Sourcefinance
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There are internal and external sources of finance available for business growth. Internal sources include reinvesting profits and selling assets. External long-term sources are shares (ordinary and preference) and long-term loans such as debentures, while short-term sources include overdrafts, trade credit, factoring, and leasing. External sources also allow for inorganic growth through mergers and acquisitions requiring large amounts of financing. Business angels and venture capital are other sources that provide capital for growing businesses.
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Sourcefinance Ppt
There are internal and external sources of finance available for business growth. Internal sources include reinvesting profits and selling assets. External long-term sources are equity like shares and long-term loans such as debentures, while short-term sources include bank loans, overdrafts, and trade credit. External sources also allow for inorganic growth through mergers and acquisitions financed by methods like bank loans, business angels, and venture capital funds.
Sourcefinanceppt.final[1]
This document summarizes various sources of finance for businesses, including both internal and external sources. Internally, businesses can use retained profits from sales or sell assets to fund organic growth. Externally, short-term financing includes bank loans, overdraft facilities, and trade credit. Long-term external financing includes shares (ordinary and preference), debentures, bank loans, and venture capital or business angels. Mergers and acquisitions also allow for inorganic growth through external financing such as secured loans.
Strategic Financial Management- Cash Management and Working Capital Finance
Cash management refers to collecting, handling, controlling, and investing an organization's cash and cash equivalents to ensure optimal use of liquid resources. It is essential to maintain a sound cash flow position. Working capital financing decisions involve determining how to finance the level and fluctuations of net working capital, which can be divided into non-current fixed assets, permanent current assets required for normal operations, and fluctuating current assets that vary seasonally. Financing strategies range from aggressive, using mainly short-term financing, to conservative, relying primarily on long-term financing.
Strategic Financial Management - Sources of Finance
Equity financing refers to raising capital by selling ownership stakes in a company. This can be done through common stock sales to the public or private groups, preferred stocks, venture capital, mezzanine financing, or crowd funding. Equity financing does not require immediate repayment and allows companies flexibility, especially startups, to focus on operations rather than debt obligations. However, equity financing dilutes ownership and control of the company.
Financial Ratios, Principal-Agent Conflict, Stakeholder Theory and Overall Fi...
Financial Ratios, Principal-Agent Conflict, Stakeholder Theory and Overall Fi...Dayana Mastura FCCA CA
* Share price at start of year: RM2.50 per share
* Number of shares held: 1000
* Market value at end of year: RM2.82 per share
* Dividend paid: RM0.28 per share
* Dividend received = 1000 shares x RM0.28 dividend per share = RM280
* Capital gain = 1000 shares x (RM2.82 - RM2.50) per share = RM320
* Total return = Dividend + Capital gain = RM280 + RM320 = RM600
* TSR = (Total return / Value of investment at start) x 100%
= (RM600 / RM2500) x 100% = 24%External Sources of Finance
This document discusses various types of external sources of finance for companies, including shares and preference shares. It provides details on what shares are, the different types of shares (equity/ordinary shares), rights that come with shares like voting rights and claims on profits/assets. It also discusses the merits and demerits of equity financing for both companies and shareholders. Preference shares are also covered, outlining the four types and merits for companies and shareholders as a source of finance, as well as some disadvantages.
Internal financing
An existing company can generate internal financing through retained earnings, profits plowed back into the business, and depreciation. Profits not distributed to shareholders are retained and reinvested in the company, a process known as self-financing. Benefits of plowing profits back include economic expansion and growth, redemption of loans, satisfying working capital needs, and making the company self-reliant. However, over-capitalization, creation of monopolies, and shareholder dissatisfaction are potential limitations. Depreciation is the gradual decrease in asset value over time, which is recorded through book entries that reduce asset book value and profits by the same amount each year.
Corporate Finance - Capital Structure
The document discusses capital structure and the advantages and disadvantages of debt versus equity finance. It provides details on:
- The capital structure of a company refers to the mixture of equity and debt used to finance operations.
