘¡˘«˘a ¢ûbÉ˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ ª÷G
ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏›
∏ representatives debate and vote upon pro- ≈bôJh .É¡«∏Y ¿ƒJƒ°üjh áMÎ≤ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¿ƒÑîàæŸG
posed laws. The word ‘parliament’ comes
n
from 15th century English, and from a øe ≥à°ûJ »gh ô°ûY ¢ùeÉÿG ¿ô≤dG ¤EG ' ¿ÉŸôH'' á¶Ød
q
French word meaning ‘talking place’. .''QhÉ°ûàdG hCG ∫hG~à∏d ¿Éμe'' »æ©J á«°ùfôa IQÉÑY

Participation The act of sharing in the actvities of a É¡ª¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’G ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G •GôîfG ≈∏Y q∫~J
ácQÉ°ûe
e civil society organization, political ‘ hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe
party, or political process; the condi-
tion of sharing in common with oth- É¡fƒ°û«©j mádÉM ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG q∫~Jh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG
ers. Participation is a right and respon- øWGƒª∏d ≥M »g ácQÉ°ûŸGh .øjôNB’G ™e ∑QÉ°ûàdÉH
w
sibility of citizens in a democracy, •ôîæj å«M á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ ¬«∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùeh
through issue-oriented civil society
organizations and/or political parties. ≈∏Y ÉgOƒ¡L Ö°üJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘
q
.á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ‘ hCG/h ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©e


Participatory Process through which a portion of kÉÑfÉL áfRGƒŸG øe º°ùb ™°Vh á«∏ª©dG √òg »° à≤J
Budgeting the budget is set aside for citizens to á˘˘¡˘ Lh GhO~˘˘ë˘ j ¿CG Úæ˘˘WGƒ˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ ˘d ≈˘˘ æ˘ ˘°ùà˘˘ j ≈˘˘ à˘ ˘M
determine how to use it. This process
á«cQÉ°ûàdG áfRGƒŸG OG~YEG
à works to increase citizen’s participa- ¤EG äÉ˘fRGƒŸG ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ≈˘©˘°ùjh .¬˘dÉ˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG
tion in decision-making while improv- QGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«°SƒJ
ing accountability, community cohe-
sion, and furthering the delivery of
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ~jõjh ,ádAÉ°ùŸG kÉ° jCG Rõ©j Éª«a q
cost-effective services. äGP äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ J iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ø˘˘°ùë˘˘ jh ,kÉ˘ ˘μ˘ ˘°SÉ“
q
.É¡à©Øæe ¤EG Gk ô¶f ádƒÑ≤ŸG áØ∏μàdG
Partisan Anything relating to a political party. Úë˘a .á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG á˘˘∏˘ °üH âÁ É˘˘e π˘˘c
q
RÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe/»HõM When an election is partisan, it means ≈∏Y Gòg q∫~j É‰EG ,kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW äÉHÉîàf’G πª–
q that party affiliation is a component of
the contest and may be listed on the ‘ √ôcP Opôjn ~b …òdG »Hõ◊G Úë°TôŸG AÉªàfG á«ªgCG
ballot. .´GÎb’G ábQh

Partnership Formal or informal, involving two or ,»ª°SôdG ÒZ hCG »ª°SôdG É¡eƒ¡ØÃ ,ácGô°ûdG º° J q
ácGô°T more parties, including CSOs, govern- ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW
ment, and/or other actors; to develop
a shared understanding of problems ;iôNC’G á∏YÉØdG iƒ≤dG hCG/h ,ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG/h
and mutually-agreeable steps to πcÉ°ûŸG ∫É«M ∑Î°ûe »Yh áYÉ°TEG ¤EG ≈©°ùJ »gh
address them. É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ≥˘Ø˘à˘j »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘£ÿG ~˘j~– ¤EGh á˘Mhô˘£ŸG
.πcÉ°ûŸG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ¿Éaô£dG

Party A group of people who join together á˘jGQ â– ¿hƒ˘° æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
ÜõM because they share many ideas about á˘≤˘jô˘W ∫ƒ˘M QÉ˘μ˘aCG I~˘Y ¿hô˘WÉ˘°ûà˘j º˘¡˘ fC’ I~˘˘MGh
what the government should do.
.ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡

Petition A request to an authority, most com- áæq«©e á£∏°S ¤EG ¢UÉî°TCG ¬H Ω~≤àj …òdG Ö∏£dG
q
á° jôY monly a government official or public äÉÄ«¡dG hCG Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ‘ ΩÉY m¬LƒH πqãªàJ
entity. Petitions are one type of tactic
used by civic groups in advocacy cam- äGƒ£ÿG ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T »g ¢ FGô©dGh .áeÉ©dG
paigns to gather signatures of like- ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG É¡«dEG ÉC é∏J »àdG á«μ«àμàdG
minded citizens on a particular issue.
ÚæWGƒŸG ™«bGƒJ ™ªL ±~¡H ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM QÉWEG
.áæ«©e á«° b ∫ƒM É¡JGP AGQB’G ¿hôWÉ°ûàj øjòdG
q
Platform The program, often written, that the Ωõà∏j …òdG ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÜƒàμŸG ,èeÉfÈdG
»HÉîàfG èeÉfôH
e political party or candidate will address ¬æª° àj ÉÃ) ¬≤«Ñ£àH í°TôŸG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G
(including political, social, and econom-
ic pillars) if and when they are elected. ≈àeh GPEG (ájOÉ°üàbGh á«YÉªàLGh á«°SÉ«°S õFÉcQ øe
This is not a campaign message. è˘˘eÉ˘˘fÈdG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ ø˘˘μ˘ dh .¬˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG ”
q
.á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ øY ∞∏àîj »HÉîàf’G


Pledge A solemn promise or undertaking to πã˘e ø˘«˘©˘e π˘ª˘©˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dÉ˘H »˘ª˘°SQ ΩGõ˘à˘dG hCG ~˘Yh
q
~¡©J commit to something, like making con- .äÉª¶æŸG i~MEG ¤EG äÉªgÉ°ùŸG Ë~≤J
tributions to an organization. A formal
commitment.

Plurality The most votes cast in a given election. »gh ,áæ«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG
q
á«Ñ°ùf ájÌcCG
f This differs from a majority of the %50 ≈∏Y q∫~J »àdG á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G øY ∞∏àîJ
votes cast or 50% plus one vote.
.~MGh äƒ°U ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe

Plurality Majority They are the winner-take-all systems we ~ªà©jo …òdG á«∏«ãªàdG ~YÉ≤ŸG áaÉμH õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f
n
Systems most often use to elect officials to our äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ ÚdhDƒ˘°ùŸG ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’ ¿É˘«˘ MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘
local, state, and federal legislatures.
…ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f These systems all require the winning .äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG ‘h á˘«˘dGQ~˘˘Ø˘ dGh á˘˘«˘ ∏ÙG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG
candidate to garner either a plurality or π°üëj ¿CG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG øe ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg »° à≤jh
a majority of the votes. .á≤∏£ŸG hCG á«Ñ°ùædG ,äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏Y

Policy Action The steps taken to address a problem øe áæ«©e á∏μ°ûe á÷É©Ÿ IòîàŸG äGƒ£ÿG ´ƒª›
q
äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG Ò«¨J √ÉŒÉH ∑ô– by changing or reinforcing a policy. .É¡∏«©ØJ hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J ∫ÓN

