Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data.
A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a database. The DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and end users or application programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized and remains easily accessible.Read more.........
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data.
A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a database. The DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and end users or application programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized and remains easily accessible.Read more.........
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
INFORMATIVE ESSAYThe purpose of the Informative Essay assignme.docxcarliotwaycave
INFORMATIVE ESSAY
The purpose of the Informative Essay assignment is to choose a job or task that you know how to do and then write a minimum of 2 full pages, maximum of 3 full pages, Informative Essay teaching the reader how to do that job or task. You will follow the organization techniques explained in Unit 6.
Here are the details:
1. Read the Lecture Notes in Unit 6. You may also find the information in Chapter 10.5 in our text on Process Analysis helpful. The lecture notes will really be the most important to read in writing this assignment. However, here is a link to that chapter that you may look at in addition to the lecture notes:
https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/10-5-process-analysis/ (Links to an external site.)
2. Choose your topic, that is, the job or task you want to teach. As the notes explain, this should be a job or task that you already know how to do, and it should be something you can do well. At this point, think about your audience (reader). Will your reader need any knowledge or experience to do this job or task, or will you write these instructions for a general reader where no experience is required to perform the job?
3. Plan your outline to organize this essay. Unit 6 notes offer advice on this organization process. Be sure to include an introductory paragraph that has the four main points presented in the lecture notes.
4. Write the essay. It will need to be at least 2 FULL pages long, maximum of 3 full pages long. You will use the MLA formatting that you used in previous essays from Units 3, 4, and 5.
5. Be sure to include a title for your essay.
6. After writing the essay, be sure to take time to read it several times for revision and editing. It would be helpful to have at least one other person proofread it as well before submitting the assignment.
Quiz2
# comments start with #
# to quit q()
# two steps to install any library
#install.packages("rattle")
#library(rattle)
setwd("D:/AJITH/CUMBERLANDS/Ph.D/SEMESTER 3/Data Science & Big Data Analy (ITS-836-51)/RStudio/Week2")
getwd()
x <- 3 # x is a vector of length 1
print(x)
v1 <- c(2,4,6,8,10)
print(v1)
print(v1[3])
v <- c(1:10) #creates a vector of 10 elements numbered 1 through 10. More complicated data
print(v)
print(v[6])
# Import test data
test<-read.csv("CVEs.csv")
test1<-read.csv("CVEs.csv", sep=",")
test2<-read.table("CVEs.csv", sep=",")
write.csv(test2, file="out.csv")
# Write CSV in R
write.table(test1, file = "out1.csv",row.names=TRUE, na="",col.names=TRUE, sep=",")
head(test)
tail(test)
summary(test)
head <- head(test)
tail <- tail(test)
cor(test$X, test$index)
sd(test$index)
var(test$index)
plot(test$index)
hist(test$index)
str(test$index)
quit()
Quiz3
setwd("C:/Users/ialsmadi/Desktop/University_of_Cumberlands/Lectures/Week2/RScripts")
getwd()
# Import test data
data<-read.csv("yearly_sales.csv")
#A 5-number summary is a set of 5 descriptive statistics for summarizing a continuous univariate data set.
#It consists o ...
DIRECTIONS READ THE FOLLOWING STUDENT POST AND RESPOND EVALUATE I.docxlynettearnold46882
DIRECTIONS: READ THE FOLLOWING STUDENT POST AND RESPOND EVALUATE ITS CONTENT. PLEASE CITE ALL REFERENCES
Katie Kessler
Unit 2 Discussion 1
Top of Form
The word “noir” is used to remember the scaling of measurement in psychology (Embretson, 2004). In short, the letters stand for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio (Embretson, 2004). To give a brief introduction of what each scale measures, “nominal is the simplest way to measure” because it focuses on categorizing measurements on a scale of category, according to Embretson (2004). An example of nominal is eye color. “Ordinal measures in terms of ranking, interval measures scores of tests that focus on unobservable mental functioning and ratio focuses on measuring activities in the physical world, such as someone’s running time” (Embretson, 2004). With different scales of measurement, there are two methods to compare sets of data. These include norm-referenced and criterion-referenced testing. According to Embretson (2004) norm-referenced testing “yields information on a testtaker’s standing or ranking relative to some comparison group of testtakers.” In other words, it focuses on the performance of peers. Criterion-referenced testing is a little different because it focuses on examining individual’s scores to a set standard (Embretson, 2004).
