This presentation provides you complete information about all kinds of rusts of wheat and their symptoms and managment stratigies. Hope that it will prove to be helpful for you.
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
lgae are economically important in a variety of ways. The natural substance can be used as a food source, a fodder, in fish farming, and as a fertilizer. It also plays a key role in alkaline reclaiming, can be used as a soil binding agent, and is used in a variety of commercial products.
This presentation provides you complete information about all kinds of rusts of wheat and their symptoms and managment stratigies. Hope that it will prove to be helpful for you.
The document discusses two types of bacteria: autotroph and heterotroph bacteria. Autotroph bacteria can produce organic compounds from inorganic molecules using light or chemical energy. They include photoautotrophs, which use light energy, and chemoautotrophs, which use chemical energy. Heterotroph bacteria require organic substrates for energy and are divided into parasites, saprophytes, pathogens, and non-pathogens. Common examples of different bacteria types are provided.
lgae are economically important in a variety of ways. The natural substance can be used as a food source, a fodder, in fish farming, and as a fertilizer. It also plays a key role in alkaline reclaiming, can be used as a soil binding agent, and is used in a variety of commercial products.
This document discusses the discovery and structure of viruses. It describes how Ivanovsky and Beijerinck discovered viruses through filtration experiments in the late 1800s. Viruses were found to be filterable, invisible agents that could not be grown in culture. The structure of viruses is then explained, noting they contain nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and lack cellular structures like organelles.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. The virus was first noticed in Puerto Rico in 1916 and spread rapidly throughout the southern United States in the early 1920s.
SCMV is of great concern because of the high economic impact it has on sugarcane and maize.
The document discusses microbial taxonomy and classification systems. It describes the levels of taxonomy from domain to species. Key points include that taxonomy aims to classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships, there are three domains of life, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the standard reference for prokaryotic taxonomy. The domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Bacteria further divided into 23 phyla including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.
Agricultural microbiology deals with plant-associated microbes and soil fertility. Microbes play an important role in biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. They decompose organic matter and release nutrients. Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi supplement chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides using bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi, and viruses control agricultural pests. Microbes also produce phosphorus-solubilizing enzymes and control nematodes, benefiting agricultural productivity.
Biochemical basis for resistance to plant pathogensMamoonRasheed7
The document summarizes different types of plant defense mechanisms against pathogens, including passive defenses like waxy cuticles and cell wall appositions, as well as active defenses like phytoalexins, PR proteins, protein synthesis inhibitors, and tannins and melanins. It describes several examples of these defenses such as phytoalexins including isoflavonoids and stilbenes, and the roles of PR proteins like β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in weakening fungal cell walls. The document concludes that understanding these defense mechanisms provides insights into plant adaptation and development, while further study of their gene regulation could aid crop improvement.
Chemical composition and physical properties of plant virusesN.H. Shankar Reddy
This document discusses the chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses. It notes that plant viruses contain nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) and protein coats. The nucleic acid content ranges from 5-40% and determines infectivity, while the protein coat protects the nucleic acid and facilitates entry into host cells. It also discusses various physical properties of viruses like their thermal inactivation temperature, dilution endpoint, longevity in crude sap extractions, and use of local lesion assays to quantify infectivity.
Gentic engineering for disease resistance in cropsChainika Gupta
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic disease resistance in crops. First generation strategies introduced single antimicrobial genes, but second generation strategies manipulate entire signaling pathways for more durable resistance. Targets for second generation strategies include modifying defense signaling pathways using hormones, defense modulators like NPR1, transcription factors like WRKY, and R-genes. Other strategies express virulence factor detoxifiers, antimicrobial peptides/metabolites, phytoalexins, viral coat proteins or replicases, and antisense RNA to inhibit various plant pathogens. While promising, developing transgenic resistance also faces challenges like durability and effects on other pathogens.
1. The document discusses the morphology, replication, assembly and architecture of plant virus genomes. It describes the different shapes that plant virus particles can take including rod-shaped, isometric and geminivirus particles.
2. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genome is discussed in detail. The TMV particle is a rigid helical rod consisting of RNA and coat proteins. The coat proteins assemble around the RNA to form the distinctive shape.
3. Assembly of the TMV virus involves initial interactions between coat proteins and RNA near the origin of assembly site, followed by rapid extension in the 5' direction and slower extension in the 3' direction through addition of protein subunits and disks.
This document describes a study evaluating bacillus strains for their ability to promote plant growth on corn, wheat, and soybean. Several bacillus strains were tested in greenhouse experiments and found to significantly increase growth of corn, wheat, and soybean compared to untreated controls. The best performing strains increased crop growth by over 200% in some cases. Further experiments aim to determine if physiological traits expressed by the strains in laboratory assays correlate with and can predict their ability to promote plant growth.
- The document summarizes a 120-year-old poem by Rabindranath Tagore called "Deeno Daan" that has gone viral on social media.
- The poem criticizes a king for building a lavish temple using donations while the poor suffered during a drought, implying the temple was for "royal pride" rather than God.
- The poem's message about spending on religious infrastructure over helping the poor resonates with current issues in India around the new Ram temple construction and coronavirus pandemic.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact aquatic organisms. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. Factors contributing to HABs include excess nutrients from fertilizer and changes in climate and ecosystems. The document also lists examples of HAB species, their harmful effects, and control methods.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
There are different types of nutritional bacteria that are important for human health. Some bacteria in the gut help with digestion and produce vitamins. Maintaining a balance of good bacteria is important for overall wellness.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
This document discusses the discovery and structure of viruses. It describes how Ivanovsky and Beijerinck discovered viruses through filtration experiments in the late 1800s. Viruses were found to be filterable, invisible agents that could not be grown in culture. The structure of viruses is then explained, noting they contain nucleic acids surrounded by a protein capsid, and some have an outer envelope. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and lack cellular structures like organelles.
“ Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Discourse in Indian Poetry”
in Indigenous Imaginaries: Literature, Region, Modernity by E.V. Ramakrishanan
This document discusses biocontrol agents used for biological pest control. It defines biocontrol as using living organisms to control pests like insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases. The document outlines the history of biocontrol and describes common types of biocontrol agents like parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and nematodes. It discusses strategies for biocontrol and provides advantages like being environmentally friendly and reducing chemical pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like pathogens developing resistance.
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. The virus was first noticed in Puerto Rico in 1916 and spread rapidly throughout the southern United States in the early 1920s.
SCMV is of great concern because of the high economic impact it has on sugarcane and maize.
The document discusses microbial taxonomy and classification systems. It describes the levels of taxonomy from domain to species. Key points include that taxonomy aims to classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships, there are three domains of life, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the standard reference for prokaryotic taxonomy. The domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, with Bacteria further divided into 23 phyla including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.
Agricultural microbiology deals with plant-associated microbes and soil fertility. Microbes play an important role in biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. They decompose organic matter and release nutrients. Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi supplement chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides using bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi, and viruses control agricultural pests. Microbes also produce phosphorus-solubilizing enzymes and control nematodes, benefiting agricultural productivity.
Biochemical basis for resistance to plant pathogensMamoonRasheed7
The document summarizes different types of plant defense mechanisms against pathogens, including passive defenses like waxy cuticles and cell wall appositions, as well as active defenses like phytoalexins, PR proteins, protein synthesis inhibitors, and tannins and melanins. It describes several examples of these defenses such as phytoalexins including isoflavonoids and stilbenes, and the roles of PR proteins like β-1,3-glucanases and chitinases in weakening fungal cell walls. The document concludes that understanding these defense mechanisms provides insights into plant adaptation and development, while further study of their gene regulation could aid crop improvement.