Political Culture The sum of attitudes, beliefs, and πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉ©bƒàdGh äG~≤à©ŸGh ∞bGƒŸG ´ƒª›
á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K expectations that constitute particular äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉHh áeÉ˘Y ™˘ª˘àÛÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG
k
orientations toward society in general
and politics in particular. .á°UÉN

Political Landscape The environment in which the cam- ¤EG kIQÉ˘°TEG ,É˘gQÉ˘WEG ‘ á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G …ôŒ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ Ñ˘ dG
»°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûe
e paign will be waged, particularly in ref- ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ‘ ÚWôîæŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G ∞∏àﬂ
erence to the various people involved in
politics in the area. .á≤£æŸG

Political Participation Right of all adults of either gender to º¡≤Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH Ú°ùæ÷G øe øj~°TGôdG πc ≥M q
á«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûe
e vote; the right to form or participate in ‘ á˘˘ cQÉ˘˘ °ûŸG hCG á˘˘ «˘ ˘ °SÉ˘˘ ˘«˘ ˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘ ˘MC’G AÉ˘˘ ˘°ûfEG ‘
activities of political parties; and the
right to free, fair, and regular elections á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡dG QÉ«àNG ‘ º¡≤Mh ;É¡à£°ûfCG
for legislative bodies. .ádOÉYh IôM ájOÉY äÉHÉîàfG QÉWEG øª°V

Political Party A group of people with similar ideas or hCG AGQB’G º˘˘¡˘ ©˘ ªŒ ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›
»°SÉ«°S ÜõM aims, some of whose members nomi- ¢Vƒÿ É˘¡˘FÉ˘° YCG ¢ ©˘H ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘jh ,É˘˘¡˘ JGP ±G~˘˘gC’G
nate as candidates at elections in the
hope that they will be elected to office. äÉHÉîàf’G √òg ‘ GhRƒØj ¿CG πeCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G
.á«æ©ŸG Ö°UÉæŸG Gƒ∏¨°ûjh


Political Power The means, influences, and pressures - øe ¬∏ªà– ÉÃ ,§¨° dGh ÒKCÉàdG äGhOCGh πFÉ°SƒdG
á«°SÉ«°S á£∏°S including authority, rewards, and sanc- Iô˘aGƒ˘àŸG ÜÉ˘≤˘©˘dGh ÜGƒ˘ã˘dG º˘«˘gÉ˘Ø˘ eh äÉ˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°U
tions - available to achieve the objec-
tives of the power-holder, especially ’ ,á£∏°ùdG ÜÉë°UCG Ég~°ûæj »àdG ±G~gC’G ≥«≤ëàd
those of government, the state, and äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e π˘NGO Ö°UÉ˘æ˘e º˘¡˘æ˘e π˘¨˘°ûj ø˘e É˘ª˘«˘ °S
civil society organizations. .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æeh ádh~dGh ºμ◊G

Political Rights The right of people to participate in øª°V á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ OGôaC’G ≥M
á«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M the political life of their communities ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG ‘ º¡≤ëc ,º¡©ªà›h º¡JÉYÉªL
and society such as by voting for their
government. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ º¡«∏ã‡ QÉ«àNG

Politician An individual who is involved in influ- äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj ¢üî°T
l
á°SÉ«°ùddG πLQ/»°SÉ«°S encing public decision-making through ƒgh .áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ∫ÓN øe áeÉ©dG
the influence of politics. A politician is
often a person who is running for
kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj hCG ,øq«©e mÖ°üæÃ RƒØ∏d kÉÑdÉZ í°TÎj
office or has won an election and is .ÜÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa ôKEG
already in office.

Polling Place An officially-assigned location where ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG √~˘°ü≤˘j ´GÎbÓ˘d kÉ˘«˘ª˘°SQ ¢ü°üﬂ ¿É˘μ˘ e
´GÎb’G õcôe/¿Éμe voters go to cast their ballots under the ø˘˘Y ÚdhDƒ˘ °ùŸG á˘˘£˘ ∏˘ °S π˘˘X ‘ º˘˘¡˘ JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘ H A’OEÓ˘ d
authority of election officials.
q
.äÉHÉîàf’G

Potential Supporter A person who may possibly back an áª¶æe hCG á©aG~e á∏ªM …CG ºY~j ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
πªàﬁ ô°UÉæe advocacy campaign, civic organization, πªY á£N OG~YEG Q~éj ∂dòd .á«°SÉ«°S èeGôH hCG á«f~e
or political platform. Following a SWOT
analysis or community mapping, an
p
π«∏– AGôLEG Ö≤Y ¿Éμ°ùdG øe áÄØdG √ò¡H ∫É°üJÓd
action plan to conduct outreach to this ∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f º˘«˘«˘≤˘à˘d á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sh ƒ˘˘gh) ' äGƒ˘˘°S''
person should be done.
.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– hCG (ôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGh

Press Conference An event planned by the campaign to ¬«dEG ¿ƒY~o«a á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √~©j ç~M
q
»Øë°U ô“Dƒe which the press is invited with the pur- øY hCG á∏ª◊G øY mäÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd Ú«aÉë°üdG
pose to providing information about
the campaign or on a particular issue. .áæ«©e á«° b

Press Release Information provided by the campaign π˘FÉ˘°Sh ∫hÉ˘æ˘à˘e ‘ á˘∏˘ª◊G É˘¡˘©˘° J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘ ©ŸG
»Øë°U ¿É«H to media outlets presenting the candi- ç~M hCG á«° b øe í°TôŸG ∞bƒe í°Vƒj ÉÃ ,ΩÓYE’G
dates position on a particular issue or
event. Press releases are often written in å«M øe ,»Øë°üdG ¿É«ÑdG òîàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .ø«©e q
the form of a news story. .…QÉÑNE’G ÉC ÑædG πμ°T ,¬à¨«°U


Print Media Print media is any part of the mass ø˘˘e iô˘˘NGC á˘˘∏˘«˘°Sh …CG hCG á˘˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞˘˘ë˘°üdG
/´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG media using the written word and/or IQƒ˘°üdG hCG/h á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ùJ »˘˘à˘dG ΩÓ˘˘Y’G π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sh
E
still pictures, such as newspapers and
áYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh magazines, as opposed to electronic πª©à°ùj …òdG ÊhÎμd’G ΩÓYE’G ™e É¡d áfQÉ≤e ,I~eÉ÷G
k
media that uses the spoken word .ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h áYƒª°ùŸG áª∏μdG
and/or video.

Propaganda The propagation of ideas and information ¢ ©H ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉμaC’G ô°ûf
á«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG/G~æZÉHhôH for the purpose of influencing or intensi- .É¡à«ÑãJ hCG äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdGh ∞bGƒŸG
fying certain attitudes and behavior.

Proportional Parties having representation in a legis- á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG π˘NGO ÜGõ˘MC’G π˘«˘ã“ ø˘eDƒ˘j …ò˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘ dG
q
Representation lature in proportion to the number of »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘Ñ˘°ùf ™˘e Ö°SÉ˘æ˘à˘dÉ˘H á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘˘dG
their voters in the election.
»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f
æ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÜõM πc É¡«∏Y π°üëj
q
Public Of or having to do with the people as a ‘ ™°Vƒj Ée πc hCG ,πμc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée πc
q q q
ΩÉY whole, or something that is made view- .™«ªé∏d kÉMÉàe ¿ƒμj hCG ™«ª÷G ∫hÉæàe
able to all, something that is open.