- Debt provides cheaper financing but increases risk through mandatory interest payments and the potential for default. Equity dividends are discretionary.
- The trade-off theory of capital structure suggests companies balance the costs and benefits of debt versus equity to determine an optimal capital structure.
- Practical considerations like a company's lifecycle, revenue stability, and ability to offer security also impact its ability to take on debt.
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Sourcefinance Ppt
There are internal and external sources of finance available for business growth. Internal sources include reinvesting profits and selling assets. External long-term sources are equity like shares and long-term loans such as debentures, while short-term sources include bank loans, overdrafts, and trade credit. External sources also allow for inorganic growth through mergers and acquisitions financed by methods like bank loans, business angels, and venture capital funds.
Sourcefinanceppt.final[1]
This document summarizes various sources of finance for businesses, including both internal and external sources. Internally, businesses can use retained profits from sales or sell assets to fund organic growth. Externally, short-term financing includes bank loans, overdraft facilities, and trade credit. Long-term external financing includes shares (ordinary and preference), debentures, bank loans, and venture capital or business angels. Mergers and acquisitions also allow for inorganic growth through external financing such as secured loans.
Strategic Financial Management- Cash Management and Working Capital Finance
Cash management refers to collecting, handling, controlling, and investing an organization's cash and cash equivalents to ensure optimal use of liquid resources. It is essential to maintain a sound cash flow position. Working capital financing decisions involve determining how to finance the level and fluctuations of net working capital, which can be divided into non-current fixed assets, permanent current assets required for normal operations, and fluctuating current assets that vary seasonally. Financing strategies range from aggressive, using mainly short-term financing, to conservative, relying primarily on long-term financing.
Strategic Financial Management - Sources of Finance
Equity financing refers to raising capital by selling ownership stakes in a company. This can be done through common stock sales to the public or private groups, preferred stocks, venture capital, mezzanine financing, or crowd funding. Equity financing does not require immediate repayment and allows companies flexibility, especially startups, to focus on operations rather than debt obligations. However, equity financing dilutes ownership and control of the company.
Financial Ratios, Principal-Agent Conflict, Stakeholder Theory and Overall Fi...
Financial Ratios, Principal-Agent Conflict, Stakeholder Theory and Overall Fi...Dayana Mastura FCCA CA
* Share price at start of year: RM2.50 per share
* Number of shares held: 1000
* Market value at end of year: RM2.82 per share
* Dividend paid: RM0.28 per share
* Dividend received = 1000 shares x RM0.28 dividend per share = RM280
* Capital gain = 1000 shares x (RM2.82 - RM2.50) per share = RM320
* Total return = Dividend + Capital gain = RM280 + RM320 = RM600
* TSR = (Total return / Value of investment at start) x 100%
= (RM600 / RM2500) x 100% = 24%External Sources of Finance
This document discusses various types of external sources of finance for companies, including shares and preference shares. It provides details on what shares are, the different types of shares (equity/ordinary shares), rights that come with shares like voting rights and claims on profits/assets. It also discusses the merits and demerits of equity financing for both companies and shareholders. Preference shares are also covered, outlining the four types and merits for companies and shareholders as a source of finance, as well as some disadvantages.
Internal financing
An existing company can generate internal financing through retained earnings, profits plowed back into the business, and depreciation. Profits not distributed to shareholders are retained and reinvested in the company, a process known as self-financing. Benefits of plowing profits back include economic expansion and growth, redemption of loans, satisfying working capital needs, and making the company self-reliant. However, over-capitalization, creation of monopolies, and shareholder dissatisfaction are potential limitations. Depreciation is the gradual decrease in asset value over time, which is recorded through book entries that reduce asset book value and profits by the same amount each year.
Corporate Finance - Capital Structure
The document discusses capital structure and the advantages and disadvantages of debt versus equity finance. It provides details on:
- The capital structure of a company refers to the mixture of equity and debt used to finance operations.
- Debt provides cheaper financing but increases risk through mandatory interest payments and the potential for default. Equity dividends are discretionary.
