Physio spotter

1. GIT, Endocrine, Reproduction,
CNS, SS - Spotters
AHS Semester 2

2. 2
A patient with prolonged dysphagia &
regurgitation of food shows the given barium
swallow image.
1. What is the diagnosis?
2. What is the physiological basis?
3. Enumerate the treatment modalities.

3. 1. Achalasia cardia
2. Degeneration of myenteric plexus in the lower part of esophagus
Lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax causing stasis of food
in the proximal segment
3. Botulinum toxin/Balloon Dilatation/Heller’s myotomy
3

4. A chronic smoker complained of severe burning pain in the epigastric region
occurring 2 – 3 hours after meals. Pain is also felt at midnight. He finds relief
of pain with food.
1. What is the probable diagnosis?
2. Name two treatment (drug therapy) options for the above condition.
3. Name two lifestyle modifications to treat the above condition.
4

5. 1. Duodenal ulcer
2. Antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors
3. Yoga, Quitting smoking and alcohol, Avoiding spicy food, Timely
meals
5

6. A middle aged man had extensive resection of his ileum for
malignancy. Following this, he complains of loss of weight and of
passing bulky stools. Examination of the patient revealed
hypoproteinemia and evidences of multiple vitamin deficiencies.
Explain the probable physiological basis of these signs and
symptoms.
6

7. • Weight loss and hypoproteinemia - Malabsorption due to ileum
resection (removal)
• Bulky stools – Poor fat reabsorption and excessive fat in stools (>5g
of fat / 100gm of stools)
• Multiple vitamin deficiencies – absence of fat for the absorption of
fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E and K)
7

8. a.
b.
8
1. Identify the condition
2. Label the parts – a, b
3. What is its physiological
basis?

9. 1. Megacolon / Hirschsprung’s Disease
2. a – Megacolon
b – Aganglionic segment of sigmoid colon
3. Deficiency of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus in the sigmoid colon.
So, the sigmoid colon itself becomes small and spastic (b) and unable to
distend. Hence, the normal part of the colon above it (a) will distend and
cause megacolon.
9
a.
b.

10. 1. Identify A, B, C, D.
2. Where is the deglutition centre
situated?
3. Which stage of deglutition is the
voluntary stage?

11. 1. Various stages of Deglutition.
a) Oral stage b) Oral stage
c) Pharyngeal stage d) Esophageal stage
2. In the medulla
3. Oral stage
STAGES OF DEGLUTITION

12. 1)Identify this condition.
2)What is the cause?
3)List any 2 clinical features
of this condition.

13. 1) Identify this condition
Cretinism
2) What is the cause?
Hypothyroidism of infancy (Decrease in thyroid hormone secretion)
3) List any 2 clinical features of this condition.
• Mental retardation
• Dwarfism - stunted growth
• Protruded abdomen,
• Enlarged protruded tongue
• Failure of sexual development
• Umbilical hernia

14. 1)Identify this condition.
2)What is the cause?
3)List any 2 clinical features
of this condition.

15. 1. Identify this condition.
• Myxedema
2. What is the cause?
• Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in adults.
3. List any 2 clinical features of this condition.
• Puffiness of face
• Periorbital swelling
• Dry, thickened, rough & yellow skin.
• Presence of a swollen thyroid gland (Goitre)
• Hoarseness of voice

16. 1) Identify this condition.
2) What is the cause?
3) List any 2 clinical features of
this condition.

17. 1. Identify this condition.
- Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) – probably, Graves’ disease
2. What is the cause?
- Increased secretion of thyroid hormones (increased circulating levels of T3 & T4)
3. List any 2 clinical features of this condition.
• Goiter (Swelling of thyroid)
• Lid retraction, dry eyes
• Resting tachycardia, Palpitations
• Increased appetite but weight loss
• Heat Intolerance

18. 1) Identify this condition.
2) What is the cause?
3) List any 2 clinical features of
this condition.

19. 1. Identify this condition.
- Bowing of legs in rickets
2. What is the cause?
- Vitamin D deficiency in children leading to hypocalcemia
3. List any 2 clinical features of this condition.
• Delayed dentition
• Bowing of legs
• Rickety Rosary or beading of chest wall
• Short stature
• Frontal bossing

20. 1) Identify this condition.
2) What is the cause?
3) List any 2 clinical features of
this condition.

21. 1. Identify this condition.
•Carpo – pedal spasm due to Tetany
2. What is the cause?
•Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism
3. Mention any 2 clinical features of this condition.
•Numbness & tingling of peripheries (fingers & toes).
•Muscle cramps.
•Chvostek’s sign – Tapping on mandibular joint causing
abnormal facial contraction on the same side.

22. 1) Identify this condition.
2) What is the cause?
3) List any 2 clinical features of
this condition.

23. 1) Identify this condition.
2) What is the cause?
3) List any 2 clinical features of
this condition.

24. 1. Identify this condition.
- Acromegaly
2. What is the cause?
- Increased secretion of growth hormone after the fusion of epiphysis of long
bones.
3. List any 2 clinical features of this condition.
• Elongation & widening of mandible (prognathism)
• Frontal bossing
• Thickening of skin
• Enlarged hands and feet
• Gorilla like appearance

25. 1)Identify this condition.
2)What is the cause?
3)List any 2 Clinical features
of this condition.

