The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems. It produces hormones that act on the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is divided into anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe regulates growth and reproduction through hormones targeted towards various organs. Growth hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth through direct and indirect effects. It works through the IGF axis and binding proteins to promote growth in children and cause issues if overproduced. Growth hormone deficiency can be diagnosed through tests and treated with growth hormone injections or surgery.
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
When too much growth hormone is secreted that augments the growth of muscle, bones, and connective tissue in childhood or adolescence before the end of puberty, the condition is called Gigantism.
Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine, neuroscience, and psychology
ddescription of hypothalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, relation of hypothalamus, subdivision of hypothalamus, medial and lateral zone of hypothalamus, preoptic area, tuberal area and mamillary area of hypothalamus, nuclei of hypothalamus and their functions, afferent pathways of hypothalamus, efferent pathways of hypothalamus, function of hypothalamus, hormones released by hypothalamus, clinical features with hypothalamic disorders
Neuroimaging or brain imaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine, neuroscience, and psychology
ddescription of hypothalamus, boundaries of hypothalamus, relation of hypothalamus, subdivision of hypothalamus, medial and lateral zone of hypothalamus, preoptic area, tuberal area and mamillary area of hypothalamus, nuclei of hypothalamus and their functions, afferent pathways of hypothalamus, efferent pathways of hypothalamus, function of hypothalamus, hormones released by hypothalamus, clinical features with hypothalamic disorders
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
dwarfism & GH
1. Hypothalamus
*Region of the brain
* Composed of small
nuclei
*Act As Conduit
between nervous
&endocrine sys.
*Also regulate
homeostatic
function.
( hunger , thirst &
body temp(
3. Pituitary gland anatomyPituitary gland anatomy
*Is an endocrine gland
* Size of a pea
* Located at the base of
the brain
* Rests in a small bony cavity
* Is divided into ???
* Connected to hypothalamus
by???
4. Anterior & posterior lobeAnterior & posterior lobe
*The cells of the
Ant. Lobe are
embryologically
derived from an ???
*The Ant. Pituitary
regulate many
processes (stress,
growth &
reproduction ( & Are
achieved through ??
*The post. Lobe is
composed of the
endings of nevre
cells
*These nerve cells
produce two
hormone???
5. Pituitary Hormones and TheirPituitary Hormones and Their
TargetsTargets
The hormones of the
anterior pituitary are
synthesized in the
cytoplasm of the cells as ????
The hormones of the
post pituitary are
released into the
circulation in response to????
http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/443/454188/st1003.html
6. Growth hormoneGrowth hormone
Growth hormone is a protein hormone of about 190
amino acids that is synthesized and secreted by
cells called somatotrophs
in the anterior pituitary
It is a major participant in control of several complex
physiologic processes, including growth and
metabolism.
7. Control of SecretionControl of Secretion
GHIH (or)
SST (somatostatin)
(-)
Anterior Pituitary:
Hypothalamus:
GHRH
(+)
GH
(somatotropin)
Liver: IGF (somatomedins)
(+)
(-)
8. GROWTH HORMONE
direct effectsindirect effects
lipolysis in fat cells
+
carbohydrate
metabolism
+
Insulin-like Growth Factor
+
fat cells muscle
chondrocytes
Protein synthesis
cartilage formation
lipogenesis
Increases FFA, glycerol, and sugars
in circulation
10. IGFBPs—two main typesIGFBPs—two main types
IGFBP-3
most abundant form of IGFBP
main carrier of IGF in circulation
promotes IGF mediated somatic growth
high IGFBP-3 associated w/ growth stimulation
IGFBP-1
typically present in small amounts
high IGFBP-1 associated w/ growth inhibition
15. Signs and symptomsSigns and symptoms
•Obvious sign is kids
being much shorter
then kids of the same
age and gender
•Children with pituitary
dwarfism have a slow
rate of growth
•Children of this disorder
still have normal
intelligence and
capabilities
23. PrognosisPrognosis
•
Depends on whether there’s any permanent
damage and the age of the child
•
Earlier treated, the better chance child will
grow to average adult height
•
Growth improvement of the injections slowly
decrease
Editor's Notes
The hypothalamus is a region of the brain composed of many small nuclei with diverse functions By synthesizing and secreting neurohormones, the nuclei of the hypothalamus act as a conduit between the nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland (hypophysis), regulating homeostatic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and circadian rhythms
the hypothalamus releases hormone which have an activating or inhibitory effect on their target organ, hence they are named Releasing or Inhibitory Hormones respectively
Releasing Hormones:
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GH-RH)
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRL-RH)
nhibitory Hormones:
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone aka Somatostatin (GH-IH)
Gonadotrophin Inhibiting Hormone (GnIH)
Dopamine (PRL-IH)
the pituitary gland, or hypophysis -meaning undergrowth- , is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragm sellae)the pituitary gland is divided into a larger frontal region (adenohypophysis) <<<<a smaller posterior region (neurohypophysis). And intermediate lobe. ##. In humans the intermediate lobe does not exist as a distinct anatomic structure but rather remains only as cells dispersed within the anterior lobeThe gland is connected to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. which is composed of neurons of the axons and the hypophyseal-portal veins.