Public Action One of several tactics used as part of QÉ˘WGE ‘ ò˘î˘à˘oJ »˘à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ μ˘ «˘ à˘ μ˘ à˘ dG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG i~˘˘MGE
nn
ΩÉY ∑ô– Advocacy Campaigns, whereby a public áÑ°SÉæe hCG ç~M º«¶æJ …ôéj å«M ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM
event is organized to attract attention to
an issue. Such actions may include ral- .áæ«©e á«° b ¤EG Ö©°ûdG √ÉÑàfG âØd πLCG øe áeÉY
q
lies, demostrations, street theater, etc. äÉfÉLô¡ŸÉc ∫Éμ°TCG I~Y ∑ôëàdG Gòg òîàj ¿CG øμÁh
.É¡«dEG Éeh ´QGƒ°ûdG ‘ á«Mô°ùŸG ¢Vhô©dGh äGÒ°ùŸGh

Public Funding/ Funds provided by the government to Úë°TôŸG ¤EG áeƒμ◊G É¡e~≤J »àdG ∫GƒeC’ÉH πãªàj
Public Financing reimburse expenses incurred by candi- »àdG äÉ≤ØædG á«£¨J πLCG øe á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh
dates and political parties to seek election.
»eƒμM πjƒ“/ΩÉY πjƒ“ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûe AGôL É¡fh~Ñμàj

Public Hearing Session at which citizens present their i~MEG ¤EG ºgAGQBG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG É¡«a Ω~≤j »àdG á°ù∏÷G
q
áeÉ©dG ´Éªà°S’G á°ù∏L
∏ views on a specific matter to a govern- .áæ«©e á«° b ∫ƒM á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG
ment body.
q

Public Official Any official or employee of the State or ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ÚØXƒŸG hCG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
»ª°SQ/»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe
e its agencies, including those who have º˘˘¡˘«˘a øÃ ,á˘˘«˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG i~˘˘MGE hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G i~˘˘d
been selected, appointed, or elected to
perform activities or functions in the øe º¡HÉîàfG hCG º¡æ««©J hCG ºgQÉ«àNG ºàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
q
name of the State or in the service of á˘e~˘˘N hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G º˘˘°SÉ˘˘H ΩÉ˘˘¡ŸG hCG á˘˘£˘°ûfC’G ò˘˘«˘Ø˘æ˘J π˘˘LGC
k
the State, at any level of its hierarchy. .á«eô¡dG áÑ«cÎdG √òg ‘ º¡©bƒe ¿Éc kÉjCG ,É¡◊É°üŸ


Public Opinion Using focus groups and / or surveys to äÉ˘˘ ˘°SGQ~˘˘ ˘dG hCG/h õ˘˘ ˘«˘ ˘ cÎdG äÉ˘˘ ˘Yƒ˘˘ ˘ª› ΩG~˘˘ ˘î˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ ˘°SG
Research gather qualitative or quantitative data hCG á˘«˘Yƒ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ™˘˘ª˘ L ™˘˘aG~˘˘H á˘˘«˘ YÓ˘˘£˘ à˘ °S’G
about citizens’ opinions in order to
ΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG shape policy and program responses. ™°Vh ¤EG kÉ«©°S ∂dPh ,ÚæWGƒŸG AGQBG ∫ƒM á«ªμdG
.áMhô£ŸG èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™e º¡HhÉŒ i~Ÿ Qƒ°üJ q
Public Policy The result of interactions between dif- äÉYƒªÛG ∞∏àﬂ ÚH ºFÉ≤dG πYÉØàdG áé«àf »JCÉJ
áeÉY äÉ°SÉ«°S ferent groups and parties about the .ÉgPÉîJG Öéj »àdG äGƒ£ÿG QÉ°ùe ¿CÉ°ûH ÜGõMC’Gh
course of action that should be taken.
These decisions are ultimately codified äÉ˘˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG …CG ,kGÒNCGh k’hCG º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e Ωƒ˘˘≤˘ Jh
by government, usually legislatures, and É¡©° J »àdG äGQGô≤dG √òg ™jô°ûàH ,kIOÉY á«©jô°ûàdG
then put into practice and monitored by
civil society organizations, activists and,
Ée ‘ ¿ƒæWGƒŸGh ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe
citizens. p
.áÑbGôª∏d É¡©° îoJh ≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ~©H


Q
Quota A number or percentage, especially of a hCG Ú°ùæ÷G ~MCG ¤EG á°UÉN I~FÉ©dG áÑ°ùædG hCG O~©dG
k
á°üM/ÉJƒc certain gender, ethnic group, minority, äÉÄØdG hCG äÉ«∏bC’G hCG á«æKE’G äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG
or unprivileged people, constituting a
required or targeted minimum so that hCG Üƒ˘∏˘ £ŸG ≈˘˘fOC’G ~◊G π˘˘qμ˘ °ûJ »˘˘à˘ dGh ,á˘˘ehôÙG
the targeted groups fill the assigned π¨°ûJ ¿CG øe áa~¡à°ùŸG äÉYƒªÛG Úμªàd Oƒ°ûæŸG
number of seats. .É¡d Oƒ°UôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y


R
Racism Animosity toward other races: preju- ¤EG ¿ƒ˘ª˘à˘æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G √ÉŒ AG~˘©˘dÉ˘H Qƒ˘˘©˘ °T
ájô°üæY dice or animosity against people who .áØ∏àﬂ ¥GôYCG
belong to other races.

Rally An organized gathering intended to á«° b ∫ƒM á°SÉª◊G ∫É©°TEG ±~¡H º s¶æjo …òdG ™ªéàdG q
(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e inspire enthusiasm for a cause. Political äÓª◊Gh á©aG~ŸG äÓªM »«ëoJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .áæq«©e
and advocacy campaigns often hold ral-
lies in support of their candidate or hCG É˘¡˘ë˘°Tô˘e º˘YO π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ äÉ˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸG á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG
issue to energize their base of support- .øjô°UÉæŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH •É°ûædGh ájƒ«◊G qåHh É¡à«° b
ers. Generally, people brought together äÉfÉLô¡ŸG ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q¿GC í«ë°Uh
by the rally organizers are will already l
be supporters, but the event may q¿GC q’GE ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj º¡©ªL ≈∏Y
receive press coverage and thereby øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj ~b ç~◊G Gòg
influence other voters. Rallies can also
be used to raise funds.
í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G á«£¨àdG π° ØH
.äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG äÉfÉLô¡ŸG º«¶æJ
Referendum The legal process of submitting to the hCG »∏ﬁ ¿ƒfÉb ¢VôY í«àJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏ª©dG
ΩÉY AÉàØà°SG voters for their approval or rejection of hCG ¬«∏Y Gƒ≤aGƒ«d ÚæWGƒŸG ≈∏Y …Qƒà°SO πj~©J
proposed state or local laws or constitu-
tional amendments. .√ƒ° aôj

