Dalam penyembuhan luka membutuhkan proses dan tahap sehingga dibutuhkan waktu, kesabaran dan pengobatan serta asuhan selama proses penyembuhan berlangsung, harus diketahui juga kriteria luka yang dijumpai, ukuran, jenis luka. peniliaian luka dapat diketahui dari pemeriksaan fisik (inspeksi, palpasi), kedalaman luka, eksudat, daerah luka. Sebagai seorang perawat harus juga mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka, mekanisme terjadinya luka, tipe penyembuhan luka, fase penyembuhan luka.
Komunikasi pada anak merupakan bagian penting dalam membangun kepercayaan diri kita dengan anak. Melalui komunikasi akan terjalin rasa percaya, rasa kasih sayang, dan merasa memiliki suatu penghargaan pada dirinya.
3era semana de desarrollo embrionarioanyelianyi2405
Durante la tercera semana de gestación, el embrión entra en el período de gastrulación en el que se forman las tres capas germinales embrionarias (ectodermo, mesodermo y endodermo) a través de la línea primitiva. El mesodermo se forma entre el ectodermo y el endodermo y da lugar a estructuras como la notocorda y los somitos. También se desarrolla el sistema circulatorio uteroplacentario para satisfacer los requerimientos nutritivos del embrión.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teknik-teknik komunikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan anak, mulai dari bayi hingga anak sekolah. Beberapa teknik nonverbal yang disebutkan adalah menggunakan isyarat, menggambar, dan menulis, sedangkan teknik verbalnya meliputi bercerita dan bermain. Teknik-teknik tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan tingkat perkembangan anak.
Prinsip dan Peran Perawat dalam Pemberian Obatpjj_kemenkes
Modul ini membahas konsep dasar farmakologi dan peran perawat dalam pemberian obat. Modul ini menjelaskan tujuan pembelajaran umum dan khusus, prinsip-prinsip pemberian obat yang meliputi pasien, obat, dosis, rute, waktu dan dokumentasi yang benar, serta peran perawat dalam memastikan keselamatan pasien saat pemberian obat.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemberian obat secara intramuskular, meliputi pengertian, tujuan, indikasi, kontraindikasi, daerah penyuntikan yang tepat, persiapan alat dan bahan, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan, prosedur pemberian obat secara umum dan pelaksanaan pemberian obat intramuskuler beserta penyuluhan pasien.
Dalam penyembuhan luka membutuhkan proses dan tahap sehingga dibutuhkan waktu, kesabaran dan pengobatan serta asuhan selama proses penyembuhan berlangsung, harus diketahui juga kriteria luka yang dijumpai, ukuran, jenis luka. peniliaian luka dapat diketahui dari pemeriksaan fisik (inspeksi, palpasi), kedalaman luka, eksudat, daerah luka. Sebagai seorang perawat harus juga mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka, mekanisme terjadinya luka, tipe penyembuhan luka, fase penyembuhan luka.
Komunikasi pada anak merupakan bagian penting dalam membangun kepercayaan diri kita dengan anak. Melalui komunikasi akan terjalin rasa percaya, rasa kasih sayang, dan merasa memiliki suatu penghargaan pada dirinya.
3era semana de desarrollo embrionarioanyelianyi2405
Durante la tercera semana de gestación, el embrión entra en el período de gastrulación en el que se forman las tres capas germinales embrionarias (ectodermo, mesodermo y endodermo) a través de la línea primitiva. El mesodermo se forma entre el ectodermo y el endodermo y da lugar a estructuras como la notocorda y los somitos. También se desarrolla el sistema circulatorio uteroplacentario para satisfacer los requerimientos nutritivos del embrión.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teknik-teknik komunikasi yang dapat digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan anak, mulai dari bayi hingga anak sekolah. Beberapa teknik nonverbal yang disebutkan adalah menggunakan isyarat, menggambar, dan menulis, sedangkan teknik verbalnya meliputi bercerita dan bermain. Teknik-teknik tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan tingkat perkembangan anak.
