The document provides an introduction to spoken English, discussing techniques for learning and improving spoken English skills. It covers topics like thinking in English, exposure to English media, speaking thoughts aloud, learning registers, fluency over grammar, morphology, phrases, situation-specific English, and exercises.

1. SPOKEN ENGLISH

2. Introduction
• Wide usage of English language {First (L1), Second (L2) or Foreign
language}
• Acquisition of a language-
constant exposure
 imitation
natural acquisition
• Knowledge of four skills- Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
• Learning of L2 requires conscious effort
• Speaking and Listening are interdependent

3. • Large variety of English (E.g. British English, Australian English)
• Wide variety of accent, i.e. ways of pronunciation
• Received Pronunciation or RP (South-east England variety)
• Sub systems of language: morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicon,
phonology
• English is a lingua franca

4. Techniques to Learn and Improve Spoken English
• Think in English. Switching language is difficult as different language
has different language conventions. When we think in English, it
becomes easier for us to speak in English, too.
• Get constant exposure to the language through English-language
media through movies, shows and other native content.
• Speaking your thoughts out loud to yourself. Constant practice will
make us comfortable.
• Learn the different English registers that exist. For example, we
should know what register to use with our friends, at work and with
people we meet for the first time.

5. • Focus should be on English fluency and not correct grammar.
• Learn word forms with new words- morphology (Example
write/wrote/written)
• Learn English phrases to speak like a native
• Practice English for specific situations. Example, learning how English is
used in different Business contexts/situations
Small Talk
English for meetings
Business English phone calls
How to give a presentation

6. • Learn the IPA alphabet- the English poem “Chaos”
• Use creative ways to learn English
 Describing the objects we see around ourself
Keep a journal
• Start reading in English- newspapers, magazines, novels etc. to learn use of
words in context, to recognize patterns and groups of words that normally
go together
• Talk to Siri or Cortana or OK Google
• Use apps that let you practice English speaking skills
• Watch and imitate English speakers
• Keep a note of your mistakes

7. Spoken English Exercises
• VOCABULARY SECTION - PRACTICE TEST (*)
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate word.
1. After various attempts to save the company, it was eventually declared ____________.
2. Retailers buy their stocks from a ______________.
3. Workers' rights are protected by an organisation called a _________ __________.
4. The project was abandoned due to a ___________ of funds.
5. Another word for buyer is _____________.
6. The factory workers were totally dissatisfied with the company's proposals and
immediately went on ___________.
7. When a company needs extra money it often ____________ money from the bank.
8. When someone puts money into a project in order to make money in the future they are
making an _____________.

8. Small Talk in English
1. Introduction (add a little bit of information like where you first
met, or what you do)
• “Good morning! We always have tea at the same time but we’ve never
spoken before. My name is [Your Name].”
• “Hello, how are you today? My name is [Your Name]. I’m still
learning English so please let me know if I make any mistakes.”
• “Hi Rohan. You might not remember me but we met at Jayanta’s
Birthday party last year. I’m [Your Name].”

9. • Universal Topics (weather, current news, sports and entertainment )
Examples:
• “Did you watch the Oscars last week? I can’t believe Leonardo
DiCaprio finally won one!”
• “This weather is crazy! It was cold yesterday and today I came in with
an open jacket. I hope it stays warm, don’t you?”
• “That India-Pakistan match yesterday had me glued to my seat. Wasn’t
that a great wicket at the end?”

10. The Day
• How was your day? / How has your day been so far?
• How have you been feeling today?
• What have you been doing today?
• Has anything exciting happened today?
• What are you planning for after work?
• Are you doing anything fun after work?
• “Hey there. You look like you’re having a rough day. I hope it gets better for
you.”
• “The day is almost over! Do you have any interesting plans for the
evening?”

11. The Workplace
Examples:
• “Hi Rohan. How are things going over at the IT department today?”
• “Good morning. I’m really looking forward to the party after work
today. I hear Roshni brought her famous chocolate cake!”
• “What a busy day. This is the first time I’ve gotten up from my seat all
day! Are you busy too?”

12. Observation
• Examples:
• “I love your shoes today, they really pull your outfit together.”
• “Did you see? They finally fixed the sound system in the auditorium.
It’s been broken for almost a month!”
• “Hey Roshni, your cake last night was delicious! Thank you for
making them for the party.”