Chemical composition and physical properties of plant virusesN.H. Shankar Reddy
This document discusses the chemical composition and physical properties of plant viruses. It notes that plant viruses contain nucleic acids (RNA or DNA) and protein coats. The nucleic acid content ranges from 5-40% and determines infectivity, while the protein coat protects the nucleic acid and facilitates entry into host cells. It also discusses various physical properties of viruses like their thermal inactivation temperature, dilution endpoint, longevity in crude sap extractions, and use of local lesion assays to quantify infectivity.
Gentic engineering for disease resistance in cropsChainika Gupta
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic disease resistance in crops. First generation strategies introduced single antimicrobial genes, but second generation strategies manipulate entire signaling pathways for more durable resistance. Targets for second generation strategies include modifying defense signaling pathways using hormones, defense modulators like NPR1, transcription factors like WRKY, and R-genes. Other strategies express virulence factor detoxifiers, antimicrobial peptides/metabolites, phytoalexins, viral coat proteins or replicases, and antisense RNA to inhibit various plant pathogens. While promising, developing transgenic resistance also faces challenges like durability and effects on other pathogens.
1. The document discusses the morphology, replication, assembly and architecture of plant virus genomes. It describes the different shapes that plant virus particles can take including rod-shaped, isometric and geminivirus particles.
2. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) genome is discussed in detail. The TMV particle is a rigid helical rod consisting of RNA and coat proteins. The coat proteins assemble around the RNA to form the distinctive shape.
3. Assembly of the TMV virus involves initial interactions between coat proteins and RNA near the origin of assembly site, followed by rapid extension in the 5' direction and slower extension in the 3' direction through addition of protein subunits and disks.
This document describes a study evaluating bacillus strains for their ability to promote plant growth on corn, wheat, and soybean. Several bacillus strains were tested in greenhouse experiments and found to significantly increase growth of corn, wheat, and soybean compared to untreated controls. The best performing strains increased crop growth by over 200% in some cases. Further experiments aim to determine if physiological traits expressed by the strains in laboratory assays correlate with and can predict their ability to promote plant growth.
- The document summarizes a 120-year-old poem by Rabindranath Tagore called "Deeno Daan" that has gone viral on social media.
- The poem criticizes a king for building a lavish temple using donations while the poor suffered during a drought, implying the temple was for "royal pride" rather than God.
- The poem's message about spending on religious infrastructure over helping the poor resonates with current issues in India around the new Ram temple construction and coronavirus pandemic.
This document provides an overview of algal blooms, also known as harmful algal blooms (HABs). It defines an algal bloom as a rapid increase in algae population in aquatic systems. HABs can be toxic and negatively impact aquatic organisms. The document notes that HABs have increased 15% in Indian seas over 12 years, with 80 recorded between 1998-2010. Factors contributing to HABs include excess nutrients from fertilizer and changes in climate and ecosystems. The document also lists examples of HAB species, their harmful effects, and control methods.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, and are classified into 11 classes based on characteristics like pigmentation and type of flagella. Their life cycles vary but include haplontic, diplontic, isomorphic, and heteromorphic types, with some exhibiting alternation between haploid and diploid generations while others reproduce asexually. Major classes discussed are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae.
There are different types of nutritional bacteria that are important for human health. Some bacteria in the gut help with digestion and produce vitamins. Maintaining a balance of good bacteria is important for overall wellness.
This document provides an overview of eubacteria, including their general characteristics, classification, shapes, cellular organization, growth, reproduction, and economic importance. Some key points:
- Eubacteria are the simplest and most successful prokaryotic microorganisms, typically 0.5-1.0μm in size, unicellular, and lacking organelles. They reproduce through binary fission.
- They have diverse shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their cells contain a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may have flagella, pili or fimbriae.
- Eubacteria are classified into over
साहित्याची निर्मितीप्रक्रिया व साहित्याची भाषाVijayRaiwatkar
डॉ. विजय रैवतकर, महात्मा गांधी महाविद्यालय आरमोरी
साहित्याची निर्मितीप्रक्रिया समजून घेणे म्हणजे लेखक साहित्याची निर्मिती करतात त्यामागील जनक कारणे समजून घेणे होय.
