1) Galileo studied Dante's Divine Comedy, particularly the Inferno, giving lectures analyzing the geometry and locations described. He believed Dante hinted at doubts about the geocentric model of planetary motion.
2) Dante's work describes a geocentric universe based on Aristotelian physics, but references to myths suggesting earth's motion in relation to the sun. In Paradiso, Dante depicts earth's insignificance compared to the heavenly realm.
3) While Dante did not attempt to revolutionize astronomy, Galileo thought he questioned the physical nature of the universe. Dante and Galileo both bravely explored intellectual mysteries through their writings.
I developed this powerpoint when I taught River Out of Eden by Richard Dawkins. Most of the students found Dawkins to be fascinating, but they weren't so hot on the actual book.
This powerpoint is based on key chapters in Weisman's The World Without Us. I teach the book as a supplementary text to Jane Jacobs, The Life and Death of American Cities.
I developed this powerpoint when I taught River Out of Eden by Richard Dawkins. Most of the students found Dawkins to be fascinating, but they weren't so hot on the actual book.
This powerpoint is based on key chapters in Weisman's The World Without Us. I teach the book as a supplementary text to Jane Jacobs, The Life and Death of American Cities.
Honda PCX 150: slide di presentazione ai media dello scooter 'comfort compatto' dotato del nuovo motore eSP (enhanced Smart Power) con l'esclusivo sistema 'start&stop'.
Alexander of Aphrodisias on Determinism, Causation and the Universe.pptxΒασίλης Ευαγγελίδης
DE FATO XXII-XXV, XXX-XXXII CAUSATION AND UNITY OF THE UNIVERSE; DIVINE FOREKNOWLEDGE AND PROPHECY
The argument from XXII to XXV:
The unity of a rational and intelligent Nature, according to determinists, preserves the temporal sequence between antecedent and subsequent events, rendering the anterior things causes of those after them, with no exception. Every occurrence must have some consequences, acting as a cause to its effects. Furthermore, there is always a necessity in the eventuation of the results of a series of facts, devoid of missing linkages. In general, everything in the universe has a cause; nothing is causeless, nothing can escape the deterministic order. In conclusion, fate, nature and reason are identified by the Stoics as God, which is omnipresent (XXII), in an unbroken causal chain.
In the next chapter Alexander dismisses the deterministic premises one by one. An unmarried man is an obvious instance that not everything is necessary to be a cause. Other things cannot act as a cause because they are negligible in size, drowsy, or extinct (XXIII).
The question if there are causeless things is overruled by Alexander, but this acceptation of causation is not followed by the assumption that everything that exists is necessary predetermined. Strictly speaking a cause is either necessary or in terms of likelihood (XXIV). In summary:
Every cause is either (1) necessary, or
(2) it is a cause for the most cases likely to occur, as in the physics, or
(3) it is accidental, a result of luck, fortuitous.
Time sequence is not a proper criterion of causality: temporal priority and anteriority are not sufficient for the identification of causal relations. Winter and summer are both caused “by the motion and the rotation of the divine body and the inclination along the ecliptic.” There is also a first cause, although rejected by the determinists. The postulation of a first cause is necessary, because of the need to justify (1) the generation of its effects and (2) causation. Knowledge is acquaintance with the first causes (XXV).
The argument from XXX to XXII:
The alleged foreknowledge of gods cannot be an argument in favor of determinism, because the future always presupposes a degree of contingency. Furthermore, it is false to allow for the possibility of really impossible things, only because gods should have foreknowledge of them (XXX).
The myth of Oedipus offers a suitable example of divine prophecy that “predetermined” the fates of Laius and Oedipus, as the determinists would say. The objection is that the outcome of this prophecy was totally “unholy and impious” (XXXI). Gods cannot improve their wisdom, while wise men can. Gods and wise men, however, are free to choose to act in concordance with virtue, in a way conducive to the preservation of the universe (XXXII).
From: The Travels of John Mandeville, ca. 1360
In that land, ne in many other beyond that, no man may see the Star Transmontane, that is clept the Star of the Sea, that is unmovable and that is toward the north, that we clepe the Lode-star. But men see another star, the contrary to him, that is toward the south, that is clept Antartic. And right as the ship-men take their advice here and govern them by the Lode-star, right so do ship-men beyond those parts by the star of the south, the which star appeareth not to us. And this star that is toward the north, that we clepe the Lode-star, ne appeareth not to them. For which cause men may well perceive, that the land and the sea be of round shape and form; for the part of the firmament sheweth in one country that sheweth not in another country. And men may well prove by experience and subtle compassment of wit, that if a man found passages by ships that would go to search the world, men might go by ship all about the world and above and beneath. And therefore hath it befallen many times of one thing that I have heard counted when I was young, how a worthy man departed some-time from our countries for to go search the world. And so he passed Ind and the isles beyond Ind, where be more than 5000 isles. And so long he went by sea and land, and so environed the world by many seasons, that he found an isle where he heard speak his own language, calling on oxen in the plough, such words as men speak to beasts in his own country whereof he had great marvel, for he knew not how it might be. But I say, that he had gone so long by land and by sea, that he had environed all the earth; that he was come again environing, that is to say, going about, unto his own marches, and if he would have passed further, till he had found his country and his own knowledge.
Chapter 1 - Our Picture of the UniverseChapter 2 - Space and.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 1 - Our Picture of the Universe
Chapter 2 - Space and Time
Chapter 3 - The Expanding Universe
Chapter 4 - The Uncertainty Principle
Chapter 5 - Elementary Particles and the Forces of Nature
Chapter 6 - Black Holes
Chapter 7 - Black Holes Ain't So Black
Chapter 8 - The Origin and Fate of the Universe
Chapter 9 - The Arrow of Time
Chapter 10 - Wormholes and Time Travel
Chapter 11 - The Unification of Physics
Chapter 12 - Conclusion
Glossary
Acknowledgments & About The Author
FOREWARD
I didn’t write a foreword to the original edition of A Brief History of Time. That was done by Carl Sagan. Instead,
I wrote a short piece titled “Acknowledgments” in which I was advised to thank everyone. Some of the
foundations that had given me support weren’t too pleased to have been mentioned, however, because it led to
a great increase in applications.
I don’t think anyone, my publishers, my agent, or myself, expected the book to do anything like as well as it did.
It was in the London Sunday Times best-seller list for 237 weeks, longer than any other book (apparently, the
Bible and Shakespeare aren’t counted). It has been translated into something like forty languages and has sold
about one copy for every 750 men, women, and children in the world. As Nathan Myhrvold of Microsoft (a
former post-doc of mine) remarked: I have sold more books on physics than Madonna has on sex.
The success of A Brief History indicates that there is widespread interest in the big questions like: Where did
we come from? And why is the universe the way it is?
I have taken the opportunity to update the book and include new theoretical and observational results obtained
since the book was first published (on April Fools’ Day, 1988). I have included a new chapter on wormholes
and time travel. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity seems to offer the possibility that we could create and
maintain wormholes, little tubes that connect different regions of space-time. If so, we might be able to use
them for rapid travel around the galaxy or travel back in time. Of course, we have not seen anyone from the
A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking
file:///C|/WINDOWS/Desktop/blahh/Stephen Hawking - A brief history of time/A Brief History in Time.html (1 of 2) [2/20/2001 3:13:58 AM]
future (or have we?) but I discuss a possible explanation for this.
I also describe the progress that has been made recently in finding “dualities” or correspondences between
apparently different theories of physics. These correspondences are a strong indication that there is a complete
unified theory of physics, but they also suggest that it may not be possible to express this theory in a single
fundamental formulation. Instead, we may have to use different reflections of the underlying theory in different
situations. It might be like our being unable to represent the surface of the earth on a single map and having to
use different maps in different regions. This would be a revolution in our v ...
Presentation on Sophy's world : 2000 years' philosophy in 45 slidesNayana Renukumar
Sophy's World (Sofies Verden) is a Norwegian novel by Jostein Gaarder translated into English by Paulet Miller. It is a wonderful book of philosophy for young adults compressing 2000 years' philosophy in about 500 pages. Through my presentation, I aim to condense the key philosophical concepts of this book in about 45 slides so that all of us can have a quick look at the philosophical reflections which have made us what we are today.
The author came to speak at Temple University in October, 2016. Many of us in Liberal Arts decided to teach his book, Between The World and Me, to encourage students to hear him speak. Here is a powerpoint I created on the book.