- The trade-off theory of capital structure suggests companies balance the costs and benefits of debt versus equity to determine an optimal capital structure.
- Practical considerations like a company's lifecycle, revenue stability, and ability to offer security also impact its ability to take on debt.
Chap021
This document discusses various types of mergers and reasons for mergers. It covers horizontal mergers between competitors, vertical mergers between companies in different production stages, and conglomerate mergers between unrelated companies. Sensible reasons for mergers include achieving economies of scale, combining complementary resources, and using surplus funds. Dubious reasons include diversification and the "bootstrap game" where a high P/E company acquires a low P/E company to temporarily boost earnings per share. The document also examines evaluating mergers based on whether there is an overall economic gain.
Equity Financing
The document discusses various sources of equity financing for businesses. It describes retained earnings as the most important form of equity financing as it has low costs. However, retained earnings may not be enough to support company growth goals and maintaining high dividend payments can be difficult. The document also discusses issuing shares on stock markets and the reasons companies may seek a stock market listing, including accessing more financing, improving share marketability, and enhancing company image. It provides details on types of shares that can be issued like ordinary shares and circumstances for new share issues.
Sources of capital
Detail info of various sources of generating capital for the beginning & and the growth stages of the business.
Sources of long term finance
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
Sources Of Finance
Short term sources of finance include commercial papers and factoring. Commercial papers are money market instruments issued by companies with good credit ratings for 3 months to 1 year. Factoring involves selling a company's receivables to a factoring agent in exchange for immediate financing, with the factor taking on the risk of debt.
Long term sources include shares, debentures, term loans, venture capital and lease financing. Shares are equity while debentures are debt securities. Term loans are obtained from banks for capital expenditures. Venture capital provides early stage financing for new companies in exchange for equity. Lease financing involves leasing assets from a lessor.
Financial restructuring methods include debt-equity swaps,
Internal financing
This document discusses sources of internal financing such as retained earnings, amortization, and provisions. It defines these terms and explains how they are used to facilitate internal financing. The document also covers inter-company financing, defining it as loans between business units within a company. Inter-company loans can help address cash flow issues and are often cheaper than external financing, but must follow tax rules.
Corporate Finance - Mergers and Acquisitions: Financing Issues
This document discusses different methods for financing mergers and acquisitions, including cash offers, paper (share-based) offers, and mixed offers. It outlines the key impacts of each type of offer, such as their impact on value, control, gearing, tax, and risk for both the acquiring and target companies. A cash offer provides definitive value to target shareholders but increases the acquirer's debt, while a paper offer dilutes the acquirer's shares but allows target shareholders to defer taxes. A mixed offer balances these tradeoffs. Properly evaluating any offer requires estimating the post-acquisition value of the consideration provided to target shareholders.
Chap015
Young firms often require venture capital to finance growth. Venture capital provides entrepreneurs with financing to grow their firms and obtain staged financing. Firms issue securities like stocks to further finance their growth. When firms need more capital than private investors can provide, they can conduct an initial public offering (IPO) to sell stocks to the public for the first time. The issuance of securities through public offerings or private placements is a complex process that involves underwriters, registration with regulatory agencies, and costs for the company.
Financial management ppt
This document discusses long term sources of finance for companies, including owned funds such as equity share capital, preference share capital, and retained earnings. It describes the key characteristics of equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares are the highest risk capital that provides voting rights and residual claims, while preference shares provide preferential rights to fixed dividend payments. Retained earnings are profits kept within the company to finance growth instead of being distributed as dividends. Using internal funds has advantages for both companies and shareholders but can also lead to risks like over-capitalization if not managed properly.
Chap014
This document provides an overview of the different sources of corporate financing, including internally generated funds, equity issues, and debt issues. It defines key terms related to equity such as common stock, preferred stock, treasury stock, authorized shares, issued shares, and outstanding shares. It also discusses the characteristics of different types of debt such as secured vs. unsecured debt, callable bonds, and convertible securities. The document uses examples to illustrate equity terminology and scenarios involving debt conversions.