Reform Change intended to improve a current øe ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ΩÉ¶ædG Ú°ù– ¤EG »eôj …òdG Ò«¨àdG
ìÓ°UEG system by correcting faults, removing á˘˘dGREGh ,¬˘˘Hƒ˘˘°ûJ »˘˘à˘ dG AÉ˘˘£˘ ˘NC’G í˘˘ «˘ ˘ë˘ ˘°üJ ∫Ó˘˘ N
inconsistencies and abuses, and impos-
ing modern values or methods. Reform º«≤dG ¢Vôah ,¬«a áæeÉμdG π∏ÿG ¬LhCGh äÉ° bÉæàdG
is not a revolution, but seeks incremen- »˘eô˘j ’ ìÓ˘°UE’Gh .¬˘«˘ ∏˘ Y Iô˘˘°UÉ˘˘©ŸG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sƒ˘˘dG hCG
tal change. Such reform could include a ~jõŸG ∫ÉNOEG ¤EG ≈©°ùj É‰EG IQƒK çG~MEG ¤EG ¬à©«Ñ£H
more robust role for marginalized
groups such as women or minority QhO õjõ©J á«fÉμeEG kÉ° jCG πªàëjh äGÒ«¨àdG øe
groups. .äÉ«∏bC’G hCG AÉ°ùædÉc á°ûª¡ŸG äÉÄØdG ¢ ©H


Representative An individual nominated or elected to øY ÜGôYEÓd ¬HÉîàfG hCG ¬æ««©J qºàj …òdG OôØdG
Ö©°ûddG πã‡ represent the concerns of others or to
make decisions on behalf of others. A
≈æ°ùàjh .º¡ª°SÉH äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’ hCG øjôNB’G Ωƒªg
q
representative could also be an advocate ø˘Y ´É˘a~˘dG ™˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘ à˘ j ¿CG kÉ˘ ° jCG Ö©˘˘°ûdG π˘˘ã˘ ªŸ
who represents a specific issue or policy. .É¡◊É°üŸ kÓ«ã“ áæ«©e á°SÉ«°S hCG á«° b
q

Representative A government in which the adult citi- A’OE’G øj~°TGôdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àj …òdG ºμ◊G ΩÉ¶f
Democracy zens of the country vote to elect the ¿ƒ°SQÉÁ øjòdG ~∏ÑdG IOÉb ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH
country’s leaders who will work on
á«∏«ã“ á«WGô≤ÁO their behalf. These elected leaders make ºg ¿ƒÑîàæŸG IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒ¡a .Ö©°ûdG º°SÉH º¡ªμM
the governmental decisions. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGQGô≤dG ¿hòîàj øjòdG

Republic A political system or form of govern- Ö©°û∏d í«àj ºμ◊G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T hCG »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f
l l
ájQƒ¡ªL ment in which people elect representa- .¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH á£∏°ùdG Gƒ°SQÉª«d ¬«∏ã‡ Öîàæj ¿CG
tives to exercise power on their behalf.

Research All the information that will influence Égƒ©ªéj ¿CG á∏ª◊G »ª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàj »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc
çÉÉëHCG this election that your campaign can ø˘˘ª˘ ° à˘˘J ~˘˘bh .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G iô› ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ô˘˘Kƒ˘ J »˘˘à˘ dGh
D
find. This may include information
about the election rules, the district, the á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dGh ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ø˘Y mäÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘©˘e
voters, past elections, this election, your ,á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’Gh á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’Gh ÚÑNÉædGh
candidate, and any viable opponents. ¿CG πHÉ≤dG ¬«°ùaÉæeh í°TôŸG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ¤EG áaÉ°VEG k
Research is the first step in putting
together a campaign strategy and plan. ≈∏Y ¤hC’G Iƒ£ÿG πqμ°ûJ çÉëHC’G √ò¡a .RƒØdG Gƒ≤≤ëj
.É¡à£N OG~YEGh á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG ™°Vh ≥jôW
Resident Someone who lives at a particular place øe á∏jƒW I~Ÿ ø«©e ¿Éμe ‘ ¢û«©j …òdG OôØdG
q
º«≤e for a prolonged period or who was .¿ÉμŸG Gòg ‘ ~dƒj …òdG hCG øeõdG
born there.

Rule A governing or reigning power or a §°ùÑJ hCG ºμ– »àdG á£∏°ùdG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡/ºμM period during which a person or group hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G ~MCG É¡«a ¤ƒàj »àdG IÎØdG hCG ,ÉgPƒØf
reigns or governs. It is also the exercise
of authority or control. kÉ° jCG »æ©j ƒgh .á£∏°ùdG ~«dÉ≤e äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG
.Iô£«°ùdG §°ùH hCG á£∏°ùdG á°SQÉ‡
Rule of Law Governance system in which no one is á£∏°ùd ™«ª÷G É¡«a ™° îj »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fCG øe ΩÉ¶f
¿ƒfÉ≤dG ºμM above the law, not even the government. ¿CG øe ~H ’ ,∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe º¡«a øÃ ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG
This requires an independent judiciary,
q
transparent and moral laws and legal sys- õ«ªàj ¿CGh ,á∏≤à°ùe á«FÉ° b á£∏°ùH ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ™àªàj
tem, and non-arbitrary or unbiased øY OÉ©àH’ÉH ∂dòch ÊƒfÉ≤dG ¬eÉ¶fh ¬æ«fGƒb á«aÉØ°ûH
application of laws.
.ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J ‘ RÉ«ëf’Gh á«HÉ°ùæà°S’G


S
Sectarianism A strong or excessive devotion to a par- ‘ Oƒ≤j ,áæ«©e áfÉjO hCG ÖgòÃ •ôØe hCG ~j~°T ∂°ù“ q
á«ØFÉW ticular form of religion, often leading to äG~≤à©ŸG ~°V á≤Ñ°ùŸG ΩÉμMC’G ¥ÓWEG ¤EG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG
a resolute prejudice against other beliefs,
q
which can be transformed into specific ΩÉ«≤dG ¤EG ¬ÑMÉ°U ôéj ~b …òdG QGô°UE’G ¢ ©ÑH iôNC’G
q
political action against certain groups. .äÉYƒªÛG ¢ ©H ¬Lh ‘ O~ﬁ »°SÉ«°S ∑ôëàH q

Self-Determination The ability to decide one's own fate or QÉ°ùe hCG √Ò°üe Qô≤j ¿CG ≈∏Y (~∏ÑdG hCG) OôØdG IQ~b
Ò°üŸG ôjô≤J course of action without compulsion; Gòg »æ©jh ;√GôcEG …CG ¿hO øe √~jôj …òdG ∑ôëàdG
free will; freedom of the people of a
given area to determine their own politi- ~LGƒàŸG Ö©°ûdG ájôMh ;Iô◊G IOGQE’G kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG
n
cal status; independence. »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¬˘©˘bƒ˘e O~˘ë˘j ¿CG ‘ á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘≤˘ £˘ æ˘ e ‘
q
.ná«dÓ≤à°S’Gh ;¢UÉÿG

Service Learning School-based program that integrates º˘«˘b êGQOEG ≈˘∏˘Y Ωƒ˘≤˘j ¢SQG~ŸG ‘ ~˘ª˘à˘©˘e è˘˘eÉ˘˘fô˘˘H
‘ •Gôîf’G ≥jôW øY º«∏©J citizenship values into education by ΩÉ˘˘ë˘ bEG ∫Ó˘˘N ø˘˘e á˘˘jƒ˘˘HÎdG è˘˘ eGÈdG ‘ á˘˘ «˘ ˘æ˘ ˘WGƒŸG
involving students in community
á«f~ŸG áe~ÿG service, often as a requirement for ø˘e m•ô˘˘°ûc ,»˘˘∏ÙG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ Iò˘˘eÓ˘˘à˘ dG
graduation. .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ êôîàdG •hô°T

