very basic introduction of newly emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum mechanics property called SPIN based electronics technology using both quantum mechanical and electronics property of electron i.e "SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS"
In this presentation file, i have briefly explained about Spintronics. it is a really new and a good concept for pressentation purpose. Hope it is helpful to you.
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
a branch of nano electronics that will improve technology by adding new freedom degrees to electronic for transfer and store information better than electronic devices :)
In this presentation file, i have briefly explained about Spintronics. it is a really new and a good concept for pressentation purpose. Hope it is helpful to you.
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
a branch of nano electronics that will improve technology by adding new freedom degrees to electronic for transfer and store information better than electronic devices :)
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
Very basic introduction to latest emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum Mechanics property of electron called SPIN combine with the electronic property of electron .i.e SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
Spintronics also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
The magnetically sensitive transistor (also known as the spin transistor or spintronic transistor—named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 and currently still being developed, is an improved design on the common transistor invented in the 1940s. The spin transistor comes about as a result of research on the ability of electrons (and other fermions) to naturally exhibit one of two (and only two) states of spin: known as "spin up" and "spin down". Unlike its namesake predecessor, which operates on an electric current, spin transistors operate on electrons on a more fundamental level; it is essentially the application of electrons set in particular states of spin to store information.
Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
Very basic introduction to latest emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum Mechanics property of electron called SPIN combine with the electronic property of electron .i.e SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
Spintronics also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
The magnetically sensitive transistor (also known as the spin transistor or spintronic transistor—named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 and currently still being developed, is an improved design on the common transistor invented in the 1940s. The spin transistor comes about as a result of research on the ability of electrons (and other fermions) to naturally exhibit one of two (and only two) states of spin: known as "spin up" and "spin down". Unlike its namesake predecessor, which operates on an electric current, spin transistors operate on electrons on a more fundamental level; it is essentially the application of electrons set in particular states of spin to store information.
Conventional electronic devices
ignore the spin property and
rely strictly on the transport
of the electrical charge of
electrons
*Adding the spin degree of
freedom provides new effects,
new capabilities and new
functionalities.
Advantages of Spin
Information is stored into spin as one of two possible orientations
Spin lifetime is relatively long, on the order of nanoseconds
Spin currents can be manipulated
Spin devices may combine logic and storage functionality eliminating the need for separate components
Magnetic storage is nonvolatile
Binary spin polarization offers the possibility of applications as qubits in quantum computers
The future memory device which is currently under development by IBM. Race track memory overcomes both the limitations of hard disk and solid state memory by giving high storage density than solid state drive and high transfer speed than hard disk at low price .
At a time when the end of Moore's Law is imminent, the quest for a suitable alternative finds a possible destination at Spintronicsl trlying on the spin of an electron instead of its charge. Magnetoresistive RAM uses electron spin and associated magnetic moment for memory purposes.
MRAM promises to be the Holy Grail of the memory world, promising features like amazingly high endurance, low power, non volatility, reduced read and write times, among many others.
In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic materials for both purposes. These spintronic devices are more versatile and faster than the present one. One such device is Spin Valve Transistors (SVT).
Spin valve transistor is different from conventional transistor. In this for conduction we use spin polarization of electrons. Only electrons with correct spin polarization can travel successfully through the device. These transistors are used in data storage, signal processing, automation and robotics with less power consumption and results in less heat. This also finds its application in Quantum computing, in which we use Qubits instead of bits.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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Session Overview
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Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Spintronics Introduction (BASIC)
1. Hardik Patel
-3146504
Embedded System Design
SVE, NIT Kurukshetra
SPINTRONICS
….. a new era in electronics
2. OUTLINE :
• Need ??
• Magnetics and Storage
• Evolution
• GMR
• Hard Disk Drive
• MTJ
• MRAM
• Race Track Memory
• Logical Comparison
• Conclusion
3. • NEED OF SPINTRONICS ???
Failures of MOORE’s Law….
Law states that “ Transistor counts doubles Every 18 to 24 months”
so because of high packing density increasing we are facing to many problems.
some of the major problems are….
1) SCORCHING HEAT generation making the circuit inoperable
2) QUANTOM EFFECT comes in to play at nanoscale dimension
So, the size of the transistor and other component can’t be reduced further.
As a result other quantum mechanics property of electron ‘SPIN’ is taken in
to consideration. i.e nothing but….
“SPIN + ELECTRONICS = SPINTRONICS”
5. • EVOLUTION
CURRENT IN A METALIC CONDUCTOR
In a non magnetic conductor , electron scatters the same amount regardless of spin as a
current flow.
How much they scatters determines the resistance of device.
6. CURRENT IN A FERROMAGNETIC CONDUCTOR
In a ferromagnetic conductor , however , electrons scatters differently depending on
whether they are spin up or spin down.
In this Case , spin up electrons are scatters strongly while the spin down electrons are
scattered only weakly.
7. SPIN-DEPENDENT SCATTERING
If a non-magnetic conductor is sandwiched between two oppositely magnetized
ferromagnetic layers, a number of electrons will scatter strongly when they try to
cross between the layer.
This gives high resistance.
8. SPIN-DEPENDENT SCATTERING
If the ferromagnetic layers are magnetized in same direction , far fewer electrons are
strongly scattered and more current flows.
This is measured as a low resistance.
Useful foe sensing magnetic fields or as a magnetic memory element
SPIN-VALVE magnetic sensor
10. • HARD DISK DRIVE
READING : read head senses the stray field of the domain wall
WRITING : write head writes the bit by magnetic field
11. HARD DISK DRIVE EVOLUTION OVER 50 YEARS
* Photo Of HDD at IBM Museum
12. HARD DISK DRIVE EVOLUTION OVER 50 YEARS
* Photo Of HDD at IBM Museum
13. • Spintronics Spin Valve Sensor Magnetic Tunnel Junction
-> Major impact on hard disk drive storage
-> enabled >x1000 increase in storage capacity since 1998
-> make possible miniaturization of hard disk drives
cell phones , PDA , MPEG players
-> make possible access to all the information
• Spintronics Magnetic Tunnel Junction
Magnetic Random Access Memory
Spin Torque switching using spin currents
14. • MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTION
In a ferromagnet current is spin filtered
Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
(MTJs) are attractive for use
in device because they are
Inherently higher resistance,
Which is usefull in very small
sacle Solid State circuitry.
Moments Parallel
High Current
Moments Anti-parallel
low Current
15. USEFULL MAGNETIC TUNNEL JUNCTIONS (MTJ) !
- Magnetron or ion beam Sputtered at ambient
temp. on amorphous SiO2
- Artificial antiferromagnetic reference layer
needed!
16. • MTj electron micrograph
By sandwiching amorphous structure between ferromagnetic layer we can
get this type of observation through electron microscope.
*Parkin ,US Patent filed (2003)
*Published Nature Materials (2004)
17. • MTj electron micrograph
By sandwiching amorphous structure between ferromagnetic layer we can
get this type of observation through electron microscope.
*Parkin ,US Patent filed (2003)
*Published Nature Materials (2004)
18. •MAGNETORESISTIVE MATERIAL EVOLUTION
Huge room temp. TMR values in MTJs useful for memories and sensing application.
[Parkin et al. nature mater.(2004)] ~220% in 2001-2002:400-800% today
*MgO tunnel barriers and method of formation , S.S.P. Parkin, filed August 22,2003
20. •Magnetic random access memory (mram)
By using MTJ at cross section of wires we can make the non-volatile memory.
Cross-Point Array of MTJ
*Parkin et al. J . Appl. Phys.(1999) ;Proc. IEEE(2003)
21. Cross-Point Array of MTJ
*Parkin et al. J . Appl. Phys.(1999) ;Proc. IEEE(2003)
• MRAM READING
22. Cross-Point Array of MTJ
*Parkin et al. J . Appl. Phys.(1999) ;Proc. IEEE(2003)
•MRAM WRITING
23. Cross-Point Array of MTJ
*Parkin et al. J . Appl. Phys.(1999) ;Proc. IEEE(2003)
•MRAM WRITING
25. •THREE DIMENSIONAL STORAGE MEMORY
•Capacity Of HDD • Capacity Of FLASH
Since it has a three dimension , It is similar to real estate on silicon!!!!
27. • ADVANTAGES
• Non Volatile
•Doesn’t require specific materials
•Speed
•Cost
• Advantage of Both electronics and Magnetics
28. • COnClUSION :
As said in the starting itself that it is a new era in electronics . That we can conclude
From its advantages also.
By using all electronic and magnetic properties of charge this field open the door for
many new invention and possibilities in future.