Chap017
This document discusses a firm's payout policy and the two main ways firms pay cash to shareholders: cash dividends and share repurchases. It analyzes the options of paying dividends versus repurchasing shares and how each affects shareholder wealth. The document also discusses Modigliani and Miller's dividend irrelevance proposition that under perfect markets, dividend policy does not impact firm value.
Sources of finance
The document discusses theories around a company's optimal capital structure, including Modigliani-Miller's propositions that in a world without taxes or bankruptcy risk, a company's value and cost of capital do not depend on its debt-to-equity ratio. It also examines how the introduction of taxes can increase firm value through interest tax deductions, but higher debt also increases bankruptcy risk which reduces value. The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress from taking on too much debt.
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL STRUCTURE
The document discusses factors that affect a company's capital structure and the types of securities it issues. It identifies 12 key considerations: 1) the nature of the business, 2) money market conditions, 3) stability of earnings, 4) capital requirements, 5) retaining control, 6) long-term interests of the company, 7) legal restrictions, 8) nature of assets, 9) general interest rates, 10) attitudes of investors, 11) taxation policy, and 12) cost of financing. The types of securities issued should take all these factors into account to determine the optimal capital structure for the company.
Sources of finance
The document discusses sources of finance for businesses categorized by time period (short, medium, long term) and source (internal, external). Internal sources include retained profits, personal savings, reducing current assets, factoring, selling fixed assets, sale and leaseback, and divestment. External sources include trade credit, overdrafts, loans, leasing, hire purchase, share capital, mortgages, venture capital, and EU financing.
Equity
Equity represents the value of assets owned after accounting for liabilities. Equity shareholders own fractional shares of a company and take on the highest risk. Equity shares are a permanent source of capital for companies and do not require repayment, but dividends are not guaranteed and shareholders' liability is limited to their investment amount. Risks to shareholders include economic, market, exchange rate and industry risks. Advantages are liquidity, potential dividend payments and share appreciation.
Capital structure
Capital structure refers to how a corporation finances its assets through a combination of equity, debt, or securities. A firm's capital structure composition includes liabilities like debt and equity shares. Equity shares make shareholders owners but do not burden the company, while debt provides tax advantages but requires regular payments. An optimal capital structure considers advantages and disadvantages of different sources to maximize utilization of resources.
Lbo mbo
Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) involve using borrowed funds to acquire a company. In an LBO, a group of investors including private equity firms and company managers use a large amount of debt relative to equity to purchase an underperforming company. The strategy is to restructure the company to improve performance and cash flows to repay the initial debt over time. Tata Steel's acquisition of Corus for $12.9 billion in 2007 was one such LBO, funded through equity capital, long-term bank debt, and quasi-equity financing.
Corporate actions
Corporate actions are initiates by the company which have impacted the investors perception towards investment
Microfinance
Microfinance has had some successes in alleviating poverty but also faces criticisms and limitations. While it began as microcredit programs in the 1970s, microfinance now typically provides additional services like savings. Two exemplary early organizations were the Grameen Bank and SEWA. Over time, methods evolved, and the largest microfinance institution is now Bank Rakyat Indonesia. However, microfinance faces different challenges implementing in developed countries like the US. The International Rescue Committee addresses these challenges for refugees in the US through customized services alongside financial capital. Microfinance must be carefully evaluated against alternatives for each community. Globally, thousands of microfinance institutions now serve over 100 million families.
Sirtaine (1)
IT can help microfinance in two key ways: assessing loans and reaching more clients, especially in rural areas. However, low connectivity, costs, and other obstacles make this difficult. Creative solutions are emerging, like using public infrastructure like post offices or creating own IT networks through internet, satellite, or cellular technologies with low-cost devices in stores. The World Bank can help by building IT infrastructure, increasing telecom competition, and supporting creative solutions through regulations and incentives.