Single-Party System Only one political party is legally allowed kÉ«∏©a ¤ƒàj ¿CG ‘ ~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ kÉfƒfÉb ≥ëj
~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f to hold effective power. Although minor kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MGC í˘ª˘°ùj ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG q¿GC º˘˘ZQh .º˘˘μ◊G ~˘˘«˘ dÉ˘˘≤˘ e
parties may sometimes be allowed, they
are legally required to accept the leader- É¡epõ∏j ƒ¡a ,ºμ◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉªéM ô¨°UCG ÜGõMC’
ship of the dominant party. This party Gòg qøμdh .ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G IOÉ«≤H πÑ≤J ¿CG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘
may not always be, however, identical to
º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e ™˘˘e kÉ˘ ehO ≈˘˘gÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ ˘j ’ ~˘˘ b Üõ◊G
the government, although sometimes
positions within the party may in fact be π˘NGO ¢ ©˘Ñ˘dG É˘¡˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG q¿GC QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘˘H
more important than positions within É˘¡˘fƒ˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MGC ¥ƒ˘Ø˘J ~˘˘b Üõ◊G
the government.
.É¡à«ªgCG å«M øe ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πNGO


Sit-in A form of protest in which people ¢UÉî°TCÓd í«àJ »àdG êÉéàM’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T l
ΩÉ°üàYG gather at a particular place (such as an hCG ô˘FGh~˘dG i~˘MEG Üô˘b) ø˘q«˘©˘e ™˘bƒ˘˘e ‘ n™˘˘ª˘˘é˘ à˘ dG
office, court of law, etc.) and refuse to
q
leave until their demands are heard ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G ÚM ¤EG ¬˘JQOÉ˘¨˘ e ¢ aQh (kÓ˘ ã˘ e º˘˘cÉÙG
and/or met. .É¡à«Ñ∏J hCG/h º¡ÑdÉ£Ÿ

Slogan This is a short phrase that voters may ,á∏ª◊G hCG í°TôŸG á«gÉÃ ÚÑNÉædG ôqcòJ IÒ°üb á∏ªL
QÉ©°T remember to identify the candidate or .ádÉ°SôdG øY ∞∏àîj QÉ©°ûdG q¿GC ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G ™e
campaign. A slogan is not a message.

Sound Bite In the reporting of television news, a very .IõØ∏àe ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ OpôJ ájÉ¨∏d áÑ° à≤e á∏ªL
áfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL short statement, lasting no more than a ¿CG ¤EG m¿GƒK ™° H RhÉéàJ ’ »àdG á∏ª÷G √òg ≈©°ùJh
few seconds, that tries to convey a specif-
(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘) ic idea, image, or perception that will âØ∏J áæ«©e ô¶f á¡Lh hCG IQƒ°U hCG Iôμa π≤æJ
q
attract the viewing audience’s attention. .øj~gÉ°ûŸG Qƒ¡ªL √ÉÑàfG

Sovereignty The right to be politically independent ‘ …CG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘dÓ˘≤˘à˘°S’É˘H ™˘˘à˘ ª˘ à˘ dG ‘ ≥◊G
IOÉ«°S and to have political and military con- »°SÉ«°ùdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ºμ◊G øjOÉ«e ~MCG Ò«°ùJ
trol over an area of governance without
external interference. .»LQÉN πN~J …CG øY Gk ~«©H …ôμ°ù©dGh

Speech Usually prepared remarks given orally to ≈∏Y kÉ«¡Ø°T ¢Vô©oJ »àdG I~©oŸG äÉ¶MÓŸÉH kIOÉY πãªàj
n qn
ÜÉ£N a group of people or a large audience. .Ú©ªà°ùŸG øe ~°ûM ≈∏Y hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›

Stakeholder A person or group with a direct inter- ‘ Iô°TÉÑe áë∏°üe º¡j~d ¿ƒμj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG est, involvement, or investment in a º¡JGQ~b ¿ƒØXƒj hCG É¡«a ¿ƒWôîæj hCG ,áæ«©e á«° b
particular issue. For example, employ-
q
ees, stockholders, and customers of a »∏eÉMh ÚØXƒŸG ∫Éãe ≈∏Y ,ô°TÉÑe m πμ°ûH É¡«a
business concern. .Ée kÓªY ¿ƒWÉ©àj øjòdG øFÉHõdGh äG~æ°ùdG

Stakeholder Analysis Research of the problems and interests of ¢ ©H AÉæHCÉH á£ÑJôŸG ídÉ°üŸGh πcÉ°ûŸG ∫ƒM åëÑdG
π«∏–/á«∏«∏– á°SGQO members of a certain community which ÖZô˘j ~˘b »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘˘©˘ ª˘ àÛG hCG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª÷G
politicians or civic groups may wish to
ídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY influence or engage. Such an analysis is a hCG É¡«∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG hCG á°SÉ°ùdG
common first step in the development of ácÎ°ûe á«dhCG Iƒ£îc π«∏ëàdG Gòg »JCÉjh .É¡cGô°TEG
party platforms or advocacy campaigns. .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG á«Hõ◊G èeGÈdG OG~YEG ∫É› ‘

State A region where people inhabit a specif- ¿ƒ©° îj ¢UÉî°TCG É¡æ£≤j IO~ﬁ á«aGô¨L á≤£æe
áj’h ic geographic area and who live under a .ácÎ°ûe á«°SÉ«°Sh á«fƒfÉb á£∏°ùd
common legal and political authority.


Strategic Planning A meeting, or short series of meetings, Ég~≤©J »àdG äÉYÉªàL’G øe á∏°ù∏°S hCG ´ÉªàLG l
»é«JGÎ°SG §«£îJ
« of civic organizations or a coalition and Rô˘HGC ™˘e á˘«˘aÓ˘à˘ FG á˘˘∏˘ à˘ c …CG hCG á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG
key advisors that will gather the neces-
sary information and determine the ~j~–h ájQhô° dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ªL ±~¡H øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG
overall strategy of the campaign. This √òg áZÉ«°U øe ~H ’h .πμc á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG
q
strategy must be written down in the
form of an advocacy campaign plan.
.á©aG~ŸG á∏ª◊ má£N πμ°T ≈∏Y kÉ«£N á«é«JGÎ°S’G

Strategy The approach, written into the cam- á£°ûfC’G ∫ƒM á∏ª◊G á£N É¡æª° àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸG
á«é«JGÎ°SG
« paign plan, of what the campaign will ájÉ¨dh IQƒcòŸG á∏MôŸG øe á∏ª◊G ÉgòØæà°S »àdG
do from this point to the end of the
proposed advocacy campaign. .áMÎ≤ŸG á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM

Statute Detailed descrption of a civic organiza- ∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~YGƒbh á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG π«°üØàdÉH ∞°üj
/»°SÉ°SCG ΩÉ¶f hCG ¿ƒfÉb tion’s guilding principles, codes of con- ,ihÉμ°ûdGh ∞«XƒàdÉH á≤∏©àŸG äGAGôLE’G ∂dòch
duct, as well as hiring and grievance
πª©dG ¿ƒfÉb procedures. .á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG øe áª¶æe …CG i~d á©ÑqàŸG
q