सारांशलेखन करणे महत्त्वाची कला आहे. सारांश लेखनाचे तंत्र समजून हेने अत्यंत महत्त्वाचे आहे. मूळ मजकुरातील प्रतिपादन स्वच्छपणे सांगणे आणि थोडक्यात सांगता येणे यालाच सारांशलेखन म्हणतात.
डॉ. विजय रैवतकर, महात्मा गांधी महाविद्यालय आरमोरी जि. गडचिरोली
वसुंधरेचा जन्मसोहळा ही कविता महाकवी सुधाकर गायधनी यांची आहे. त्याने विश्वकल्याणाचा विचार आपल्या प्रातिभ विचारातून वैशिष्ट्यपूर्णरित्या माडले आहे.
डॉ. विजय रैवतकर, महात्मा गांधी महाविद्यालय आरमोरी
पृथ्वीचे प्रेमगीत ही कविता कुसुमाग्रज यांची अत्यंत गाजलेली कविता. प्रेमाचा जीवनसापेक्ष आशय सुंदर उदाहरणाने समजून सांगितले
डॉ. विजय रैवतकर महात्मा गांधी महाविद्यालय आरमोरी
एखादे वाचन वाचून किंवा ऐकून आपल्या मनात ज्या कल्पना अंकुरतात किंवा स्फुरतात त्यांचे भाषिक स्पष्टीकरण करणे म्हणजे कल्पनाविस्तार होय.
एका विशिष्ट कल्पनेतील सत्य उलगडून दाखविताना ते किती अर्थपूर्ण आहे याची पडताळणी म्हणजेच सिद्धता करणे आवश्यक आहे. ते सत्य कधी व्यावहारिक अनुभवातून, कधी ऐतिहासिक उदाहरणातून, ग्रंथाच्या आधारे तर कधी जीवनातील आपल्या प्रत्यक्ष अनुभवातूनही सिद्ध होत असते. या पद्धतीने सिद्धता करणे हा कल्पनाविस्ताराचा प्राण होय.
1. बी. ए. भाग ३ सत्र ५
पुस्तक : साहित्य सरिता भाग ३
प्रकिण १ : व्याविारिक मिाठी : स्वरूप आहण भूहमका
प्रा. डॉ. हवजय िैवतकि
मिाठी हवभाग
मिात्मा गाांधी कला, हवज्ञान आहण स्व. न. पां. वाहणज्य
मिाहवद्यालय आिमोिी
2. प्रकिण १ : व्याविारिक मिाठी स्वरूप आहण भूहमका
व्याविारिक अभ्यासक्रमाची गिज :-
• जीवन आहण हिक्षण यातील फािकत कमी किणे
• जीवनव्यविािात आहण समाजजीवनात भाषेचे उपयोजन किणे
• हवहवध व्यविाि क्षेत्रात भाषेची उपयोहगता हसद्ध किणे
• व्याविारिक भाषेची ओळख कािणे
• जीवन व्यविािाच्या सांदभाात सवा स्तिावि मिाठी भाषेचा वापि किण्याची
क्षमता हनमााण किणे
3. मिाठीची ‘व्यविाि’ क्षेत्रे
हनयतकाहलकात लेखन किणे :-
• वृत्तसांपादन
• बातमीलेखन
• अग्रलेख
• वृताांत लेखन
• हवहवध हवषयाविील लेख
• प्रासांहगक लेखन
• स्तांभ लेखन
• साहित्य, क्रीडा, िांगभूमी , कला , हचत्रपट समालोचन
या प्रकािचे लेखन किणाऱयाांची हनयतकाहलकाांना गिज असते . यातील
कौिल्य आत्मसात करून माहितीपि लेखन किणािाांना भिपूि वाव आिे. अिा
लेखनासाठी व्याविारिक मिाठी िा हवषय उपयुक्त आिे.