T beck
The document discusses indicators used to measure financial access and participation. It distinguishes between measuring observed access levels and understanding what drives access. New data sources like surveys of financial institutions can provide insights into geographic and socioeconomic dimensions of access as well as the "bankability" of potential clients. Randomized experiments are highlighted as a way to rigorously assess relationships between access, financial development outcomes, and economic and social impacts.
Microfinance 101 Session 1 - Dr. Stephen Conroy
This document summarizes a microfinance lecture that discusses the definition of microfinance, differences between microfinance institutions (MFIs) and banks, and case studies of microloans. The key points are:
- Microfinance includes small loans and savings products for low-income clients. MFIs differ from banks in offering these products to higher risk borrowers with no/little collateral in very small increments.
- An exercise shows banks prefer lower risk, higher interest rates, and larger loan sizes due to fixed costs, while MFIs fill the gap banks leave by serving those with limited access to formal financing.
- Case studies show how microloans can help expand businesses (case 1) but
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Chap021
This document discusses various types of mergers and reasons for mergers. It covers horizontal mergers between competitors, vertical mergers between companies in different production stages, and conglomerate mergers between unrelated companies. Sensible reasons for mergers include achieving economies of scale, combining complementary resources, and using surplus funds. Dubious reasons include diversification and the "bootstrap game" where a high P/E company acquires a low P/E company to temporarily boost earnings per share. The document also examines evaluating mergers based on whether there is an overall economic gain.
Equity Financing
The document discusses various sources of equity financing for businesses. It describes retained earnings as the most important form of equity financing as it has low costs. However, retained earnings may not be enough to support company growth goals and maintaining high dividend payments can be difficult. The document also discusses issuing shares on stock markets and the reasons companies may seek a stock market listing, including accessing more financing, improving share marketability, and enhancing company image. It provides details on types of shares that can be issued like ordinary shares and circumstances for new share issues.
Sources of capital
Detail info of various sources of generating capital for the beginning & and the growth stages of the business.
Sources of long term finance
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
Sources Of Finance
Short term sources of finance include commercial papers and factoring. Commercial papers are money market instruments issued by companies with good credit ratings for 3 months to 1 year. Factoring involves selling a company's receivables to a factoring agent in exchange for immediate financing, with the factor taking on the risk of debt.
Long term sources include shares, debentures, term loans, venture capital and lease financing. Shares are equity while debentures are debt securities. Term loans are obtained from banks for capital expenditures. Venture capital provides early stage financing for new companies in exchange for equity. Lease financing involves leasing assets from a lessor.
Financial restructuring methods include debt-equity swaps,
Internal financing
This document discusses sources of internal financing such as retained earnings, amortization, and provisions. It defines these terms and explains how they are used to facilitate internal financing. The document also covers inter-company financing, defining it as loans between business units within a company. Inter-company loans can help address cash flow issues and are often cheaper than external financing, but must follow tax rules.
Corporate Finance - Mergers and Acquisitions: Financing Issues
This document discusses different methods for financing mergers and acquisitions, including cash offers, paper (share-based) offers, and mixed offers. It outlines the key impacts of each type of offer, such as their impact on value, control, gearing, tax, and risk for both the acquiring and target companies. A cash offer provides definitive value to target shareholders but increases the acquirer's debt, while a paper offer dilutes the acquirer's shares but allows target shareholders to defer taxes. A mixed offer balances these tradeoffs. Properly evaluating any offer requires estimating the post-acquisition value of the consideration provided to target shareholders.
Chap015
Young firms often require venture capital to finance growth. Venture capital provides entrepreneurs with financing to grow their firms and obtain staged financing. Firms issue securities like stocks to further finance their growth. When firms need more capital than private investors can provide, they can conduct an initial public offering (IPO) to sell stocks to the public for the first time. The issuance of securities through public offerings or private placements is a complex process that involves underwriters, registration with regulatory agencies, and costs for the company.