Prinsip dan Peran Perawat dalam Pemberian Obatpjj_kemenkes
Modul ini membahas konsep dasar farmakologi dan peran perawat dalam pemberian obat. Modul ini menjelaskan tujuan pembelajaran umum dan khusus, prinsip-prinsip pemberian obat yang meliputi pasien, obat, dosis, rute, waktu dan dokumentasi yang benar, serta peran perawat dalam memastikan keselamatan pasien saat pemberian obat.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pemberian obat secara intramuskular, meliputi pengertian, tujuan, indikasi, kontraindikasi, daerah penyuntikan yang tepat, persiapan alat dan bahan, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan, prosedur pemberian obat secara umum dan pelaksanaan pemberian obat intramuskuler beserta penyuluhan pasien.
1) The document discusses the principles of teratology, which is the study of abnormal fetal development. Some key principles discussed include that susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on factors like genetics and environment.
2) Several recognized human teratogens are discussed like thalidomide, accutane, and alcohol. Historical cases of adverse drug effects in pregnancy from drugs like thalidomide, bendectin, and diethylstilbestrol are also summarized.
3) Methods for evaluating the safety and risks of drugs in pregnancy are covered, including studies in animals and humans as well as systems used by organizations like the FDA and KBS to classify risk. The role of teratology information services in drug
Safety of Mebendazole Use During Lactationmothersafe
This case series study evaluated the safety of mebendazole use in 45 lactating women and their infants. Mebendazole was administered using single or repeated doses and was well tolerated by both the mothers and infants, with no adverse effects observed in infants. Mild GI irritability occurred in two treated mothers. This study provides the first evidence that mebendazole is safe for use in breastfeeding.
The document discusses drugs and breastfeeding. It provides information on factors that determine whether and how much of a drug passes into breastmilk, including molecular weight, protein binding, lipid solubility, and oral bioavailability. It notes that most drugs pass into breastmilk in small amounts, usually less than 1% of the maternal dose. The document outlines general principles for counseling nursing mothers on drug use, such as choosing short-acting drugs, administering drugs after feeding, and monitoring infants for side effects. It also categorizes drugs based on their safety profile for breastfeeding according to the AAP.
This document provides information on the herbal medicine Crotonis Semen (Croton seed), including its common name, botanical name, toxicity level, indications for use, pharmacological actions, cautions, and major constituents. It states that Croton seed is very toxic and carcinogenic, especially in its oil form, which can promote radiation transformation in animal studies. While used topically for conditions like scabies and eczema, it requires pretreatment and caution against use in pregnancy due to its toxicity.
This document discusses the history and structure of US venture capital. It notes that venture capital provides funding for early-stage companies in exchange for equity. After starting with wealthy individual investors, the venture capital industry grew in the post-World War II era through firms like ARDC. The 1958 Small Business Investment Act helped licensing more VC firms. Major Silicon Valley firms like Kleiner Perkins emerged in the 1970s, fueling technology industry growth. The document outlines the typical structure of venture capital funds and firms.
This document discusses methylation of the MeCP2 gene and its potential intergenerational effects. It covers:
1) MeCP2 is a methyl-CpG binding protein involved in transcriptional repression. Mutations can cause Rett syndrome.
2) The structure and function of the MeCP2 protein, which binds to methylated DNA and recruits histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription.
3) The study aims to analyze relationships between maternal smoking, MeCP2 gene methylation levels, and baby phenotypes like weight, length and gestational age.
1. The document discusses critical periods of human embryonic development from the first through eighth weeks. During this time, organ systems develop from the three germ layers and major malformations can occur if development is disrupted.
2. Specific processes discussed include gastrulation, neurulation, heart development and septation, palate formation, and limb bud emergence.
3. Teratogens acting during critical periods can cause defects such as neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, cardiac defects, and limb abnormalities. Disorders from disrupted development of neural crest cells are also examined.
1) The document discusses the principles of teratology, which is the study of abnormal fetal development. Some key principles discussed include that susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on factors like genetics and environment.
2) Several recognized human teratogens are discussed like thalidomide, accutane, and alcohol. Historical cases of adverse drug effects in pregnancy from drugs like thalidomide, bendectin, and diethylstilbestrol are also summarized.
3) Methods for evaluating the safety and risks of drugs in pregnancy are covered, including studies in animals and humans as well as systems used by organizations like the FDA and KBS to classify risk. The role of teratology information services in drug
Safety of Mebendazole Use During Lactationmothersafe
This case series study evaluated the safety of mebendazole use in 45 lactating women and their infants. Mebendazole was administered using single or repeated doses and was well tolerated by both the mothers and infants, with no adverse effects observed in infants. Mild GI irritability occurred in two treated mothers. This study provides the first evidence that mebendazole is safe for use in breastfeeding.