Stay on Message When a candidate or campaign contin- »ª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG QGôªà°SG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
/ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ hCG OGOôJ ues to deliver the same message or Éª∏c ¬JGP ¿ƒª° ŸG hCG É¡JGP ádÉ°SôdG π≤f ‘ á∏ª◊G
theme at every opportunity. Often the
ádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàdG opponent will try to pull the campaign
q¿GC ÉÃh º°üÿG ∫hÉëj Ée kÉÑdÉ¨a .á°UôØdG âëæ°S
off their message. øe á∏ª◊G ÆpôØjo ¿CG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ∫hÉëj º°üÿG
.É¡àdÉ°SQh É¡fƒª° e
Supporters Voters and others who have been iden- ‘ á∏ª◊G º¡Øqæ°üJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ÒZh ¿ƒÑNÉædG
¿hô°UÉæe/¿h~jDƒe tified by the campaign as people who Üõ◊G hCG í°Tôª∏d ¿ƒYÎ≤j øjòdG m ¢UÉî°TC’G ±É°üe
will vote for the candidate or party in an
election. .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘

SWOT Analysis An analysis tool focusing on the ∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘qcô˘J π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘∏˘ d IGOCG
' äGƒ°S'' π«∏– Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ á˘æ˘FÉ˘μ˘dG ô˘WÉıGh ¢Uô˘Ø˘ dGh
and Threats in the immediate political
∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG •É≤f π«∏– environment. Conducting this activity áª¶æe hCG á∏ªM …CG •É°ûædG Gòg ~YÉ°ùjh .I~FÉ°ùdG
ôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGh helps a civic organization or campaign §£ÿG OG~YEG ~æY OQGƒŸGh Oƒ«≤dG ~°UQ ‘ á«f~e
understand constraints and resources .á£°ûfC’G º«¶æJh á«é«JGÎ°S’G
when planning strategies and activities.


Syndicate Representative organization whose ø˘Y á˘©˘aG~ŸG ¤EG ±~˘¡˘J á˘«˘∏˘«˘ã“ á˘Ø˘°U äGP á˘ª˘ ¶˘ æ˘ e
áHÉ≤f goal is to advocate on behalf of its ~bh .áæq«©e øjOÉ«e ‘ ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG É¡FÉ° YCG ídÉ°üe
members - often workers within cer-
tain fields. Syndicates may also have Oƒ¡÷G ≈∏Y ôqKƒJ á«HõM äGAÉªàfG äÉHÉ≤æ∏d ¿ƒμj
D
political affiliations which influence .ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ≈∏Y §¨° dG ¢Vô©e ‘ É¡dòÑJ »àdG
their lobbying efforts.


T
Tactics A procedure or set of maneuvers É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘j »˘à˘dG äGQhÉ˘˘æŸG á˘˘∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°S hCG ÒHG~˘˘à˘ dG
á«μ«àμJ äGƒ£N engaged in to achieve an end, an aim, .IOƒ°ûæŸG ±G~gC’G hCG äÉjÉ¨dG ≥«≤ëàd É¡HÉë°UCG
or a goal.

Target Audience Citizens whom the campaign believes á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘H º˘¡˘YÉ˘æ˘bEG π˘HÉ˘≤˘dG Úæ˘WGƒŸG ´ƒ˘˘ª›
±~¡à°ùe Qƒ¡ªL are most likely to be persuaded by the
n e campaign’s message and thus provide
»ª¶æe OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH ,É¡d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH kÉ«dÉJh
support - possibly decision-makers »˘©˘fÉ˘°U kÉ˘° jCG º˘° j Qƒ˘¡˘ ª÷G Gò˘˘g π˘˘©˘ dh .á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G
q q
who have the authority to address the á÷É©e ‘ ,º¡à£∏°S ºμëH ,¿ƒëéæj øjòdG QGô≤dG
issues of the campaign.
.á∏ª◊G É¡Mô£J »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Think Tank An institution designed to conduct ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°SGQO ¤EG »eôJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ~gÉ©ŸG
ÒμØàdG äÉYƒª› research on issues of public concern É¡à÷É©Ÿ á∏ªàÙG ∫ƒ∏◊G ìGÎbGh ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG äGP
and develop potential areas for policy
responses. Considered part of civil √òg I~FÉa øªμJh .áMhô£ŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QÉWEG øª°V
society, these organizations serve to ‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øe Gk AõL πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG
inform both citizens and government p
≈˘˘∏˘ Y º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘∏˘˘ £˘ ˘oJ É˘˘ ¡˘ ˘fCG
on relevant political and civic trends
in a society. ‘ I~FÉ°ùdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉgÉŒ’Gh á«f~ŸG äÉ¡LƒàdG
.IQƒcòŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∫É«M ™ªàÛG
Time One of the three resources every advo- äÓ˘ª˘M É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘KÓ˘˘ã˘ dG OQGƒŸG ~˘˘MCG
âbƒdG πeÉY cacy campaign has, the other two being OQGƒŸÉH ¿Óãªàj øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ¿CG kÉª∏Y ,á©aG~ŸG
people and money. It is important to
determine how much time each cam- O~˘˘ë˘ j ¿CG ≥˘˘ahC’G ø˘˘e ,∂dò˘˘d .á˘˘«˘ ˘dÉŸGh á˘˘ jô˘˘ °ûÑ˘˘ dG
paign activity will take and plan for it. ø˘e •É˘°ûf π˘c ¬˘bô˘¨˘à˘°ùj …ò˘˘dG âbƒ˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG
q
Unlike the other two resources, time is .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Y á£ÿG OG~YEGh ,á∏ª◊G á£°ûfCG
the one resource that cannot easily be
regained. ¬YÉLÎ°SG Qqò©àj …òdG ~«MƒdG OQƒŸG ƒg âbƒdGh
.øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ±ÓN ≈∏Y


Tolerance Acceptance of different views and fair- πμH É˘¡˘HÉ˘ë˘°UCG ™˘e »˘WÉ˘©˘à˘dGh á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG AGQB’G ∫ƒ˘Ñ˘b
q
ôNB’G ∫ƒÑb/íeÉ°ùJ
J ness toward the people who hold these Gòg ≈∏Y Aƒ° dG §«∏°ùJ qºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZh .OôŒh ∫G~àYG
different views. In political terms, this
q
concept is often highlighted to encour- äÉYƒªÛG ¢ ◊ ,»°SÉ«°ùdG ¬dƒd~e å«M øe ,Ωƒ¡ØŸG
q
age diverse political interest groups to ™e ∞q«μàdG ≈∏Y áYƒæàŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üŸG äGP
accommodate one another based on a .IGhÉ°ùŸÉH ÉgQƒ©°T øe kÉbÓ£fG ¢ ©ÑdG É¡° ©H
sense of equality.

Town Hall Meeting Gathering citizens linked by geography hCG á«aGô¨÷G §HGhôdG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG AÉ≤àdG
™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG or a common interest to meet with á°ûbÉæŸ Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ™e ácÎ°ûŸG ídÉ°üŸG
public officials to discuss pre-deter-
mined issues and express their views. .º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdGh kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÉjÉ° ≤dG

Transparency In political and civic life, transparency á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ á«°Uƒ°üÿG ¢ùμY »g á«aÉØ°ûdG
á«aÉØ°T is the opposite of privacy; an activity is ìÉ˘à˘jo ÚM á˘˘«˘ aÉ˘˘Ø˘ °ûdÉ˘˘H •É˘˘°ûf …CG º˘˘°ùà˘˘jh .á˘˘«˘ f~ŸGh
transparent if all information about it is
freely available. Transparency implies á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc ≈∏Y ájôëH ´ÓW’G ™«ªé∏d
that citizens must be able to “see π˘° Ø˘H ,¿ƒ˘æ˘ WGƒŸG ø˘˘qμ˘ ª˘ à˘ j ¿CG …Qhô˘˘° dG ø˘˘ª˘ a .¬˘˘H
through” its workings, to know exactly
what goes on when public officials,
,QƒeC’G iô› ' ìƒ°Vh qπμH Gƒæq«Ñàj'' ¿CG øe ,á«aÉØ°ûdG
CSOs, or campaign activists transact ¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Ωƒ≤j ∞«c §Ñ° dÉH Gƒaô©j ¿CGh
business. This concept is often the á°SQÉªÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe äÓªM ‘ ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh
focus, directly or indirectly, of civic
advocacy campaigns towards govern-
≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM õqcôJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .º¡dÉªYCG
ment reform. .ºμ◊G ìÓ°UEG √ÉŒÉH É¡æe kÉ©aO Ωƒ¡ØŸG Gòg