Financial management ppt
This document discusses long term sources of finance for companies, including owned funds such as equity share capital, preference share capital, and retained earnings. It describes the key characteristics of equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares are the highest risk capital that provides voting rights and residual claims, while preference shares provide preferential rights to fixed dividend payments. Retained earnings are profits kept within the company to finance growth instead of being distributed as dividends. Using internal funds has advantages for both companies and shareholders but can also lead to risks like over-capitalization if not managed properly.
Chap014
This document provides an overview of the different sources of corporate financing, including internally generated funds, equity issues, and debt issues. It defines key terms related to equity such as common stock, preferred stock, treasury stock, authorized shares, issued shares, and outstanding shares. It also discusses the characteristics of different types of debt such as secured vs. unsecured debt, callable bonds, and convertible securities. The document uses examples to illustrate equity terminology and scenarios involving debt conversions.
Chap017
This document discusses a firm's payout policy and the two main ways firms pay cash to shareholders: cash dividends and share repurchases. It analyzes the options of paying dividends versus repurchasing shares and how each affects shareholder wealth. The document also discusses Modigliani and Miller's dividend irrelevance proposition that under perfect markets, dividend policy does not impact firm value.
Sources of finance
The document discusses theories around a company's optimal capital structure, including Modigliani-Miller's propositions that in a world without taxes or bankruptcy risk, a company's value and cost of capital do not depend on its debt-to-equity ratio. It also examines how the introduction of taxes can increase firm value through interest tax deductions, but higher debt also increases bankruptcy risk which reduces value. The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress from taking on too much debt.
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL STRUCTURE
The document discusses factors that affect a company's capital structure and the types of securities it issues. It identifies 12 key considerations: 1) the nature of the business, 2) money market conditions, 3) stability of earnings, 4) capital requirements, 5) retaining control, 6) long-term interests of the company, 7) legal restrictions, 8) nature of assets, 9) general interest rates, 10) attitudes of investors, 11) taxation policy, and 12) cost of financing. The types of securities issued should take all these factors into account to determine the optimal capital structure for the company.
Sources of finance
The document discusses sources of finance for businesses categorized by time period (short, medium, long term) and source (internal, external). Internal sources include retained profits, personal savings, reducing current assets, factoring, selling fixed assets, sale and leaseback, and divestment. External sources include trade credit, overdrafts, loans, leasing, hire purchase, share capital, mortgages, venture capital, and EU financing.
Equity
Equity represents the value of assets owned after accounting for liabilities. Equity shareholders own fractional shares of a company and take on the highest risk. Equity shares are a permanent source of capital for companies and do not require repayment, but dividends are not guaranteed and shareholders' liability is limited to their investment amount. Risks to shareholders include economic, market, exchange rate and industry risks. Advantages are liquidity, potential dividend payments and share appreciation.
Capital structure
Capital structure refers to how a corporation finances its assets through a combination of equity, debt, or securities. A firm's capital structure composition includes liabilities like debt and equity shares. Equity shares make shareholders owners but do not burden the company, while debt provides tax advantages but requires regular payments. An optimal capital structure considers advantages and disadvantages of different sources to maximize utilization of resources.
Lbo mbo
Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) involve using borrowed funds to acquire a company. In an LBO, a group of investors including private equity firms and company managers use a large amount of debt relative to equity to purchase an underperforming company. The strategy is to restructure the company to improve performance and cash flows to repay the initial debt over time. Tata Steel's acquisition of Corus for $12.9 billion in 2007 was one such LBO, funded through equity capital, long-term bank debt, and quasi-equity financing.
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T beck
The document discusses indicators used to measure financial access and participation. It distinguishes between measuring observed access levels and understanding what drives access. New data sources like surveys of financial institutions can provide insights into geographic and socioeconomic dimensions of access as well as the "bankability" of potential clients. Randomized experiments are highlighted as a way to rigorously assess relationships between access, financial development outcomes, and economic and social impacts.
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- An exercise shows banks prefer lower risk, higher interest rates, and larger loan sizes due to fixed costs, while MFIs fill the gap banks leave by serving those with limited access to formal financing.
