This document provides an overview of key grammatical concepts in Spanish, organized into sections. The sections covered include demonstrative adjectives and pronouns, reflexive verbs, uses of por and para, ways to express becoming or changing in Spanish, conjugating the future and conditional tenses, forming the present perfect tense, relative pronouns such as que and cual, the difference between que and cual, the neuter lo form, and using the subjunctive in adverbial clauses.

1. Libro de Gramatica
Valentina Krysiak

2. Contexto
1. Demonstrative 7. Present Perfect
Adjectives and
Pronouns 8. Relative Pronouns
2. Reflexives 9. Qué vs. Cuál
3. Por y Para 10.Neuter Lo
4. To Become 11.Subjunctive in
Adverbial Clauses
5. Futuro
6. Conditional

3. Demonstrative Adjectives
and Pronouns
 Demonstrative adjectives
Este/os/a/as- this or this
answer the question one
"Which?" in relation to Ese/os/a/as- that or that
the nouns that they one
modify. Aquel /los/la/las- that over
 Demonstrative pronouns there or that one over there
replace a specific noun.
 All demonstratives agree ADVERB PRONOUN
in gender and number.
Juan
Juan reads this.
reads this book.
Juan lee este.
Juan lee este libro.

4. Reflexives
 A verb is reflexive when
me (myself) the subject and the
te (yourself) direct object are the
se (himself, herself, yourself)
same.
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
 When a verb is
reflexive, the infinitive
ends in "se.“
Juan se lava la  These pronouns are
cara. positioned before the
verb, while the ending
Juan washes his "se" is dropped and the
face. verb is conjugated
normally.

5. To express gratitude or apology To indicate destination
For multiplication and division To show the use or purpose
of a thing
For velocity, frequency and proportion
To mean "in order to" or "for
Meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of"
the purpose of"
When talking about exchange, including sales To indicate a recipient
To mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of," To express a deadline or
specific time
To express a length of time
To express a contrast from
To express an undetermined, or general time, meaning "during" what is expected
For means of communication or transportation "Estar para" to express an
action that will soon be
In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to be seen as"
completed
To show the reason for an errand (with
ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)
When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to
be completed, use por + infinitive
To express cause or reason
“Estar por" means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
In passive constructions

6. To Become
 Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate "to become." Your choice of
verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs.
 Llegar a ser — This phrase typically refers to change over a long period of
time, often with effort. It is often translated as "to eventually become.“ Example: No
creo que llegue a ser un problema.
 Ponerse — This common verb is often used to refer to a change in emotion or
mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be used to
refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and can apply to
inanimate objects as well as persons. Example: No nos pongamos tristes.
 Hacerse — This verb usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. If often
refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Example:Vamos a hacernos millonarios.
 Volverse — This verb typically involuntary change and generally applies to people
rather than inanimate objects. Example: Los jugadores se volvieron locos.

7. Futuro
Regulars Yo Tú Él/Ella/Ust Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/
ed Ustedes
Hablar hablaré hablarás hablará hablaremos hablarán
Comer comeré comerás comerá Comeramo Comerán
s
Vivir viviré Vivirás Vivirá Viviramos Vivirán

8. Conditional
 The conditional is used to
express
probability, possibility, wonde
r or conjecture.
 Is usually translated as
would, could, must have or
probably.
 To conjugate irregular verbs in
ía ías ía íamos ían the conditional (same
irregulars as future) use the
modified beginnings and add
the above endings.

9. Present Perfect
 Present perfect is formed
by combining the auxiliary
verb "has" or "have" with
the past participle.
 The present perfect is a Yo He
compound tense, two verbs Tú Has
are required: the main verb
Él/Ella/Usted Ha
and the auxiliary verb.
Nosotros Hemos
Ellos/Ellas/ Han
Ustedes

10. Relative Pronouns
 Que- most common relative pronoun. It can be used to refer to both persons
and things, in either the subject or the object position. "Que" is the Spanish
equivalent of the English words who, whom, which, and that.
 Quien- used only to refer to people, and has a plural form "quienes“. When
the relative pronoun refers to a person and occurs after a
preposition, "quien" must be used.
 El Que- used to refer to both people and things. There are four forms to
accommodate singular and plural, masculine and feminine: el que, la
que, los que, las que.
 El Cual- set of relative pronouns can be used in place of el que, la que, los
que, and las que. Not commonly used in everyday conversation, and are
generally reserved for written Spanish or formal oratory.
 Cuyo- relates the owner to that which is owned, as does the English
"whose". There are four forms to accommodate singular and
plural, masculine and feminine: cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas.

11. Qué vs Cuál
 Are used as pronouns in questions to mean "what"
or "which.“
 It is said that qué is closer to "what" in
meaning, and cuál is closer to "which.“
 Qué normally is used before nouns, used when
asking for definitions, and has some common
idiomatic uses. (i.e. ¿Qué hora es?, ¡Qué lástima!).
 Cuál usually is used before es and other forms of
ser when not seeking a definition, or to suggest a
selection or choice from among a group.

12. Neuter Lo
 In Spanish, nouns are normally either masculine or
feminine, but Spanish does have a neuter form
 Neuter Lo is used when referring to broad or vague
concepts or ideas.
 Is never used to refer to known objects or
people, and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive
adjectives.
 There are three cases in which the neuter lo is used:
definite article, direct object, demonstrative
pronouns.

13. Subjunctive in Adverbial
Clauses
 In general, if the situation
in the adverbial clause is
viewed as something
hypothetical or anticipated
a fin de que —rather than
a condición de que completed, habitual, or
a menos que factual— then the
a no ser que subjunctive is required
antes (de) que
con tal (de) que  Adverbial clauses are
en caso de que always introduced by
no sea que / no fuera que conjunctions, but there are
para que some which
sin que are ALWAYS followed by
the subjunctive: