Generalidades del tejido cartilaginoso observando la clasificación y diferenciar la matriz extra-celular de cada uno de los tejidos,analizando los componentes de cada uno de estos (tejido hialino ,elástico y fibroso)
libro: ROSS HISTOLOGÍA
embriologia de la placenta y cortes histologicos de placenta asi como cortes histologicos de glandula mamaria tomados a partir de GENNESER 3ra. edicion
Generalidades del tejido cartilaginoso observando la clasificación y diferenciar la matriz extra-celular de cada uno de los tejidos,analizando los componentes de cada uno de estos (tejido hialino ,elástico y fibroso)
libro: ROSS HISTOLOGÍA
embriologia de la placenta y cortes histologicos de placenta asi como cortes histologicos de glandula mamaria tomados a partir de GENNESER 3ra. edicion
TRATA ACERCA DE LA HISTOLOGIA D ELA PIEL HACIENDO ENFASIS EN LAS CELULAS NO QUERANOCITICAS Y CELULAS ENCAPSULADAS COMO LOS 3 TIPOS DE CORPUSCULOS QUE SE ENCUENTRAN EN LA DERMIS Y
El tejido cartilaginoso, o cartílago, es un tipo de tejido conectivo especializado, elástico, carente de vasos sanguíneos, formados principalmente por matriz extracelular y por células dispersas denominadas condrocitos. La matriz extracelular es la encargada de brindar el soporte vital a los condrocitos.
Los cartílagos sirven para acomodar las superficies de los cóndilos femorales a las cavidades glenoideas de la tibia, para amortiguar los golpes al caminar y los saltos, para prevenir el desgaste por rozamiento y, por lo tanto, para permitir los movimientos de la articulación. Es una estructura de soporte y da cierta movilidad a las articulaciones.
Existen 3 tipos de tejido cartilaginoso:
Cartílago Hialino: Formado principalmente por fibrillas de colágeno tipo 2. Posee condrocitos dispuestos en grupos. Es el tipo de cartílago más abundante del cuerpo. Tiene un aspecto blanquecino azulado. Se encuentra en el esqueleto nasal, la laringe, la tráquea, los bronquios, los arcos costales (costillas) y los extremos articulares de los huesos. Es avascular, nutriéndose por difusión a partir del líquido sinovial. Es de pocas fibras.
Cartílago Fibroso o fibrocartílago: Es una forma de transición entre el tejido conectivo denso regular y el cartílago hialino, con fibras de colágeno tipo I. Se encuentra en los discos intervertebrales, bordes articulares, discos articulares y meniscos, así como en los sitios de inserción de los ligamentos y tendones. Carece de pericondrio. Posee ambos grupos isógenos.
Cartílago Elástico: Formado por colágeno tipo II, tiene fibras elásticas. Existe pericondrio. Forma la epiglotis, cartílago corniculado o de Santorini, cuneiforme o de Wrisberg, en la laringe, el oído externo (meato acústico) y en las paredes del conducto auditivo externo y la trompa de Eustaquio. Es amarillento y presenta mayor elasticidad y flexibilidad que el hialino. Su principal diferencia con este último es que la matriz presenta un entretejido denso de finas fibras elásticas que son basófilas y se tiñen con hematoxilina y eosina, así como orceína. Forma el pabellón de la oreja. Posee más grupos isógenos axiales y poríferos.
TRATA ACERCA DE LA HISTOLOGIA D ELA PIEL HACIENDO ENFASIS EN LAS CELULAS NO QUERANOCITICAS Y CELULAS ENCAPSULADAS COMO LOS 3 TIPOS DE CORPUSCULOS QUE SE ENCUENTRAN EN LA DERMIS Y
El tejido cartilaginoso, o cartílago, es un tipo de tejido conectivo especializado, elástico, carente de vasos sanguíneos, formados principalmente por matriz extracelular y por células dispersas denominadas condrocitos. La matriz extracelular es la encargada de brindar el soporte vital a los condrocitos.