13. • Common Interests
• Examples:
• “My cousin mentioned you last night. I didn’t know you knew her!
Where did you meet?”
• “I noticed your purple heart sticker. Are you a BTS army too?”
• “I tried cooking your chicken dish last night and it came out terrible.
How do you make them so good?”

14. • Questions
• “Hey, I heard you were thinking of adopting a street dog. Did you find
one?”
• “I’ve been meaning to ask you this for a while: how long have you
been working here?”
• “Your hair always looks great. What hair products do you use?”

15. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.
• 1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.
• 2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
• 3. Rahul and Tanya (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.
• 4. Vaibhav (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
• 5. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to Rishikesh.
• 6. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street
• 7.The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
• 8. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

16. • 9. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
• 10. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
• 11. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
• 12. Mathematics (is, are) Ryan’s favorite subject, while Civics (is, are)
Tina's favorite subject.
• 13. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?
• 14. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
• 15. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case.

17. Verb Tense Conjugation
Present Tense Verb Form When to Use Sample Sentence
simple present tense current or habitual actions My friend works there.
present perfect tense connects the past to the present My friend has worked there.
present continuous tense discussing something that is in
progress right now
My friend is working there.
present perfect continuous tense an ongoing action that has not
been completed
My friend has been working there.

18. Past Tense Verb Form When to Use Sample Sentence
simple past tense action completed in the past I walked the dog.
past perfect tense action that was done at some point
in the past
I had walked the dog
past continuous tense action that was in progress in the
past, but is over
I was walking the dog
past perfect continuous tense previously ongoing action that
ceased without being complete
I had been walking the dog

19. • He tampered with the alarm system before Neha walked into the
kitchen.
• He was tampering with the alarm system before Nehaa walked into
the kitchen.
• He had been tampering with the alarm system before Neha walked
into the kitchen.

20. Switching Tenses Around Dialogue Tags
• Switching tenses in dialogue - Much to my surprise, he sat down next
to me. Turning, I look him square in the eye. "Don't you dare talk to
me like that," I said.
• Consistent tense in dialogue - Much to my surprise, he sat down next
to me. Turning, I looked him square in the eye. "Don't you dare talk to
me like that," I said.

21. Switching in and out of Present and Past Tense
• switching tenses - "Rahul! Get down here right now!" Nana yelled.
Nana was a fierce drill sergeant and is always nagging me about
punctuality.
• consistent tense -"Rahul, get down here right now!" Nana yelled.
Nana had been a fierce drill sergeant and always had nagged me
about punctuality.
• inconsistent verb usage - We were on the way to school. Suddenly,
the sky turns dark. ("Were" is past tense and "turns" is present tense,
so the verb tense is inconsistent.)
• consistent verb usage - We were on the way to school. Suddenly, the
sky turned dark. (Both "were" and "turned" are past tense forms, so
the verb tense is consistent.)

22. Story Board
Simple Present Tense
Who is he? Where is he? What does he do?
• Hank is a cowboy. He lives on a farm. He has a horse named Ginger. Hank loves Ginger.
He rides Ginger every day. Sometimes they walk slowly, and sometimes they run fast.
They always have a good time.Ginger is Hank's horse. She is light brown. Her tail and
mane are dark brown. She is three years old. She lives in the stable by the house.Ginger
waits for Hank every morning. She enjoys their time together. Often, Hank gives her
apples. After long rides, Hank always washes and brushes Ginger. He usually brushes her
tail. Then he gives her food and fresh water. Ginger loves Hank.

23. Present Continuous Tense
What are they doing?
Today, Abhay is visiting his grandparents. He loves her grandparents. At this moment, he is
sitting on her grandfather's knee. He is listening to a story. He is smiling. He loves her
grandfather's stories.Jagannath is Abhay’s grandfather. He loves his grandson. Right now, he
is telling him a story. He is holding him on his knee. He is holding his hands. They are
sitting in the living room.Shila is Abhay’s grandmother. At this moment, Shila is standing in
the kitchen. She is making rotis for her husband and Abhay. She is also listening to
Jagannath’s story.

24. • He is holding him on his knee.
• Negative:
_____________________________________________________
• Yes/No Question:
______________________________________________
• WH-Question:
_________________________________________________
• Tag Question: ___________________________