This presentation summarizes the work done by the author as a tertiary plant chemist at a water reclamation facility. It addresses three main problems: 1) improving sludge acid digestions by testing different digestion methods, 2) explaining recurring high phosphate levels by analyzing data on multiple variables over time, and 3) systematizing chemical additions by developing a program to calculate chemical demand based on plant data. Graphs and data analysis were used to identify relationships between variables and test hypotheses. The results helped resolve issues and optimize plant operations to achieve regulatory compliance and cost savings.
Chemical engineers are often presented with the task of designing complicated separations processes for product recovery or purification. When conventional distillation is not a viable option for separating two or more chemicals, extractive distillation can be used. Extractive distillation is a good solution for compounds that have low relative volatilities, or that form an azeotrope.
In this webinar, Koch Modular will provide insight on utilizing extractive distillation as a technique for the separation and recovery of valuable chemicals. Please join Alan Erickson as he discusses the design and application of extractive distillation systems, along with two “real-world” examples.
A recent study conducted by an independent environmental laboratory proves that TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 activated carbon is effective at removing TTHMs from municipal drinking water. The test was sponsored by a municipality that needed to come into compliance with the EPA’s DPB Stage 2 regulations.
The study sponsor historically had high levels of TTHM in its water that ranged between 105 and 171 µg/L. The municipality talked to TIGG about a water purification adsorption system. While some in the industry insist that coal-based activated carbon is the only effective means of removing disinfection byproducts from municipal drinking water, TIGG experts recommended their 5DC 12 x 30 virgin coconut activated carbon.
The municipality had an independent laboratory run a pilot study using a rapid small-scale column test. They used TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 NSF activated carbon, which is designed to remove low concentrations of contaminants from potable water. The laboratory found that initial TTHM concentrations of 138 µg/L were reduced to < 1.0 µg/L following treatment with virgin coconut activated carbon. Based on the scale-up of the testing, it was determined that a full scale carbon adsorber would effectively treat TTHMs for 325 days before the bed needed a changeout.
Not only is coconut-based activated carbon effective, it is typically more economical than coal-based activated carbon. The following report shows the laboratory’s results over a 24-day period.
Chemical engineers are often presented with the task of designing complicated separations processes for product recovery or purification. When conventional distillation is not a viable option for separating two or more chemicals, extractive distillation can be used. Extractive distillation is a good solution for compounds that have low relative volatilities, or that form an azeotrope.
In this webinar, Koch Modular will provide insight on utilizing extractive distillation as a technique for the separation and recovery of valuable chemicals. Please join Alan Erickson as he discusses the design and application of extractive distillation systems, along with two “real-world” examples.
A recent study conducted by an independent environmental laboratory proves that TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 activated carbon is effective at removing TTHMs from municipal drinking water. The test was sponsored by a municipality that needed to come into compliance with the EPA’s DPB Stage 2 regulations.
The study sponsor historically had high levels of TTHM in its water that ranged between 105 and 171 µg/L. The municipality talked to TIGG about a water purification adsorption system. While some in the industry insist that coal-based activated carbon is the only effective means of removing disinfection byproducts from municipal drinking water, TIGG experts recommended their 5DC 12 x 30 virgin coconut activated carbon.
The municipality had an independent laboratory run a pilot study using a rapid small-scale column test. They used TIGG’s 5DC 12 x 30 NSF activated carbon, which is designed to remove low concentrations of contaminants from potable water. The laboratory found that initial TTHM concentrations of 138 µg/L were reduced to < 1.0 µg/L following treatment with virgin coconut activated carbon. Based on the scale-up of the testing, it was determined that a full scale carbon adsorber would effectively treat TTHMs for 325 days before the bed needed a changeout.
Not only is coconut-based activated carbon effective, it is typically more economical than coal-based activated carbon. The following report shows the laboratory’s results over a 24-day period.
This presentation is about water recover from waste water. In the end of the presentation attendant are able to understand basic of water reclamation system. Also able to know how RO & UF membrane foul & scale. and how to remove (Chemical cleaning). Important factor need to monitor during operation, identify symptoms of problem. Also can identify cost saving categories & effective operations & chemical cleaning.
