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Micro Finance in India overview, challenges, and the role of technology By Annie Duflo  Centre for Micro Finance Research October 28, 2005
Outline of presentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Microfinance: what is it?
Microfinance: what is it? ,[object Object]
Microfinance: what is it? Microfinance = provision of financial services to the poor 48% 15% 37% R4 R3 R1 / R2
Microfinance: what is it? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What it often is What it really should be
Providing financial services to  the poor: challenges
Providing financial services to  the poor: challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],High transaction costs
Information asymmetry Decision to take loan Loan usage loan repayment Adverse selection Moral hazard
Adverse selection: incomplete information problem (before the loan) Don’t know  Client’s type Interest rate  reflects proba of default Safer clients drop out Need to increase interest rate Providing credit can  become impossible
Moral hazard: hidden action problem (after loan) Can not observe what client is doing Bad loan usage Strategic unwillingness To repay
Clients profile ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Staff ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Delivering financial services to the poor in India: an overview
Providing financial services to the poor: occupied India ,[object Object],[object Object],Organization of cooperative societies as alternative institutions for providing crédit by british government
Providing financial services to the poor: Independent India: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Providing financial services to the poor: Timeline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Financial reforms for RFIs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results (cont’d) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
However…Success was not as high as hoped ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Micro Finance: apparition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Despite all these efforts…large gaps remain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Microfinance ahead: challenges
Gaps in demand and supply Demand:  Rs. 450 billion/y 60% in South … to cover all parts of India Less than 2 million  Households reached 500 million un-served poor Disbursed: 39 billion Need employment opportunities Need protection  against all risks Market constraints Insurance under-delivered Scaling up Increase impact
Scaling up: challenges
Limitation of the predominant model Bank SHG NGO Loan at 9% No liability Group formation/linkage SHG-Bank linkage model
Financial Intermediation Model Loan   at a 9% Loan at 20% Scaling up existing MFIs: challenges MFI JLG Group Bank
Limitations to growth of MFIs: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lack of adequate capital: the ICICI Bank response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The ICICI Bank Partnership Model Servicing fees of 11% Loan at 9% Interest charged: 20% FLDG of 10% MFI JLG Group Bank
Long-term finance: the ICICI bank response ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lack of well-trained staff: ICICI Bank response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Technology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Technology: ICICI Bank response ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scaling up: creation of new MFIs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Support new MFIs: The Venture Capitalist model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scaling-up: what form of support is needed? ,[object Object],[object Object],Equity support, Remove  caps and floors, create facilitative infrastructure  to reduce transaction costs
Alternate channels ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Internet Kiosks Connectivity ,[object Object],[object Object],Printer  & Other Accessories : Enabling job work  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Multimedia PC  with Power backup Internet Kiosk
Internet kiosks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Internet kiosks: remaining gaps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ICICI Bank strategy: summary Conventional Rural Banking Branch based Manpower intensive Product driven Single product Our strategy Hybrid channels Technology intensive Customer driven Multiple products
Maximize impact of microfinance: challenges
Maximize impact Vulnerability Need for  More than credit Differences among customers Need for  customized products Understand what programmes work the best and for whom
Maximize impact Local Financial Institution: serving all credit constraint- Segments in 2-3 districts Employment  scarcity Other constraints Finance other credit  constraint segments MFI-sectoral experts Partnerships
Range of Microfinancial services:  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Range of Microfinancial services: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Range of Microfinancial services: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Range of Microfinancial services: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Key enablers needed for maximize impact and scaling up ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CMFR:  The Centre for Micro Finance Research
Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategy Research Influence  practice Advocacy Strategy building Training
Partnerships CMFR Banks/ Insurance  Companies International  organizations MFIs/NGOs Universities Regulators/policy makers
CMFR: Research Areas
Impact of Microfinance Access to  Financial services Impact? Advocacy based on rigorous results ?
Constraints to Productivity Impact Health infrastructure entrepreneurship Access to Financial services Inputs ,[object Object],[object Object]
Economics of Micro-Enterprise ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Help increase  productivity of micro-enterprise
Experimentation on Product Design selection monitoring Enforcement ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Design the most cost-effective products ,[object Object],[object Object]
Behavior and Psychology of Borrowers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Design the most effective communication strategies
MFI Policies: Impact ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Understand better impact of policies over time
Cost and profitability of SHGs/MFIs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bank Transaction ? Micro-loan 9% 25% Return?
Research: other initiatives
Research: Panel Databases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Research: weekly seminar series ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Research: Courses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MFI Strategy Unit at CMFR
Strategy Building MFIs Sectoral Experts Pilots Scale-up LFI
Training ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
THANK YOU!

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