An overview on the American presence in the Vietnam war with an emphasis on failed strategy in fighting the war, particularly the so-called "war of attrition."
This powerpoint is based on the chapter called Tulip which also deals with the theme of beauty. I made this into a class exercise in which students look at images and decide their reaction to them: beautiful or not.
I developed this powerpoint from smaller ones I had used to teach various sections of Freud's theory. Students have a very difficult time with The Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis.
This powerpoint helps to provide the backstory to the Iliad, and illustrates the key gods in the text along with their affiliation for Greeks or Trojans.
When I teach On the Origin of Species, I follow a trajectory that is indicated on the powerpoint. I also make sure that students get the background for evolutionary biology. In 2009 to 2010, I used the powerpoint to emphasize the Dialogues with Darwin project that I did along with some IH faculty with the American Philosophical Society. (See preceding powerpoint.)
This exhibit was part of a project I did with several other faculty members. The students went to this exhibit on Darwin, then wrote a blog about a particular facet of the exhibit on the APS website. My students looks at the ethics of natural selection.
I won a grant so that I could feature language arts in my classroom. I decided to create a literary magazine in which I taught different forms of poetry. Each student worked on all the different styles. By the fourth marking period, I chose the poems that represented each student's perspective on their lives in their neighborhood, and created a magazine for them to take home. I also gave copies to my school
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Spiritual Topography
1. Spiritual Topography: Celestial Bodies in
Motion---Dante’s Contribution to Galileo
Susan E. Bertolino
Intellectual Heritage Program
Temple University
2. ACTC Annual Conference
March 30th
, 2007
For that which moves is prior in nature to that which is moved.
Metaphysics—Aristotle
The existence of God can be proved in five ways. The first and most manifest way is
the argument of motion....For motion is nothing else than the reduction of
potentiality to actuality.
Summa Theologica—St. Thomas Aquinas
It would be a stretch indeed to insist that Galileo reached his conclusions about a
heliocentric solar system based on The Divine Comedy of Dante. Yet he never chose to
ignore the impact of art upon science. Early in his career, he gave a series of lectures on
Dante’s geography of hell; they were largely seen as failures, but it indicated that he
played with the idea that Dante himself wondered if the world was in stasis or in motion.
The universe that Dante creates is geocentric, based firmly on Aristotelian physics, later
echoed by the astronomer, Ptolemy, in his work The Almagest also known as The
Mathematical Collection, written in the 2nd
century, A.D. Yet Dante was writing his
masterpiece at a sensitive time when exile from his beloved Florence forced him to
contemplate all matters concerning the nature of truth. He certainly lacked the
mathematical tools of Galileo, but it is conceivable if not probable that he brought into
question all previous notions of theology, cosmology and the nature of man himself. This
paper will explore the images of motion that appear throughout Dante’s text and possibly
gave rise to Galileo’s belief that the medieval poet shared his doubts about planetary
motion and their relationship to the sun.
Galileo delved into The Divine Comedy as a debate in the Academy of Florence raged
on: “What were the location, shape, and dimensions of Dante’s Inferno?” (Mary Bellis:
Galileo Galilei—Biography 1.http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blgalileo.htm)
His research of Dante changed his fortunes, and he eventually landed a three year
appointment to the University of Pisa. What made Galileo’s work so important—was it
simply the act of inquiry itself or did he solve this 100 year dilemma in Florence? The
first step in deciphering that puzzle is understanding which cantos he deemed significant.
2
3. Part of Dante’s task was to create hell, purgatory and heaven as believable through the
reader’s five senses. However, he was dealing with metaphysical realms of consciousness
that were unchallengeable by the Catholic faith, yet fallible through scientific
examination. Was Dante both a scientist and an artist? This question was uppermost in
Galileo’s mind. So he began with looking at key cantos that connote the possibility of an
earth in motion, keeping in mind that Dante would still illustrate a Ptolemaic
geocentricity.
Galileo examined the following cantos of the Inferno for his mathematical analysis of
Dante’s work: Canto I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XIII, XIV, XXIV, XXIX, XXX, XXXI,
XXXII and XXXIV. (Galileo Galilei, Two Lectures to the Florentine Academy, 1-9.