Moisture Adsorption Isotherms Characteristics of a New Moisture AdsorbersIJMREMJournal
The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of the replacement rate of the most hygroscopic moisture
adsorber on the adsorption properties of a new moisture adsorbers formulated. Moisture adsorption isotherms
of this new moisture adsorbers formulated were determined at 4 ± 1 °C, using the standard static gravimetric
method. All moisture adsorption isotherms of new moisture adsorbers were type II following Brunauer’s
classification. The moisture isotherms were sigmoid shaped and showed a clear dependence on the substitution
rates of the most hygroscopic moisture adsorber (ads 3). Of the eighteen new moisture adsorbers formulated,
only AB (40:60) and AL (60:40) adsorbers had the characteristic appearance of better moisture adsorbeers in
modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables (tomato and mushroom). Thus, their incorporation into
the packaging could avoid the condensation of water vapor by maintaining an optimal relative humidity. Based
on statistical parameters, additive isotherm approach of Labuza (1968) could not correctly describe the
adsorption characteristics of all this new moisture adsorbers formulated. However, this model gave better
prediction with the new AB moisture adsorbers than
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
The extraction of zinc(II) from zinc-plating wastewater by liquid-liquid extraction was studied using the commercial extractants di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex® 272), as well as the ionic liquids, Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide (Cyphos® 102), Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate (Cyphos® 103) and Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos® 104), diluted in organic solvents. First, the commercial extractants and the ionic liquids with the most potential were selected based on the results from diluents, modifiers, and stripping solution screening tests. Then, the optimization of extraction and re-extraction (stripping) conditions for each extractant was achieved either by effluent pre-treatment (pH adjustment) to remove iron before liquid-liquid extraction or by adjusting the extractant-to-zinc ratio. Afterward, one commercial extractant and one ionic liquid were selected for further evaluation based on the following parameters: reusability, contact time (kinetic studies), and loading capacity.
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
This presentation is about water recover from waste water. In the end of the presentation attendant are able to understand basic of water reclamation system. Also able to know how RO & UF membrane foul & scale. and how to remove (Chemical cleaning). Important factor need to monitor during operation, identify symptoms of problem. Also can identify cost saving categories & effective operations & chemical cleaning.
Moisture Adsorption Isotherms Characteristics of a New Moisture AdsorbersIJMREMJournal
The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of the replacement rate of the most hygroscopic moisture
adsorber on the adsorption properties of a new moisture adsorbers formulated. Moisture adsorption isotherms
of this new moisture adsorbers formulated were determined at 4 ± 1 °C, using the standard static gravimetric
method. All moisture adsorption isotherms of new moisture adsorbers were type II following Brunauer’s
classification. The moisture isotherms were sigmoid shaped and showed a clear dependence on the substitution
rates of the most hygroscopic moisture adsorber (ads 3). Of the eighteen new moisture adsorbers formulated,
only AB (40:60) and AL (60:40) adsorbers had the characteristic appearance of better moisture adsorbeers in
modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables (tomato and mushroom). Thus, their incorporation into
the packaging could avoid the condensation of water vapor by maintaining an optimal relative humidity. Based
on statistical parameters, additive isotherm approach of Labuza (1968) could not correctly describe the
adsorption characteristics of all this new moisture adsorbers formulated. However, this model gave better
prediction with the new AB moisture adsorbers than
YSI Activated Sludge - 3 Things You Need to Know to Improve Process ControlXylem Inc.
Join YSI’s wastewater expert, Dr. Rob Smith, as he discusses activated sludge at municipal water resource recovery facilities. Dr. Rob will review the three things you should know about activated sludge in water resource recovery facilities.
Optimization of the activated sludge process requires careful management of three critical parameters: aeration, sludge wasting, and sludge recirculation. Over the years, wastewater professionals have based their decisions on measurements from batch tests applied to grab samples. The batch measurements are representative of the process but are limited in frequency and subject to interpretation.
On the other hand, direct measurement of water chemistry is performed in the laboratory for demonstrating permit compliance on composited influent and effluent samples. The laboratory measurements provide measurements of important variables like oxygen, solids, ammonium and nitrate, but they are also limited in frequency and the samples are not representative of the process.
Online process monitoring provides the best of both strategies by directly measuring the important variables in representative samples continuously. This webinar discusses online process monitoring and control of activated sludge. Topics include:
1. Measurement principle
2. Operation and maintenance
3. Applications for energy conservation and nutrient removal.
The extraction of zinc(II) from zinc-plating wastewater by liquid-liquid extraction was studied using the commercial extractants di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex® 272), as well as the ionic liquids, Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide (Cyphos® 102), Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate (Cyphos® 103) and Trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4- trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos® 104), diluted in organic solvents. First, the commercial extractants and the ionic liquids with the most potential were selected based on the results from diluents, modifiers, and stripping solution screening tests. Then, the optimization of extraction and re-extraction (stripping) conditions for each extractant was achieved either by effluent pre-treatment (pH adjustment) to remove iron before liquid-liquid extraction or by adjusting the extractant-to-zinc ratio. Afterward, one commercial extractant and one ionic liquid were selected for further evaluation based on the following parameters: reusability, contact time (kinetic studies), and loading capacity.