The document discusses drugs and breastfeeding. It provides information on factors that determine whether and how much of a drug passes into breastmilk, including molecular weight, protein binding, lipid solubility, and oral bioavailability. It notes that most drugs pass into breastmilk in small amounts, usually less than 1% of the maternal dose. The document outlines general principles for counseling nursing mothers on drug use, such as choosing short-acting drugs, administering drugs after feeding, and monitoring infants for side effects. It also categorizes drugs based on their safety profile for breastfeeding according to the AAP.
This document provides information on the herbal medicine Crotonis Semen (Croton seed), including its common name, botanical name, toxicity level, indications for use, pharmacological actions, cautions, and major constituents. It states that Croton seed is very toxic and carcinogenic, especially in its oil form, which can promote radiation transformation in animal studies. While used topically for conditions like scabies and eczema, it requires pretreatment and caution against use in pregnancy due to its toxicity.
This document discusses the history and structure of US venture capital. It notes that venture capital provides funding for early-stage companies in exchange for equity. After starting with wealthy individual investors, the venture capital industry grew in the post-World War II era through firms like ARDC. The 1958 Small Business Investment Act helped licensing more VC firms. Major Silicon Valley firms like Kleiner Perkins emerged in the 1970s, fueling technology industry growth. The document outlines the typical structure of venture capital funds and firms.
This document discusses methylation of the MeCP2 gene and its potential intergenerational effects. It covers:
1) MeCP2 is a methyl-CpG binding protein involved in transcriptional repression. Mutations can cause Rett syndrome.
2) The structure and function of the MeCP2 protein, which binds to methylated DNA and recruits histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription.
3) The study aims to analyze relationships between maternal smoking, MeCP2 gene methylation levels, and baby phenotypes like weight, length and gestational age.
1. The document discusses critical periods of human embryonic development from the first through eighth weeks. During this time, organ systems develop from the three germ layers and major malformations can occur if development is disrupted.
2. Specific processes discussed include gastrulation, neurulation, heart development and septation, palate formation, and limb bud emergence.
3. Teratogens acting during critical periods can cause defects such as neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, cardiac defects, and limb abnormalities. Disorders from disrupted development of neural crest cells are also examined.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between the drug domperidone, which is commonly used off-label to stimulate lactation, and the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and mortality during the postpartum period. The study used a retrospective cohort of over 225,000 women in British Columbia between 2002-2011. It found a possible doubling of the risk of hospitalization for ventricular arrhythmia among those exposed to domperidone, though the results were not statistically significant. Larger studies are needed to confirm any association.
This document summarizes key findings from several studies on exposures during pregnancy and lactation. The studies found:
- Teratogen information services receive thousands of calls annually regarding exposures to medications, infections, herbs and other substances during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The majority of calls concern analgesics, cold medications, herbs and dietary supplements.
- Most calls are made by exposed individuals themselves, highlighting a need for more education during prenatal care about risks of nonprescription drugs and vaccines.
- While some drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases like methotrexate and leflunomide can cause harm if taken during early pregnancy, others like sulfasalazine, azathioprine and antimalarials are
(마더리스크라운드) Thyroid disease in pregnancy 임신 중 갑상선mothersafe
This study examined pregnancy outcomes for women exposed to antithyroid medications or levothyroxine for thyroid disorders. The study found that infants of mothers treated for hyperthyroidism with antithyroid medications were more likely to be born preterm or with low birth weight. However, treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine did not negatively impact birth outcomes and showed no increased risk of infant mortality. Additionally, the study found no evidence that levothyroxine exposure increased the risk of major congenital anomalies.
Diclectin in NVP, 44th 유럽기형학회보고 / 한정열 교수mothersafe
This document summarizes a presentation on making a difference as concerned scientists in an environmentally contaminated world. It discusses how scientists have identified problems like chemical pollution and investigated effects on human health. It provides examples like Rachel Carson's Silent Spring which brought attention to pesticide impacts and led to regulations. Endocrine disrupting chemicals can alter fetal development with impacts like reduced intelligence only appearing later. The document then summarizes several talks on topics like the impacts of maternal health conditions like diabetes and epilepsy during pregnancy, using the human placenta to test chemical safety, prenatal metal exposure and DNA methylation in the placenta, free fetal hemoglobin as a potential cause and target for preeclampsia, and revising guidelines
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
This document summarizes guidelines and studies on screening and management of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Key points include:
- Guidelines from thyroid societies recommend trimester-specific reference ranges for TSH and treatment of SCH with levothyroxine.
- Studies show mixed results on associations between SCH and adverse pregnancy/child outcomes, and limited benefits of levothyroxine treatment.
- Targeted high-risk screening misses a significant percentage of women with thyroid dysfunction compared to universal screening.
- While evidence is still limited, most experts recommend universal screening to detect and treat overt hypothyroidism given potential benefits.
This document provides information about external cephalic version (ECV):
1. ECV is a procedure performed near term to manually turn a breech baby into a head-down position. The success rate of ECV is reported between 35-86%.
2. ECV has been performed since ancient times but was improved in the 1970s by performing it under tocolysis after screening with ultrasound and fetal monitoring. Recent studies show ECV effectively reduces non-cephalic births and C-sections for malpresentation.
3. Guidelines from obstetric organizations recommend offering ECV to women with a breech fetus near term due to evidence it can reduce C-sections. Factors like adequate amni
1. Proper management of diabetes before and during pregnancy is important to reduce risks of complications. Tight glucose control through medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and insulin treatment can decrease risks of fetal anomalies and growth issues.
2. Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through an oral glucose tolerance test and treated with lifestyle changes and possibly insulin to control blood glucose. Women with a history of GDM require follow up after pregnancy to screen for diabetes.
3. Preconception counseling and care is crucial for women with pre-existing diabetes to optimize health before pregnancy in order to lower risks during pregnancy through strict glucose monitoring and management.
This document discusses alcohol intake during pregnancy and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). It provides statistics on alcohol use during pregnancy from various studies. It notes that a safe level of alcohol during pregnancy has not been determined, as the effects of alcohol on the fetus are variable depending on factors like the mother's metabolism and drinking patterns. Low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure has not shown effects in some studies, but other research has found children with FAS even with reported low alcohol intake. The document describes clinical features of FASD including facial abnormalities, growth issues, central nervous system anomalies, and functional impairments. It discusses diagnostic criteria from various organizations and guidelines for diagnosing FASD.
(마더리스크라운드) Radiation in Pregnancy 조연경 교수mothersafe
This document discusses the risks of ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. It notes that ionizing radiation is a known teratogen that can cause developmental effects in the fetus including growth restriction, malformations, and increased cancer risk later in life. The critical periods of susceptibility are during organogenesis from 8-15 weeks and in late pregnancy. While low doses below 100 mGy are not considered grounds for termination, above 1000 mGy significantly increases risks. The document provides examples of radiation doses from various medical imaging procedures and natural sources. It recommends shielding and limiting exposure to protect the pregnant woman and fetus.
This document discusses hyperthermia in pregnancy and its potential risks. It defines hyperthermia as an elevated body temperature above normal levels due to failed thermoregulation. Animal studies show that hyperthermia during pregnancy, especially temperatures over 39.5°C, increases the risk of neural tube defects, miscarriage, and other abnormalities in offspring. Human studies also associate maternal fever, particularly during the first trimester, with an increased risk of neural tube defects, spontaneous abortion, and some heart and brain abnormalities. However, some studies found no clear link. Sauna use during pregnancy appears to carry less risk than other heat sources if core temperature remains below 38.9°C.
Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Is it really necessary?
1) There is ongoing debate around the optimal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and definitions of vitamin D deficiency. 2) Studies have shown associations between vitamin D deficiency and adverse pregnancy outcomes like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. 3) The placenta plays a role in vitamin D metabolism and higher placental activity of the CYP24A1 enzyme is associated with vitamin D deficiency in pregnancies with gestational diabetes. 4) While routine vitamin D screening in all pregnancies is not currently recommended, high-risk women may benefit from screening and supplementation to treat deficiency.