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mperterso/galileo/inferno.html) It would be
impossible for a paper of this length to explore all of his conclusions. It is only later in
other discussions that he considers Canto XVII, the bolgia of the violent against art, as a
precursor to the physical laws of motion. Some of these cantos only serve as a
mathematical exercise to prove that Dante constructed his hell with an educated grasp of
geometry. But Dante teased his reader with allusions to earth as both an imperfect sphere
and a place of movement. Consider these verses about his flight upon the monster
Geryon:
I think there was no greater fear the day
Phaethon let loose the reins and burned the sky
Along the great scar of the Milky Way
Nor when Icarus, too close to the sun’s track
Felt the wax melt, unfeathering his loins,
And heard his father cry, “Turn back! Turn back!”
(Dante Alighieri, The Inferno, vs. 100-105, pg. 137)
Dante used Greek mythology liberally throughout the poem. The reference to both
Phaethon and Icarus is telling. Phaethon drove the chariot that took the Sun from dawn to
dusk, falling to his doom as he was unable to handle the task. Icarus discovered the joy of
flying as he crept too close to the Sun’s heat and plunged to his death. Both myths
suggest an earth that moves in relation to a changing sun; the earth is in its rightful
proximity in order to gain sustenance from the sun’s rays, but woe to the mortal who
veers too close to those powerful beams. Both men are testimonies to the breadth of
3
4. motion on earth while suggesting that the sun is also moving, a theory Galileo later
proves in The Starry Messenger with his discovery of sunspots through his telescope.
Both Dante and Virgil flee the icy dwelling of Lucifer in Canto XXXIV; this
underbelly of hell suggests again an earth that rotates its axis as the narrator describes the
changing sun:
“Get up. Up on your feet,” my Master said.
“The sun already mounts to middle tierce
And a long road and hard climbing lie ahead….
“Before I tear myself from the Abyss”
I said when I had risen, “Oh my Master,
Explain to me my error in all this:
Where is the ice? And Lucifer----how has he
Been turned from top to bottom: and how can the sun
Have gone from night and day so suddenly?
(Dante, The Inferno, verses 95-105, pg.268, Italics are my own.)
We read on in the text that Virgil tells his companion that they are now on the other side
of the world, the Southern Hemisphere, where they now can begin their climb up Mount
Purgatory. Virgil explains that the sun they viewed when they had descended into hell
was now in a different position because they had traveled such an extreme distance---
from one hemisphere to another. But it also indicates a sun that obeys the shifting
movement of the earth. If the earth stood still, why would one side of the planet have the
sun positioned differently? Dante does not explore that question, but it does suggest itself
as his own musing on earth’s physical relationship to the heavens.
Yet it is in Paradiso, Dante’s most complex work within the epic poem, where the
struggle between earth and celestial bodies perform a dance that implies that all is not
right with the Ptolemaic universe. Copernicus had yet to be born, but other minds were
still contemplating the validity of geocentricity. Dante, like Galileo, was an obedient
Catholic, yet viscerally critical of the corruption within the Church. As a man in exile
with the inheritance of his children in doubt, he had little to lose in delving into the
mysteries of cosmology that had been accepted for over 1000 years.
The inhabitants of the Inferno were fixed, unable to progress from their final
destination; the penitents of Purgatorio traveled a vertical distance in order to obtain
4
5. spiritual cleanliness, but it is only in Paradiso where the souls know freedom of
movement. Aristotle believed that God himself moves the celestial realm through the
power of his love. Dante endorses this view, writing in Canto 1: “The glory of Him who
moves all things rays forth through the universe, and is reflected from each thing in
proportion to its worth.” (Paradiso, versus 1-3, pg. 596) To say that Dante is challenging
the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic paradigm is erroneous; however, in his search to fuse
metaphysical cosmology with moral order, he suggests that earth itself lacks the primacy
that the Catholic Church later used as a weapon to defeat Galileo’s masterpiece,
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. The main evidence for this
hypothesis lies in the final cantos, when Dante is purified enough to glimpse the Creator
in his glory.
Dante may believe that the world is the center of the heavens, but in the final cantos of
Paradiso, he sees the insignificance of the earthly realm. Beatrice introduces this in Canto
XXVIII:
The physical spheres are graduated in size
According to the power that infuses each
And fixes it to its station in the skies.