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Business finance includes all types of funds used in a business, such as owner's funds and borrowed funds. It is required for starting, operating, expanding, and modernizing a business. The amount required varies based on the nature and size of operations. Some key long term sources of finance include equity shares, preference shares, retained profits, debentures, loans from financial institutions and commercial banks. Short term sources include trade credit, advances from customers, discounting bills, bank overdrafts, cash credits and public deposits.
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Businesses require funds to meet short-term operating costs, long-term investments, start-up needs, and expansion goals. They have two main sources of finance: internal and external. Internal sources include owner's equity, retained profits, and sale of assets. External sources provide funding beyond what is available internally and include short-term options like overdrafts, trade payables, and credit cards as well as long-term options like bank loans, mortgages, debentures, share capital from investors, venture capital, and crowdfunding. Both internal and external sources have advantages and disadvantages for businesses.
Financial management - UNIT 2
The document discusses various sources of funds for businesses, including internal and external sources. Internal sources include retained earnings, depreciation, and sale of assets. External long-term sources include share capital and loan capital (such as debentures, mortgage loans, and government assistance). External short-term sources include bank overdrafts, loans, leasing, credit cards, and trade credit. Specialized financial institutions that provide funding to businesses in India are also outlined, such as IFCI, SFCs, ICICI, IDBI, and SIDCs.
Ways of Raising Finance
The document discusses various sources of finance for new businesses, including owner's funds, friends and family, bank loans, overdrafts, initial public offerings, retained profits, business angels, venture capitalists, government grants and loans, Islamic finance instruments, and how much capital is needed for non-current and current assets. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of different sources of finance like bank loans, overdrafts, leasing, hire purchase, and retained profits. It also discusses factors to consider when determining how much capital is required at different stages of a business.
SOURCES OF LONG TERM FINANCE & RAISING LONG TERM FINANCE
This document discusses various long-term sources of finance for businesses including equity shares, internal accruals, preference shares, term loans, debentures, and venture capital. It provides details on each type of financing such as their characteristics, benefits, and risks. The key long-term sources of finance mentioned are equity shares, retained earnings, debentures, and term loans. The document also explains the process of raising finance through initial public offerings, rights issues, and private placements.
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The document provides an overview of mergers and acquisitions (M&As), including the objectives, types, and procedures involved in structuring an M&A transaction. It discusses various types of M&As such as horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers. The procedures involved in an M&A deal include developing a business plan, conducting due diligence, negotiating the terms, financing the deal, developing an integration plan, and closing the transaction. Key participants in an M&A deal include investment bankers, lawyers, accountants, valuation experts, and institutional investors.
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This document discusses short term and long term capital. Short term capital is used for operational expenses covering a year or less, like inventory, wages, and utilities. Long term capital is used to purchase fixed assets that will be used for several years, like land, machinery, and buildings. Some sources of short term capital include trade credit, commercial bank loans, and short term financial instruments like promissory notes, drafts, and checks. Sources of long term capital include retained earnings, equity securities like common stock and preferred stock, and debt securities like bonds. The document also discusses small business financing sources and franchising.
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Capital structure refers to the combination of debt and equity used by a company to finance its operations and growth. Debt includes bonds and loans, while equity includes common stock, preferred stock, and retained earnings. A sound capital structure allows a company to maximize shareholder value while minimizing costs. It also provides flexibility to adjust debt levels over time based on the company's situation. Venture capital is a form of financing provided to startups and small businesses believed to have long-term growth potential. It can be monetary funding or expertise and is typically allocated to companies with exceptional growth potential.
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This document summarizes short-term and long-term financing options for businesses. It discusses sources of short-term debt like trade credit, bank loans, and internal funds management. Long-term debt options include bank loans, bonds, and public stock sales. It also covers managing finances through working capital, capital budgets, and financial controls. The overall purpose is to provide an overview of the major categories of funds sources for businesses and how financial managers can utilize different financing strategies and tools.
business finance
This document discusses business finance, including definitions, types, and sources. It defines business finance as planning, raising, managing, and controlling capital funds used in connection with business. Business finance involves arranging cash and credit to allow a business to achieve its objectives. A business requires both fixed and working capital for various purposes like starting operations, meeting expenses, and financing growth. Sources of funds include owner's funds like retained earnings and borrowed funds like bank loans, debentures, public deposits, trade credit, and commercial papers.