7. 난황주머니 (yolk sac)
• 사람의 난황주머니 : 발생초기 혈관이 형성되기 전에 잠시 영양을 공
급하는 역할 외에는 별다른 기능이 없는 흔적기관
• 멕켈 게실
– 난황관이라고 불리는 태생기 난황 주머니의 잔유물
– 위치 : 회장하부
– 가장 흔한 소화기 선천기형 , 전체 영아의 2-3% 에서 발생
출처 : 국가건강정보포털 의학정보
8. 발생 3 주에서 8 주까지 :
배아기 (embryonic period)
• 기관 발생기 (Period
of organogenesis)
• 외배엽 , 중배엽 , 내배엽
과 신경능선세포에서 조
직과 기관이 분화
• 대부분의 선천기형이 생
기는 시기
9. 발생 3 주 : 3 겹 배반
창자배 형성 (gastrulation)
2 겹배반 -> 3 겹배반
– 외배엽 (Ectoderm)
– 중배엽 (Mesoderm)
– 내배엽 (Endoderm)
• 원시선 (Primitive streak)
– Thickened linear band
of epiblast
– 15- to 16-day embryo:
clearly visible
12. 외배엽 기원 조직
• 중추신경계
• 말초신경계
• 털과 손톱을 포함하는 표피
• 귀 , 코 , 눈 등의 감각상피
• 땀샘 , 젖샘 , 뇌하수체 , 치아 사기질 등
13. 중배엽 기원 조직
• 근육조직 , 연골과 뼈 및 진피와 피하조직
• 소화기관의 벽
• 중피막과 장막
• 비뇨생식계통
• 혈관계통
• 비장 , 부신겉질
14. • 소화기관과 호흡기관 , 방
광과 요도의 상피
• 갑상샘 , 부갑상샘 , 간
과 이자의 실질
• 고실과 귀인두관의 상피
내배엽 기원 조직
15. • 원시선 : 4 주말 이후 급격
히 줄어들다 사라짐
• 엉치꼬리 기형종
- 엉치꼬리 부위에 남은 원시
선
잔유물에
서 기원
- 신생아에서 가장 흔한 종양
16. 창자배형성시기의 기형발생
• 창자배 형성이 시작되는 발생 3 주 초는 기형유발인자에
매우 민감한 시기
• 원시선을 통하여 이동하는 배아덩이 위판의 분화설계도
가 만들어짐
• 임신부는 마지막 월경 일에서 4 주 정도 경과한 시점이므
로 임신한 것을 모르고 주의를 소홀히 할 수 있다 .
17. 꼬리쪽 발생장애 ( 인어다리증 )
• 배아의 꼬리쪽 중배엽
형성부족
– 양쪽 하지가 제대로 자
라지 못하고 붙어있음
– 비뇨생식계이상
– 허리엉치뼈 이상
– 항문막힘증
18. 신경배 형성 (neurulation)
• 신경배 형성 (neurulation) :
신경판에서 장차 뇌와 척수
가 되는 신경관 (neural
tube) 이 만들어지는 과정
• 발생 3 주초에 척삭
(notochord) 출현으로 시작
• 척삭의 역할
• 신경판 유도 -> 신경배
형성
• 배아의 몸축
19. 20 days
Neurulation includes
the formation of the neural
plate (day 18-19), neural
folds (day 20-21), and the
neural tube (day 22-26); the
latter will develop into the
future brain and spinal
cord
20. 신경관 결손신경관 결손 (Neural tube defects)(Neural tube defects)
• Most common CNS
malformation
• Primary non-close of the
neural tube
• Spectrum
– Anencephaly
– Meningocele
– Meningoencephalocele
– Meningomyelocele
• 예방 : 임신 전과 임신기간
중 엽산 복용
Final closure
Anterior neuropore: 25th
day
Posterior neuropore: 27th
day
24. LissencephalyLissencephaly
• “Smooth brain”
• Severity : the absence
(agyria) to reduction
(pachygyria) of normal
gyral pattern.
• Classic L./cobblestone L.
• Onset : no later than the
12th–16th week of
gestation
• DDx: immature GA (until
27-28W)
•GA 31 wks
•46, XX, del(17)(p13)
•“Miller-Dieker” syndrome
26. • 다양한 조직과 세포를 만드는데 관여하므로 발생에서 매우 중요
• 알코올이나 레티노산 (retinoic acid) 등 여러 기형유발물질에 쉽게 손
상
• 신경능선세포 기원
머리와 얼굴의 뼈대와 결합조직 , 얼굴과 목의 진피
☞ Severe craniofacial malformations
☞ Treacher-Collins' Syndrome, DiGeorge anomaly...