The greater good intends a greater grace
A greater body can hold more of good
If all parts are perfect, as in this case…..
If you will measure not by what appears
But by the power inherent in these beings
That manifest themselves to you as spheres. (Dante, versus 65-75, pg. 844)
Beatrice is referring to the Angel Hierarchy that God maintains in each sphere, ranging
from the simple angels, the Cherubim to the Seraphim. God maintains these as mirror
images of the Divine; thus the angels who are closest to God (the Seraphim) reflect his
majesty the most keenly. As John Ciardi writes in his notes on his translation, “God
conceived as the circumference of the physical universe…is powerfully relevant to
Dante’s belief that physical and spiritual law co-exist…as twin manifestations of one
will.” (Ciardi’s notes to Canto XXVIII, pg.848) So Dante reinforces Aristotelian
philosophy of primal energy in the universe. But Ciardi also notes a problem that he sees
as recognizable to Dante the author:
5
6. If the larger physical sphere corresponds to the smallest angelic sphere, what then of
the assertion that a larger body contains more good than a smaller one if both are
perfect?
Dante…must have grasped that the greater power results from closer proximity to God;
the whole journey of the Comedy is scaled to that proximity. It is odd that Beatrice…
does not mention proximity to God as the essence of the mystery….Dante certainly
implies that we must ponder these points. (Notes to Canto XXVIII, pg. 848, italics
are mine.)
If spheres can range in size, then they also not only can change their spiritual essence, but
from a scientific viewpoint, they can be composed of different elements. Galileo never
goes forth to examine what we now know as the different chemical components of each
planet---he had enough trouble convincing people that the moon was not a smooth and
perfect sphere. But Dante himself seems to be troubled by this notion of physical
perfection as it corresponds to spiritual truth.
Dante learns in the Empyrean that earth may be God’s creation, but it pales in
importance to the heavenly realm. In Canto XXX, he writes: “Here I concede defeat. No
poet known, comic or tragic, challenged by his theme to show his power, was ever more
outdone.” (Dante, verses 22-24, pg, 861) He feels helpless before the magnificence of
God’s kingdom; moreover, he cannot articulate the celestial realm. A poet with so many
claims to language now admits that the heavens are beyond his human understanding. Yet
the desire to comprehend still remains. In Canto XXXI, he writes: “Without having fixed
on any part, my eyes already had taken in and understood the form and general plan of
Paradise.” (Dante, versus 52-54, pg. 871) But following the blueprint cannot be
enlightenment of God’s mysteries. What can remain? It is Bernard, the mystic, the
founder of the Cistercian Order, who points out the earth to him and cautions: “Dear son
of Grace,” he said, “you cannot know this state of bliss while you yet keep your eyes
fixed only on those things that lie below.” (Dante, verses 112-114, pg.873) Dante writes
these words, knowing that death soon awaits him, so he is already traveling in his mind to
the other side of eternity. But what does this indicate for the living? Scientists like
Galileo will read his words and agree that the earth alone cannot be the center of the
universe; one who seeks knowledge can find it through both God and science, using
mathematics, not poetry, as the new tongue.
6
7. Galileo readers are aware that he considered Dante’s work as a forerunner to his own
research. One cannot insist that Dante was attempting to revolutionize astronomy; he
both lacked the skills and the interest. But if Galileo himself was willing to devote study
to The Divine Comedy to see what mathematical secrets it rendered, then it is fair to
assume that Dante himself questioned the physical nature of the universe, even if he used
the standard models of medieval times. Certainly without Dante, Galileo would have
made his assertions for a heliocentric solar system. But it is fair to claim that Dante
himself would have found Galileo’s discoveries both intriguing and possibly even true.
Each man was on a personal quest to solve his own mystery, and the intellectual world
has benefited tremendously from their respective bravery in their writings.
7
8. Works Cited
“About Inventors: Galileo Galilei—Biography”. Mary Bellis.
<http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blgalileo.htm
Alighieri, Dante. The Divine Comedy: The Inferno, The Purgatorio and The Paradiso.
Translated and annotated by John Ciardi. New York: New American Library,
2003.
Galilei, Galileo. Two Lectures to the Florentine Academy On the Shape, Location and
Size of Dante’s Inferno. Originally published in 1588.
<http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mpeterso/galileo/inferno.html
8