Elements of financial management & working capital
The PPT Covers the 2 topics
1.Elements of Financial Management
2.Working Capital
which consists of following topics:
Contents :
Finance
Shares
Debentures
Bonds
Right shares
Venture capital
Mutual fund
Importance of working Capital
Types of working Capital
Components of working Capital
➢Meaning
➢Importance
of Working capital
Capital
BUSINESS CAPITAL
Capital refers to the assets, money, or wealth used to produce more wealth. It comes from internal sources like savings and retained profits, or external sources like loans, shares, debentures, and mortgages. Capital encourages specialization, employment, resource utilization, production, and economic diversification. Businesses obtain capital from internal sources like savings and profits, or external short-term sources like overdrafts and trade credit, or long-term sources like loans, shares, and mortgages. Choosing a capital source depends on factors like the amount needed and repayment period.
what are some barriers a company might need to overcome when enterin.pdf
what are some barriers a company might need to overcome when entering the global market?
and
what are some sources of financing for a new business? Limit your post to one source, and
include some pros and cons.
Solution
Barriers to entry into markets for firms include:
· Advertising - Incumbent firms can seek to make it difficult for new competitors by spending
heavily on advertising that new firms would find more difficult to afford. This is known as the
market power theory of advertising. Here, established firms\' use of advertising creates a
consumer perceived difference in its brand from other brands to a degree that consumers see its
brand as a slightly different product. Since the brand is seen as a slightly different product,
products from existing or potential competitors cannot be perfectly substituted in place of the
established firm\'s brand. This makes it hard for new competitors to gain consumer acceptance.
· Capital - need the capital to start up such as equipment, building, and raw materials
· Control of resources - If a single firm has control of a resource essential for a certain industry,
and then other firms are unable to compete in the industry.
· Cost advantages independent of scale - Proprietary technology, know-how, favorable access to
raw materials, favorable geographic locations, learning curve cost advantages.
· Customer loyalty - Large incumbent firms may have existing customers loyal to established
products. The presence of established strong brands within a market can be a barrier to entry in
this case.
· Distributor agreements - Exclusive agreements with key distributors or retailers can make it
difficult for other manufacturers to enter the industry. · Economy of scale - The increase in
efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases. Cost advantages can
sometimes be quickly reversed by advances in technology. For example, the development of
personal computers has allowed small companies to make use of database and communications
technology which was once extremely expensive and only available to large corporations.
· Government regulations - A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or
competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority\'s control. Requirements
for licenses and permits may raise the investment needed to enter a market, creating an effective
barrier to entry.
· Inelastic demand - One strategy to penetrate a market is to sell at a lower price than the
incumbents. This is ineffective with price-insensitive consumers.
· Intellectual property - Potential entrant requires access to equally efficient production
technology as the combatant monopolist in order to freely enter a market. Patents give a firm the
legal right to stop other firms producing a product for a given period of time, and so restrict entry
into a market. Patents are intended to encourage invention and technological progress by
guaranteeing proceeds as an incentive.
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Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
1比1复刻(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-premier-investment-platform-for-superior-returns...Falcon Invoice Discounting
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.Who Is Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
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1：1制作加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【加拿大麦吉尔大学毕业证硕士学历证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：A575476】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：A575476】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.The state of welfare Resolution Foundation Event
How has Britain’s safety net changed since 2010 and what comes next?
RMIT University degree offer diploma Transcript
澳洲RMIT毕业证书制作RMIT假文凭定制Q微168899991做RMIT留信网教留服认证海牙认证改RMIT成绩单GPA做RMIT假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证申请墨尔本皇家理工大学RMIT University degree offer diploma Transcript
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