26. 1) Identify this condition
• Gigantism
2) What is the cause?
• Increased secretion of growth hormone before epiphyseal closure
3) List any 2 Clinical features of this condition.
• Tall stature
• Gynecomastia
• Large hands & feet
• Coarse facial features
• Secondary Diabetes mellitus

27. 1)Identify this condition.
2)What is the cause?
3)Mention 2 clinical
features of this condition.

28. 1. Identify this condition
 Dwarfism ( Pituitary Dwarfism)
2. What is the cause?
 Decrease secretion of growth hormone from
childhood.
3. Mention 2 clinical features of this condition.
 Stunted growth
 Poor development
 No mental retardation
 Reproductive system is normal
 Decreased Metabolism

29. 1)Identify and describe the
given picture.
2)What are the various
phases.
3)What are the hormones
involved in these phases

30. 1. Identify and describe the given picture.
 Ovarian and endometrial changes in menstrual cycle.
2. What are the various phases?
Various phases of endometrial cycle
 Proliferative phase
 Secretory phase
 Menstrual phase.
3. What are the hormones involved in these phases?
 Proliferative phase – FSH, estrogen.
 Secretory phase – LH, estrogen and Progesterone.
 Menstrual phase – decrease in estrogen & progesterone

31. 1) Identify and describe
the picture.
2) Label the parts 1 to 8.
3) List 4 conditions
influencing this process.

32. 1. Identify and describe the picture
• Spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubule
2. Label the parts 1 to 8
1. Basement membrane of seminiferous tubule
2. Spermatogonium
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. Secondary spermatocyte
5. Spermatids
6. Spermatozoa
7. Sertoli cell
8. Blood testis barrier
3. Factors influencing spermatogenesis
1. Testisterone
2. FSH & LH
3. Estrogen
4. Growth hormone
5. Temperature

33. 1)Identify this cell and
where is it produced?
2)Label the parts 1 to 8.
3) What are the factors
influencing its synthesis?
11
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7

34. 1. Identify the cell and where is it produced?
• Sperm
• Produced in seminiferous tubules of testes.
2. Label the parts 1 to 8
• 1- Head
• 2- middle piece
• 3- Axial filament
• 4- Acrosome
• 5- Nucleus
• 6- Neck
• 7- Mitochondria
• 8- Tail
3. List any 2 Factors influencing Spermatogenesis.
 Testosterone
 FSH & LH
 Estrogen
 Growth Hormone
 Temperature

35. 1)Identify this
condition.
2)What is the cause?
3)Mention 5 features
of this condition.

36. 1. Identify this condition.
•Cushing syndrome
2. What is the cause?
•Due to high levels of glucocorticoids.
3. List any 2 features of this condition.
• Moon face
• Buffalo hump
• Truncal or Centripetal obesity
• Purplish striae – thinning of skin
• Muscle wasting – thin limbs
• Steroid myopathy – muscle wasting & poor development
• Thin scalp hair

37. 1)Identify the
phenomenon.
2)Which hormone is
responsible for this
reflex?
3)What kind of reflex/
homeostatic
mechanism is this?

38. 1. Parturition reflex
2. Oxytocin
3. Positive feedback mechanism / Neuro endocrine reflex

39. 1. Identify the recording.
2. What are the uses of this curve?
3. What waves are seen during second
stage is NREM and REM?

40. a. The given recording is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)
b. The uses of EEG are:
i. To diagnose epilepsy, subdural hematoma and other
brain disorders
ii. To declare brain death
iii. Research in neurophysiology
3. The waves seen during the stages of sleep are
REM – Beta waves NREM – Theta waves

41. On examination, a patient exhibited the following signs -
dysmetria, intention tremor and drunken gait.
a. Where is the lesion likely to be?
b. List any 2 functions of the affected structure.
c. What are the other signs that he is likely to exhibit?

42. a. Cerebellum
b. Balance & equilibrium, planning and programing of movement, co-
ordination of motor activity and monitoring of ongoing motor
activity
c. Other clinical features – Muscle hypotonia, dysdiadakokinesia,
scanning speech, pendular knee jerk, rebound phenomenon,
nystagmus

43. An elderly man woke up one morning to find that the limbs on the right
side of his body was paralyzed.
1. What is the type of paralysis?
2. What would be the tone and reflexes on the affected side?
3. Identify the descending tract most commonly involved in this
scenario.

44. 1. Upper Motor Neuron type of paralysis – Hemiplegia.
2. Tone is increased (hypertonia), superficial reflexes are lost, and
deep reflexes are exaggerated
3. Cortico-spinal Tract (Pyramidal Tract)

45. a. Identify the parts 1 and 2.
b. Name the four primary
taste sensations.
c. What is ageusia?
1
2

46. a. 1- Supporting cell; 2 –
Receptor cell in a taste bud.
b. Sweet, sour, bitter & salt.
c. Loss of taste sensation is
known as Ageusia
1
2

47. a. Identify 1 & 2.
b. What is the type of potential
developed in this structure?
c. What is anosmia?

48. a. Rods and cones
b. Hyperpolarisation
c. Loss or absence of smell
sensation is known as anosmia.

49. A young girl at school was found to have difficulty in reading words
written on the blackboard but no difficulty in reading her textbooks.
1. What is the refractive error she is suffering from?
2. Where, in relation to the retina, does the image form in this
condition?
3. How is this error corrected?

50. 1. Myopia or Short sightedness
2. Image is formed in front of the retina
3. Optical correction with concave lens