심장의 conotruncal septum 형성
☞ cardiac anomalies including persistent truncus arteriosus,
TOF and TGA...
Cranial nerve ganglia, spinal ganglia, sympathetic chain and
preaortic ganglia, parasympathetic ganglia of the
gastrointestinal tract, glial cells, schwann cells, adrenal medulla,
C cells of the thyroid gland, arachnoid and pia mater,
melanocytes, odontoblasts
신경능선세포 (neural crest cell)
27. MIGRATION PATHWAYS OF
NEURAL CREST CELLS
from forebrain, midbrain,
and hindbrain regions into
their final locations (shaded
areas) in the pharyngeal
arches and face
Skeletal structures of the
head and face. Mesenchyme
for these structures is
derived from neural crest
(blue), lateral plate
mesoderm (yellow), and
paraxial mesoderm (red).
29. A.B. 6.5-week embryo The
palatine shelves are in
the vertical position on
each side of the
tongue.
C.D. 7.5-week embryo The
tongue has moved
downward, and the
palatine shelves have
reached a horizontal
position.
E.F. 10-week embryo The
two palatine shelves
have fused with each
other and with the nasal
septum.
C D
FE
30. Treacher-Collins' Syndrome /
mandibulofacial dysostosis
• Characterized by malar
hypoplasia due to
underdevelopment of cheek
bones, mandibular
hypoplasia, down-slanting
eyes and malformed external
ears
• Normal development and
intelligence
• AD with variable penetrance
• 60% as new mutation
www.treachercollins.org/main.ht
31. Neural crest cells in conotruncal
region
☞ cardiac anomalies
including persistent
truncus arteriosus,
tetralogy of
Fallot(TOF) and
transposition of great
arteries(TGA).
TOF
32. Limb growth and development
A. 5-week embryo B. 6-week embryo C. 8-week
embryo
The hindlimb buds are less well developed than those
of the forelimbs.
The most sensitive period for teratogen-induced limb
malformations is the fourth and fifth weeks of
33. A.B. 6.5-week embryo The
palatine shelves are in
the vertical position on
each side of the
tongue.
C.D. 7.5-week embryo The
tongue has moved
downward, and the
palatine shelves have
reached a horizontal
position.
E.F. 10-week embryo The
two palatine shelves
have fused with each
other and with the nasal
septum.
C D
FE
감사합니다 .
Editor's Notes
다양한 장기의 기형의 critical period에 대해 그려놓은 유명한 그림이지요. 제 가 오늘 강의에서 말씀드리는 날짜는 선생님들이 씃ㅣ는 날짜와 2주 차이가 있습니다. 저는 배란부터 시간을 세므로 제가 2주라면 선생님들은 2주를 더해서 4주로 생각하시면 됩니다. 수정되고 8주까지를 embryonic period 라 하고 세포 한 개에서 사람이 만들어 지는 정말 dynamic한 시기입니다. 이후에는 크기가 주로 커지는 fetal pe제riod 이구요. 3주에서 9주 초 까지 major morphologic abnormality가 생기는 시기이고 3주에 CNS anomaly를 선두로 heart anomaly 등 줄줄이 생기게 되는 데요. 제가 준비한 내용은 크게 두 부분이구요. 앞부분에서는 간단히 수정에서 neurulation시기까지 살펴보고 뒤는 심장발생을 좀 자세히 다루는 것으로 마무리 하겠습니다.
줄기세포의 특징
반복적으로 분열하면서 스스로 재생산 (unlimited self-renewal)
정상적인 다른 특정한 기능을 가진 세포로 분화(highly regulated differentiation)
배아줄기세포는 inner cell mass를 이용
발달과정과 같이 모든 신체기관으로 분화가 가능하기 때문에 다능성 줄기세포(pluripotent stem cell)라 부름
11-12일에 yolk sac에서 새로운 세포가 나와 extraembryonic mesoderm이라는 loose connective tissu생기고 여기서 cavit가 만들어지고 융합되면서 extraembryonic cavity or chorionic cavity
이때 germ disc크기는 0.1-0.2 mm
Bleeding 설명. Primary villi
Hypoblast가 세포를 더 만들어내서 새로운 cavity만들고 이게 secondary yolk sac