The ability for ordinal measurement scale to be utilized on a standardized test as a norm-referenced test is high since an ordinal scale is based upon ranking and norm-referenced testing gathers information on the examinees ranking compared to a group of testtakers. For example, a study conducted on decision making with the use of ordinal variables states that ordinal measurement scales has the ability to be utilized by norm-referenced testing (Barua, Kademane, Das, Gubbiyappa, Verma, & Al-Dubai, 2014).On the other hand, ordinal scaling would not be a strong measurement for criterion-referenced testing because it focuses on the ranking rather than the measurement of the scores to be close to a set standard.
Ratio scaling directs its focus on measuring objects and activities in the physical world which would be beneficial for criterion-referenced testing instead of norm-referenced testing. Imagine a marathon runner who was trying to beat the world’s fastest time running a marathon. Criterion-referenced testing allows the runner to be aware of the set standard the marathon runner needs to beat to be the best and set a new standard. Norm-referenced testing would not be as useful because the marathon runner would not have the standard measurement he or she needs to beat. However, the marathon runner would be aware of the relative time he or she needs to beat to be the best. That is not as helpful as the criterion-referenced testing because runners need an exact number instead of a relative number in comparison to other runners.
Norm-referenced data would be collected by “the standards relative to a group, such as means and standard deviation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Data Definition - 1
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null,
department_name varchar(30),
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
3. Data Definition - 2
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null,
department_name varchar(30),
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
The table name
Here the columns
are defined. The
datatypes
are specified along
with the length in
brackets.
If a column is
specified as NOT
NULL, then it
is mandatory and
must be populated
when a
new row is
created.
4. Primary Key
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null,
department_name
varchar(30),
location varchar2(3)
primary key dept_no);
Primary Key
defined in
different
places
Create table departments
(dept_no integer not null primary
key,
department_name varchar(30),
location varchar(3));
6. Modifying Tables Using SQL
Add an extra column
Drop a column from a table
Modify the maximum length of the table
Add a new constraint
Drop a constraint
Set a default for a column
Drop a default for a column
7. Example of Adding a Column Using
Alter Table
ALTER TABLE job_type
ADD salary FLOAT;
10. All the Columns or Some of Them
Select *
from Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;
Select student_id, first_name, last_name,
From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’;
11. Order By - 1
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
Order by last_name;
12. Order By - 2
Select first_name, last_name, stu_id
From Students
Where student_type = ‘Overseas’
Order by last_name desc;
14. Aggregate Functions - 2
Count – returns number of values in a column
Sum – returns the sum total of values of a column
Avg – returns the mean average of values in column
Min – returns the lowest value in a column
Max – returns the highest value in a column
15. Example of Aggregate Function
Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
• This counts the number of members of staff in main
branches where there are more than 1 staff member.
It groups them by the branchID.
16. Group By
As shown it the previous slide...
This clause is used with an aggregate function and groups the results
by some attribute.
17. Having Clause
Modifies the group by clause
Select branchID, Count(staff_id)
From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID
In this case, only select groups where it has been calculated by the
count function that there are more than one member of staff.
20. Fixing Errors
Not specifying join condition properly
Syntax errors
Spelling errors for keywords
Columns not existing on tables
Data-types being mixed up
21. Query Optimisation
Making sure a query runs as efficiently and as quickly as possible
Performance
Examining path a query takes through a database
22. TOAD
Tools that are used to help optimise queries
Available at http://www.quest.com/toad/
23. Just Do It!
Like driving a car...
The best way to become proficient with SQL is to use it.
Laboratory sessions
Assignment
24. Learning Outcomes – Have We Met Them?
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Understand the syntax of the create statement
Understand the construction of more complex selections
Recognise the issues around error messaging and query optimisation
25. References
Benyon-Davis, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd
edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 11, 12 & 13.
Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley. Chapters 5,
6 & 7.
Dietrich, S. W. (2001). Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages, 1st edition. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 5.
TOAD website http://www.quest.com/toad/