.
The cells constituting the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are embryologically derived from an outpouching of the roof of the pharynx known as Rathke’s pouch The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction.Its regulatory functions are achieved through the secretion of various peptide hormones that act on target organs The posterior lobe is composed of the endings of nerve cells located in specialized regions of the hypothalamus. These nerve cells produce two hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) , that are carried down the nerves and stored in the nerve endings that compose the posterior pituitary gland.
The hormones of the anterior pituitary are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the cells as large, inactive molecules called prohormones. These prohormones are stored in granules, within which they are cleaved into active hormones and are secreted into the circulation The hormones of the post pituitary are released into the circulation in response to nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus and are transmitted to the posterior pituitary
Production of growth hormone is modulated by many factors, including stress, exercise, nutrition, sleep and growth hormone itself. However, its primary controllers are two hypothalamic hormones and one hormone from the stomach:
Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH) is a hypothalamic peptide that stimulates both the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone.
Somatostatin (SS) is a peptide produced by several tissues in the body, including the hypothalamus. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone release in response to GHRH and to other stimulatory factors such as low blood glucose concentration.
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone secreted from the stomach. Ghrelin binds to receptors on somatotrophs and potently stimulates secretion of growth hormone.
GH- makes energy available for growth
IGF- induces cells to grow (brings cells into G1)
As depicted in this slide, GH from the anterior pituitary is released in circulation and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of IGF-I from the liver. The IGF-I peptide then directly stimulates target cell growth
In the last 2 decades, it has been recognized that the GH/IGF system is more complex, owing to the discovery of multiple IGFBPsIGFBPs bind the circulating IGF-I peptide with high affinity & specificity
They function as carriers of the IGF-I peptide
They prolong the half-life of IGF-I in circulation
And they regulate IGF-I access to its cellular receptor
There are multiple IGFBPs in mammals
IGFBP-3 is one of these IGFBPs, and it is the most important carrier of IGF-I in the blood circulation
IGFBP-3 is the most abundant form of IGFBP and it promotes IGF-I mediated somatic growth
High levels of IGFBP-3 is thus associated with growth stimulation
Also shown here is IGFBP-1, which is present only at very low or undetectable levels in “growing” mammals
However, when animals are under “catabolic states” such as prolonged stress, the levels of IGFBP-1 will increase several-fold
Such increases in this protein are associated with growth inhibition
The following slide is an animation of how IGFBP-3 promotes IGF-I access to its cellular receptor
Unlike the Previous animation, the actions of IGFBP-1 is very different
Instead of promoting IGF-I ligand binding to its receptor, IGFBP-1 in mammals HAS a higher binding affinity for IGF than the receptor itself, and thus it “disallows” access of IGF-I to the receptor
IGFBP-1 is thus associated with growth inhibition, thereby blocking its access to its cellular receptor
Following puberty, GH levels decline during adulthood and decrease further with aging.
Decline in lean body mass and metabolic rate as well as increased adipose tissue associated with aging may be attributed to declining GH levelsGH increases lean body mass through the increase of muscle protein synthesis.
.if u open their heads to look at their brains u will see normal brains inside
.x ray can be used to show the difference between bone age and child age, by hand x ray …depending on the defirences between adult bone hand and child bone hand
.
.it is used to show tumors, some inflamations,atrophy.or hyperplasia and this is useful to diagnose the disease.
.pituitary tumor mri image
.fortunatly treatment of gh deficincy is easy when it diagnosed early(in young age)
.its the first choice for treatment
. External fixator wich called (ilizarov) is used to jump start bone development and hopefully activate more growth.
.doctors break the bone shaft and use the fixator to lenghth it.