Los cartílagos sirven para acomodar las superficies de los cóndilos femorales a las cavidades glenoideas de la tibia, para amortiguar los golpes al caminar y los saltos, para prevenir el desgaste por rozamiento y, por lo tanto, para permitir los movimientos de la articulación. Es una estructura de soporte y da cierta movilidad a las articulaciones.
Existen 3 tipos de tejido cartilaginoso:
Cartílago Hialino: Formado principalmente por fibrillas de colágeno tipo 2. Posee condrocitos dispuestos en grupos. Es el tipo de cartílago más abundante del cuerpo. Tiene un aspecto blanquecino azulado. Se encuentra en el esqueleto nasal, la laringe, la tráquea, los bronquios, los arcos costales (costillas) y los extremos articulares de los huesos. Es avascular, nutriéndose por difusión a partir del líquido sinovial. Es de pocas fibras.
Cartílago Fibroso o fibrocartílago: Es una forma de transición entre el tejido conectivo denso regular y el cartílago hialino, con fibras de colágeno tipo I. Se encuentra en los discos intervertebrales, bordes articulares, discos articulares y meniscos, así como en los sitios de inserción de los ligamentos y tendones. Carece de pericondrio. Posee ambos grupos isógenos.
Cartílago Elástico: Formado por colágeno tipo II, tiene fibras elásticas. Existe pericondrio. Forma la epiglotis, cartílago corniculado o de Santorini, cuneiforme o de Wrisberg, en la laringe, el oído externo (meato acústico) y en las paredes del conducto auditivo externo y la trompa de Eustaquio. Es amarillento y presenta mayor elasticidad y flexibilidad que el hialino. Su principal diferencia con este último es que la matriz presenta un entretejido denso de finas fibras elásticas que son basófilas y se tiñen con hematoxilina y eosina, así como orceína. Forma el pabellón de la oreja. Posee más grupos isógenos axiales y poríferos.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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2. Enteric Nervous System
• GIT( Gut)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
• Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
3. Spinal cord
Lower elongated part of
central nervous system
Cylindrical in shape
Extends from upper border
of the 1st cervical vertebrae
to the lower border of 1st
lumbar vertebrae L1 in adult
L3 (newborn)
4. Conus medullaris: tapered inferior
end.
Cauda equina: origins of spinal
nerves extending inferiorly from
lumbosacral enlargement and conus
medullaris.
Filum terminale
median ligament of pia mater
extending from conus medularis to
first coccygeal vertebra.
6. Provide physical stability and shock absorption
Three layers
◦ Dura mater
◦ Arachnoid mater
◦ Pia mater
Spaces
◦ Epidural: anesthesia injected. Contains blood vessels, areolar
connective tissue and fat.
◦ Subdural: serous fluid
◦ Subarachnoid: CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of
arachnoid tissue.
7. The adult spinal cord
terminates at the level of
the first lumbar vertebra
(L1)
Lumber puncture in
adult is done in
between L3-L4.
8. 8
White matter = myelinated processes (white in
color)
Gray matter = nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon
terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and
neuroglia (gray color)
9. H-shaped pillar with anterior &
posterior gray horns
United by gray commissure
containing the central canal
Lateral gray column (horn)
present in thoracic & upper
lumbar segments
Amount of gray matter related
to the amount of muscle
innervated
Consists of nerve cells,
neuroglia, blood vessels
16. The basic classifications of a spinal cord injury are:
Tetraplegia (Quadriplegia)
Injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region with associated loss of
muscle strength in all four extremities.
Paraplegia :- Injury to the spinal cord in the thoracic, lumbar, or
sacral segments, including the cauda equina and conus medullaris,
are associated with loss of muscle strength in the lower extremities.