U
Unbiased Without favor or blame, objective. õ«ªàjh ôNBG ¿hO m±ô£d áeÓe hCG kÓ«e …~Ñj ’ øe
q k
RÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe ÒZ
q .á«Yƒ°VƒŸÉH

Unconstitutional Not allowed by, or against, the princi- ¢Uƒ°üæŸG ÇOÉÑŸG ÖLƒÃ ,¬H ìƒª°ùe ÒZ ¿Éc Ée
/…Qƒà°SO ÒZ ples set down in a constitution. .ÇOÉÑŸG √òg ¬àØdÉı hCG Qƒà°S~dG ‘ É¡«∏Y
Qƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±Éæe
Union An organization of workers formed to ±G~gCG ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ á«dÉª©dG áÄ«¡dG √òg ÉC °ûæJ
áHÉ≤f promote common goals on issues such ,πª©dG äÉYÉ°Sh ,QƒLC’ÉH ≥∏©àJ πFÉ°ùe ∫ƒM ácÎ°ûe
as wages, hours, and working conditions.
Although the political structure of the á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘¡˘dG ∫~˘Ñ˘J º˘ZQh .π˘ª˘©˘dG ±hô˘˘Xh
q
union varies, union leadership is usually É¡«a á˘jOÉ˘«˘≤˘dG õ˘cGôŸG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘J ,á˘«˘dÉ˘ª˘©˘dG äGOÉ–Ó˘d
formed through democratic elections.
√òg âfÉc ÉŸh .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN øe kIOÉY
Unions, especially with national chapters,
can be influential in local and national ≈∏Y m π«ãªàH ≈¶– »àdG ∂∏J Éª«°S ’ ,äGOÉ–’G
elections. Candidates often seek the äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J ,»˘æ˘Wƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùŸG
endorsements of unions with the expec-
tation that all the union’s membership
¤EG ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG ≈˘©˘°ùj É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘ Wƒ˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘ ∏ÙG
will vote for the union’s official preferred É˘˘gAÉ˘˘° YCG q¿ÉC ˘ H º˘˘¡˘ æ˘ e kÉ˘ æ˘ X ,É˘˘ ¡˘ ˘ª˘ ˘YO ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘ °ü◊G
candidate. .É¡«a ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG i~d π° ØŸG í°Tôª∏d º¡q∏c ¿ƒJƒ°ü«°S
q q


V
Values The core priorities of a citizen, a civil ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘dhCG º˘˘∏˘ °S ‘ ø˘˘WGƒŸG É˘˘¡˘ LQ~˘˘j »˘˘à˘ dG ÇOÉ˘˘ ÑŸG
º«bp society organization’s or campaign’s hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘©˘Ñ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘à˘dG á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh
n organizing culture, including what
drives members’ priorities and how »˘˘à˘ dG ™˘˘aGh~˘˘dG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ ˘àÛG äÓ˘˘ ª˘ ˘M
they truly act. .™bGƒdG ‘ º¡JÉ«cƒ∏°Sh AÉ° YC’G äÉjƒdhCG AGQh øªμJ

Vision Vivid description of the sort of change ¬≤«≤– ¤EG ƒÑ°üJ …òdG Ò«¨àdG ´ƒf ájƒ«ëH ∞°üJ
ájDhQ a civil society organization or advocacy ¿ÓYE’G ÉeCG .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe
campaign aims to achieve. The vision
statement serves to both motivate AÉ° YC’G ºªg ¢VÉ¡æà°S’ í∏°ü«a ájDhôdG √òg øY
members and also to recruit new sup- .~MGh m¿BG ‘ O~÷G øjô°UÉæŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SGh
porters to the cause.

Volunteer A support of a campaign or issue, who ,áæ«©e á«° b hCG á∏ª◊ ºY~dG Ω~≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG
q
´ƒ£àe generally spends some of his/her time ¿CG ¿hO øe á∏ª◊G I~fÉ°ùŸ ¬àbh øe kÉ° ©H ¢Sôμjh
helping the campaign without being
paid a salary. .ôLCG …CG ≈°VÉ≤àj
q

Volunteer Recruitment An essential and on-going process for äÓªM hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘J á˘jQhô˘°V á˘«˘∏˘ª˘Y
ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG any civic organization or campaign. ÚYƒ˘£˘àŸG ÜÉ˘£˘≤˘à˘°SÉ˘a .QGô˘ª˘à˘°SÉ˘H Ê~ŸG ™˘ª˘àÛG
Recruitment provides an opportunity
for individual citizens to voice their sup- øY ÜGôYEÓd OGôaCÉc ÚæWGƒŸG ΩÉeCG á°UôØdG í«àj
n
port of particular policies or initiatives, øeDƒJ Éª«a ,áæ«©e äGQOÉÑe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùd º¡ªYO
q q
while also providing vital human
.ájƒ«M ájô°ûH OQGƒe kÉ° jCG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æª∏d
resources to a campaign or organization.

Vote Choice by an elector about a party, í°Tôe hCG ÜõM ∫É«M ÖNÉædG ¬H Ωƒ≤j …òdG QÉ«ÿG
´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ candidate, or issue, expressed through ∫ÓN øe √QÉ«N øY ôÑ©«a ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG i~MEG hCG ø«©e
a ballot at an election or a referendum.
q q
Also action taken by legislators or par- .AÉàØà°S’G hCG ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ¬H ‹~j …òdG äƒ°üdG
liamentarians in the course of deter- hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG kÉ° jCG ¬∏©Øj Ée Gògh
mining policy.
.äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QGôbEG ~æY ¿ÉŸÈdG


Voter Anyone who meets the minimum »àdG •hô°ûdG øe ≈fOC’G ~◊G ‘ƒà°ùj ¢üî°T πc q
ÖNÉf requirements to vote in local, regional, á«ª«∏bEG hCG á«∏ﬁ äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’G ¬dƒîJ
or national elections of a given country. q
.¿G~∏ÑdG øe ~∏H ‘ á«æWh hCG

Voter Education Provide people with the information á˘˘eRÓ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸÉ˘˘H Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ~˘˘jhõ˘˘J ¤EG »˘˘eô˘˘J
ÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ required to participate in election á˘YÉ˘°TEG ¤EGh ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘˘∏˘ d
processes, while also raising awareness
and confidence about the process on .á«∏ª©dG √òg ∫É«M º¡j~d á≤ãdGh »YƒdG
the part of citizens.