A Relationship Between Calcium Phosphate And Silica Fouling In Wastewater Ro ...momalki
This paper was presented at AMTA and the IDA. It shows that allowing calcium phosphate scale to form will result in silica scaling. It also compares the performance of different antiscalants in control of calcium phosphate.
Vasumitra Life Energies provide the solution to current problem that India is facing. The P.R.O.M. (Phosphate Rich Organic Manure) or Samved Humiphos is manufactured and marketed as alternative to Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Di ammonium Phosphate (DAP).
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
This paper presents results from the model capacity evaluation of an activated sludge plant at a large 37.8 MGD regional municipal wastewater treatment plant with reuse potential. The plant capacity evaluation (stress test) was performed to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies as a part of the continuous improvement of the treatment plant for process optimization and maximization of flow through the plant.
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
Adequacy and Efficacy of Treatment Plant Treating Electronics Industry Wastewater with the parameters : BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Heavy Metals, Nitrogen and Phosphate.
Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment St...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Jon Smoyer P.G., PA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), “Hydrogen Peroxide- Review of its Role as Part of a Mine Drainage Treatment Strategy”
Hydrogen Peroxide has been used to oxidize and remove ferrous iron from mine drainage for decades. It is a relatively inexpensive and effective oxidant that can be used to achieve rapid ferrous iron oxidation in many active and semi-passive mine drainage treatment systems. This presentation outlines the physical properties, concentrations, and available delivery options for hydrogen peroxide.
This research mainly focus on developing an efficient product that will be effective for remediation during groundwater treatment.
It gives in-depth analysis on in-situ oxidation techniques for groundwater remediation.
1. Examples of Work (1)
Problem Solving
PCBWORKS
This presentation highlights work done as
Tertiary Plant Team Chemist at the APS
Water Reclamation Facility at Palo Verde
(examples contain no real plant data; values left out or altered)
. . . .
This presentation highlights work done as
Tertiary Plant Team Chemist at the APS
Water Reclamation Facility at Palo Verde
(examples contain no real plant data; values left out or altered)
. . . .
2. •The Water Reclamation Facility
provides water for the Palo Verde Nuclear
Generating Station
– domestic & ultra pure water made from site
deep-well water
– ‘process’ water made from City of Phoenix
sewage treatment effluent at Tertiary Plant
3. Goals
Major tasks as tertiary plant team chemist:
– 1) Improve sludge acid digestions
– 2) Explain phosphate removal problems
– 3) Systematize chemical additions
4. Problem (1)
Acid digests of plant solids contained a
gel that could not be removed. Such a
gel could interfere with analyses.
5. •(FYI) Solids in 1st Stage Clarifier
Reaction zone solids (RZ)
Recycle solids / sludge(SL)
Effluent
flow
slaked
lime
influent
effluent
Launderers gather effluent
Sludge out
udge out
rake
Slaked
lime
Launderers gather effluent
influent
effluent
6. Approach
• Ran tests, consulted with chemists, lab techs
• Did a literature search of digestion methods
• Wrote program ‘Dgstcalc’ to do calculations
7. Scope
• Ran 22 digestions in 7 months
• Accounted for up to 99% of plant sludge
10. Feedback Loops
Procedure checked four ways:
– digestion by digest replicate (rep1)
– analysis by analytical replicate (rep2)
– separations by Na and SiO2 checks
– matrix interference by spike recovery
11. Results and Benefits
• Coworker mentioned silicates often cause problems
• Found method that makes silicates acid insoluble
• Filtered out silica, solving ‘gel’ problem and
ensuring better digestion numbers
12. Problem (2)
• The plant had had difficulty for some time
(> ten years) controlling phosphate to
specifications during the winter months.
While many theories were advanced, what
variables were involved was not known.
13. Approach
• Worked closely with engineers, mechanics,
operators, and lab techs
• Focused on entire system to include as man
many variables as possible
• Did calculations, ran jar tests, used histor-
ical & current plant data & ran process tests
to look at data from many points of view
14. •(FYI) Schematic Tertiary Plant System
Clarifier Feed Sump (FCIN)
1st Stage Clarifiers (FC1-6)
2nd Stage Clarifiers (FC7-12)
Gravity Filters
Trickling Filters (TF) (bacteria remove NH3, alkalinity,organics)
To Reservoir &
Nuclear Units
Plant influent from Phoenix (WPIN)
(lime removes Ca, Mg, SiO2, PO4)
(CO2 & Soda Ash remove excess Ca)
Lines
back
from
rest of
plant
15. Scope
Spent >1 year gathering and analyzing data:
– Trickling Filter performance
– 1st Stage sludge chemical/physical characteristics
– 1st Stage effluents
– Organics throughout plant
16. Graphing
• The following slides show different views
of one graph: starting with the simplest,
overall picture and adding details to expose
the apparent causes of the problem . . .
17. Phosphates out of Spec
Simplest View of Problem
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
phosphate
in effluentvolatiles
in
reaction
zone
volatiles in
sludge
recycle change in
plant solids
phosphate
spec
18. Immediate Cause
Volatiles (Organics in Suspended Solid form) in Reaction Zone
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
phosphate
in effluent
volatiles in
reaction zone
volatiles in
sludge recycle
change in
plant solids
timeline: high (dissolved) organics in influent
key point: organics only become a problem when they interact with plant solids to form volatiles
19. Showing Data Points to Evaluate Goodness of Fit
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
phosphate
in effluent
volatiles
in
reaction
zone
volatiles in
sludge recycle change in
plant solids
- emphasis on fit of 1/16 to 3/16 period
- see next graph for view of fit of volatiles curves
20. Original, unsmoothed data (scaled to fit in same area of graph only)
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
phosphate
in effluentvolatiles in
reaction
zone
volatiles in
sludge recycle
change in
plant solids
21. What "Change in Solids" Represents
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
phosphate
in effluent
volatiles
in reaction
zone
volatiles in
sludge
recycle
change in plant solids
(summarizes many
sludge physical
parameters -- plum
colored lines)
23. Change in Solids Due to a Larger Pattern,
Temperature Induced Change in Density of Water
9/8 10/28 12/17 2/5 3/26 5/15
reaction zone
temperature
phosphate
in effluent
volatiles
in
reaction
zone
volatiles in
sludge recycle
change in
plant solids
24. HYPOTHESIS
Phosphate removal problems caused by
interaction of organics with plant solids to form
volatiles during temperature induced change in
density.
25. Towards a Practical Solution
• Substituting individual clarifier effluent
data for average clarifer effluent phosphate
shows that all clarifiers did not react the
same way
26. Individual Clarifier Effluent Phosphates
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
key point: clarifier 3 adjusted to volatiles more quickly than other clarifiers
clarifier 3
phosphate
27. What made clarifier 3 different?
– 1) on recal lime feed rather than purchased,
pebble lime
– 2) higher viscosity of recycled solids
– 3) higher cycling (ratio recycle to reaction zone
solids)
28. Clarifier 3 Compared to other Clarifiers
12/7 12/27 1/16 2/5 2/25 3/16 4/5 4/25 5/15 6/4
date
various,scaledvalues
clarifier 3 cycling
and viscosity
other clarifiers improved
when they began to 'look
more like' 3
average of all clarifiers
(including 3)
29. TESTING
• With the aid of plant operators, a number of
“process tests” were run to determine if
other clarifiers could be made to “look like”
clarifier 3
30. Testing on Clarifier 4 (Also on recal lime)
6/24 7/14 8/3 8/23 9/12 10/2 10/22
date
process test run by
plant operator: 9/13
X
clarifier 3 cycling
and viscosity
clarifier 4 cycling
and viscosity
31. QUALIFICATIONS
• tests were not run during the winter season
• other tests run on clarifiers on pebble lime
were not so successful
• “process tests” are tests without real
controls, still . . .
32. Solution and Benefits
• The results suggest that solids control is the key
to phosphate control in winter
• My friends at Palo Verde assure me that they no
longer have a winter phosphate problem
• Benefit: extending the life of Nuclear Power
Plant water systems $$$$$$$$$$$
34. Approach
• Focused on head of plant to eliminate
variables, but later included rest of plant for
completeness
• Wrote program, FC_Chem, to do calculations
35. Scope
• Ran program 67 times over 6 months
• Accounts for up to 95% of 1st stage solids
36. Mechanics of FC_CHEM
• Inputs:
• plant flows and chemical additions
• lab data: influent, jar test, clarifier effluents
• Outputs:
• lime demand, CO2 & soda ash demand
• excess calcium, free carbonate & total solids
39. Report Format
• Results calculated using:
– influent data
– jar test data
– clarifier data
• Lab data presented with calculations
40. Feedback Loops
• Calculational methods may be compared for
insights into system
• Lab analysis confirms calculated value
(and vice versa) or signals need to
investigate
41. Benefits
• Uses systems approach
• Makes fine-tuning easier
• Potential for huge chemical savings $$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
42. Accomplishments
When I left APS after 3 years as Tertiary
Team Chemist, I had
– 1) achieved clean digestions
– 2) resolved phosphate problem
– 3) systematized plant chemical additions
43. Thank You!
• Thank you for viewing my presentation
• Thanks to the members of WRF Tertiary
Treatment Team for their invaluable help
and to APS for a wonderful job
Peter Charles Bierly