17. Vessels of the spinal cord
Anterior spinal vessels
Posterior spinal vessels
Radicular vessels
18. Anterior spinal artery (Medial Medullary syndrome)
Supply anterior
⅔ of spinal cord
Posterior spinal arterie
Arise from vertebral artery or
(PICA)
Supply posterior ⅓ of spinal cord
19.
20. 8 pairs of cervical spinal
nerves; *C1-C8
12 pairs of thoracic spinal
nerves; T1-T12
5 pairs of lumbar spinal
nerves; L1-L5
5 pairs of sacral spinal
nerves; S1-S5
1 pair of coccygeal spinal
nerves; C0
21. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves
First pair exit vertebral column between skull and
atlas.
Last four pair exit via the sacral foramina
Others exit through inter-vertebral foramina
12-
21
22. Spinal nerves indicated by capital letter and number
Dermatomal map: skin area supplied with sensory
innervation by spinal nerves
12-
22
24. Complex network of ventral primary divisions
of spinal nerves
Four large plexuses
Ventral rami of C1-C4= cervical plexus
Ventral rami of C5-T1= brachial plexus
Ventral rami of L1-L4= lumbar plexus
Ventral rami of L4-S4= sacral plexus
25. S4-S5; coccygeal nerve
Muscles of pelvic floor
Sensory information from skin over coccyx
26. C1-C4
Innervates superficial neck structures, skin of neck,
posterior portion of head
Ansa cervicalis: loop between C2 and C3
Phrenic nerve
◦ From C3-C5 (cervical and brachial plexuses)
◦ Innervate diaphragm
12-
26
27.
28. Nerve plexus of C5- C8 and T1
Five ventral rami form three trunks that separate
into six divisions then form cords that give rise to:
Branches/nerves
◦ Axillary
◦ Radial
◦ Musculocutaneous
◦ Ulnar
◦ Median
◦ Smaller nerves such as pectoral, long thoracic,
thoracodorsal, subscapular, suprascapular
12-
28
32. Movements at
wrist, fingers,
hand
Skin- medial 1/3
of hand, little
finger, and medial
½ of ring finger
12-
32
33. Movement of hand,
wrist, fingers,
thumb
Skin- Lateral 2/3
palm, thumb, index
and middle fingers;
lateral ½ of ring
finger and dorsal
tips of same fingers
12-
33
34.
35. Lumbar plexus: ventral
rami of L1-L4
Sacral plexus: ventral rami
of L4-S4
Usually considered
together because of their
close relationship
Four major nerves exit and
enter lower limb
◦ Obturator
◦ Femoral
◦ Tibial
◦ Common fibular (peroneal)
12-
35
36. Adduction of the
thigh and knee
Skin- superior
middle side of
thigh
12-
36
37. Movements of hip
and knee:
iliopsoas,
sartorius,
quadriceps
femoris
Skin- anterior and
lateral thigh;
medial leg and
foot
12-
37
38. The two nerves
together referred to
as the sciatic
(ischiadic) nerve
Tibial
◦ Movement of hip, knee,
foot, toes
◦ Skin: none
◦ Branches are medial
and lateral plantar
nerves, sural nerve
12-
38
39. Common fibular
◦ Anterior and lateral
muscles of the leg
and foot
◦ Skin distribution:
lateral and anterior
leg and dorsum of
the foot.
◦ Branches are deep
and superficial fibular
(peroneal) nerves
12-
39
40. General disorders
◦ Anesthesia: loss of sensation
Hyperesthesia: increased sensitivity to pain, pressure,
light
Paresthesia: tingling, prickling, burning
Neuralgia: nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain
Sciatica: pain radiating down back of thigh and leg
Infections
◦ Herpes: skin lesions
◦ Shingles or herpes zoster: adult disease of
chickenpox
◦ Poliomyelitis: infantile paralysis
◦ Anesthetic leprosy: bacterial infection of peripheral
nerves
Genetic and autoimmune disorders
◦ Myasthenia gravis: results in fatigue and muscular
weakness due to inadequate ACh receptors