Voter Registration The act or process of registering a citi- íFGƒd ‘ ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªY
ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ
°J zen to vote. .ÚÑNÉædG


List of Contributors πª©dG Gòg ‘ Úª¡°ùŸG AÉª°SCÉH áëF’
Ÿ
Advisory Group øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ≥jôa
à Ÿ
Aaron Azelton, Director - Citizen Participation øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH - ôj~e ,¿ƒàdRBG ¿hQBG
Kourtney Pompi, Senior Program Officer - á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,»ÑeƒH »æJQƒc
Citizen Participation ¥ô°ûŸG - èeGôH ôj~e ,∑hôc øjôKÉc
Katherine Croake, Program Manager - Levant ¥ô°ûŸG - èeGôH ~YÉ°ùe ,¿ÉfQhO π«f
Neil Durnan, Program Assistant - Levant Üô¨ŸG - èeGÈ∏d ≈∏YCG ôj~e ,~fÓ¨fEG …ôØ«L
Jeffrey England, Senior Program Manager - Maghreb
¿ƒª° e ≈∏Y ±ô°ûŸG ôj~ŸG - èeGÈdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe ,ΩGôZ ~ªﬁ
Mohammed Gorram, Program Officer - ASWAT Content
ASWAT ' äGƒ°UCG' ™bƒe
Administrator
ô°üe - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,ôØ©L ≈∏«d
Lila Jaafar, Senior Program Officer - Egypt
Rawda Ali, Program Coordinator - Egypt
ô°üe - èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,»∏Y á°VhQ
Allaoua Chelbi, Program Manager - Iraq
¥Gô©dG - èeGôH ôj~e ,»Ñ∏°T iƒ∏Y
Sarah Ahmed, Senior Program Officer - Iraq ¥Gô©dG - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,~ªMCG IQÉ°S
Lama Khateeb, Senior Program Assistant - Jordan ¿OQC’G - èeGÈ∏d É«∏Y I~YÉ°ùe ,Ö«£N ≈Ÿ
Felix Ulloa, Senior Director - Morocco Üô¨ŸG - ≈∏YCG ôj~e ,GƒdCG ¢ùμ∏«a
Tania Awwad, Office Manager - West Bank/Gaza IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG - Öàμe Iôj~e ,¢VƒY É«fÉJ
Ghadeer Dajani, Program Coordinator - West Bank/Gaza IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG - èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,ÊÉLGO ôjOÉZ
Murad Zafir, Deputy Director - Yemen øª«dG - ôj~e ÖFÉf ,ÒaR OGôe

Editorial Team OG~YE’G ≥jôa
Joe Hall, Senior Advisor - Middle East and North Africa É«≤jôaCG ∫Éª°Th §°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG - ≈∏YCG QÉ°ûà°ùe ,∫ƒg ƒL
Sally Abi Khalil, Program Officer - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øY ádhDƒ°ùe ,π«∏N »HCG ‹É°S
Nicole Rowsell, Senior Program Manager - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfÈd É«∏Y Iôj~e ,π°ShGQ ∫ƒμ«f
Nathalie Sleimane, Publications Center Coordinator - Lebanon ¿ÉæÑd - äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe á≤°ùæe ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf
Jad Sakr, Senior Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ≈∏YCG ~YÉ°ùe ,ô≤°U OÉL
Maroun Sfeir, Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon
øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~YÉ°ùe ,ÒØ°U ¿hQÉe
Citizen Lebanon Partners øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ AÉcô°T
e
Baldati ' »J~∏H'' á«©ªL
Centre D'Etudes Strategique du Moyen Orient §°SƒdG ¥ô°û∏d á«é«JGÎ°S’G äÉ°SGQ~dG õcôe
Development for People and Nature Association áÄ«ÑdGh ¿É°ùfEÓd á«ªæàdG á«©ªL
Hayya Bina ' ÉæH É«g'' á«©ªL
Lebanese Physically Handicapped Union
Ú«fÉæÑ∏dG øj~©≤ŸG OÉ–G
Permanent Peace Movement
ºFG~dG ΩÓ°ùdG ácôM
Sho'un Janoubiya
'á«HƒæL ¿hDƒ°T'' á«©ªL


Sources Cited

Alin, de Boer, Freer, Van Ginneken, Klaasen, Mbane, Mokoetle, Moynihan, Odera, Swain, Tajuddin, Tewodoros.
How to Build a Good Small NGO. Network Learning, 2006.
Citizen Participation At NDI: A User's Guide. National Democratic Institute, 2007.
Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press, 2005.
Krafchik, Warren. A Description of Civil Society Budget Work. International Budget Project.
Lewis, Terry. Practical Financial Management for NGOs. MANGO, 2008.
Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations.
Research and Policy Development Program, 2006.
O'day, J. Brian. Political Campaign Planning Manual. National Democratic Institute.
Sharma, Ritu R. An Introduction to Advocacy: Training Guide. Support for Analysis and Research in Africa.

CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation is an international alliance established in 1993 to nurture the
foundation, growth and protection of citizen action throughout the world, especially in areas where participatory
democracy and citizen's freedom of association are threatened. www.civicus.org

The UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org

ÉgôcP OQGƒdG QOÉ°üŸG

,øjGƒ°S ,GôjOhCG ,¿É¡«æjƒeh ,»à∏jƒcƒe ,¬fÉÑe ,ø°SÓc ,øμ«æ«Z ¿Éa ,ôjôa ,ôjƒH hO ,ødCG OG~YEG ,I~«Lh IÒ¨°U á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe ≈æÑoJ ∞«c -
.2006 ,Networklearning áª¶æe .¢ShQhOƒ«J ,øjOƒLÉJ
.2007 ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG .Citizen Participation At NDI: A User’s Guide -
.2005 , Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press -
.(IBP) áfRGƒª∏d ‹h~dG ´hô°ûŸG .∂«°ûàaGôc øjQGh OG~YEG ,áfRGƒŸG ´ƒ°Vƒe ‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG πªY øY IQƒ°U -
.2008 ,(Mango) ' ƒ¨fÉe'' áª¶æe .¢ùjƒd …ÒJ OG~YEG ,á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG ‘ á«∏ª©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOE’G -
Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society -
.Organizations. Research and Policy Development Program, 2006
.»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG .…GOhCG øjGôH OG~YEG ,á«HÉîàf’G á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G OG~YEG π«dO -
.(SARA) É«≤jôaCG ‘ åëÑdGh π«∏ëàdG »à«∏ª©d ºYO .ÉeQÉ°T .Q ƒàjQ OG~YEG ,»ÑjQ~J π«dO :á©aG~ŸG ¤EG πN~e -
⁄É©dG ‘ ¬àjÉªMh ,√õjõ©Jh ,§°TÉædG Ê~ŸG πª©dG ¿É° àMG ±~¡H 1993 ΩÉ©dG ‘ ÉC °ûf ‹hO ∞∏M ƒg (CIVICUS) ' ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûŸ »ŸÉ©dG ∞∏◊G'' -
l
.~j~¡àdGh ô£î∏d äÉ«©ª÷G π«μ°ûJ ájôMh á«cQÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG É¡«a ¢Vô©àJ »àdG ≥WÉæŸG ‘ Éª«°S ’ ™ªLCG
q
www.civicus.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG
.www.pogar.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG .(POGAR) á«Hô©dG ∫h~dG ‘ ºμ◊G IQGOEG èeÉfôH -

G
Governance Campaign Plan
p g
M
Majority
R l
Election
n
J dicial Pow
Judicial Powe
Bias
i

National Democratic Institute
for International Affairs
2030 M Street, NW, 5th Floor
Tel: 202 728 5500
Fax: 202 728 5520
www.ndi.org

مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة

More from Resources for Development Center (RDC)

Recently uploaded

مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة