This document discusses factors related to oxygen transfer in bioreactors. It covers oxygen demand based on microbial physiology and respiration rates. It also discusses factors that influence oxygen supply, including process parameters, mass transfer through gas-liquid interfaces, methods for determining the mass transfer coefficient (KLa), factors affecting bubble size, gas holdup, and economics of oxygen transfer. The key goal is balancing oxygen demand by microbes and oxygen supply capabilities of the bioreactor system.
This document provides an overview of bioprocess engineering. It defines a bioprocess as a process that uses living cells or their components to produce desired products. Bioprocess engineering deals with designing equipment and processes for producing items like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and polymers using bioprocesses. The document then describes the major components of bioprocesses, including upstream processing, fermentation, and downstream processing. It provides examples of products produced through various bioprocesses.
This document discusses rheology, the study of fluid flow and deformation. It describes two categories of flow - Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and strain rate, while non-Newtonian fluids have non-linear or time-dependent relationships. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include ketchup, which requires stress to flow out of the bottle, and solutions that become thinner or thicker with changes in shear rate. The document outlines different types of non-Newtonian behavior and explores concepts like thixotropy, where viscosity depends on time under shear.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
This document discusses the development of inocula for yeast processes. It begins by defining inoculum as a mixture of culture microbes and the media they are growing in. It then outlines the key constituents of inoculum media, including a carbon and nitrogen source, minerals, and factors to control pH and avoid foaming. The document describes the step-wise process used to develop inocula, transferring contents between vessels of increasing size. It provides specifics on inocula development for brewing and baker's yeast processes, noting they involve multiple aerobic stages and transfers to reduce contamination risks.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Cleaning and sterilization during tissue cultureHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document provides instructions for cleaning and sterilizing glassware and equipment for tissue culture experiments. It discusses:
- Soaking, washing with detergent and acid, and autoclaving glassware to sterilize it. Plasticware is washed with detergent and solvents.
- Sterilizing media by adding water, powdered nutrients, supplements, pH adjusters and gelling agent (if used), then autoclaving. Heat-labile components are added after sterilization.
- Surface sterilizing plant materials by washing in detergent, alcohol and sodium hypochlorite to remove surface microorganisms before culture. The appropriate sterilization process depends on the type of
This document provides an overview of scaling up bioreactor production. It discusses the objectives of scaling up, which include producing product at a commercial scale to generate profit while lowering costs. The stages of scaling up studies are outlined, starting with screening studies, then progressing to laboratory, pilot, and industrial-scale fermenters. Key changes that occur during scale up include increased power needs, larger vessel sizes affecting temperature and pH control, and changes to sterilization and heat transfer processes. The conclusion emphasizes that the goal of scale up is to maximize efficient production at an industrial plant scale.
This document provides an overview of bioprocess engineering. It defines a bioprocess as a process that uses living cells or their components to produce desired products. Bioprocess engineering deals with designing equipment and processes for producing items like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and polymers using bioprocesses. The document then describes the major components of bioprocesses, including upstream processing, fermentation, and downstream processing. It provides examples of products produced through various bioprocesses.
This document discusses rheology, the study of fluid flow and deformation. It describes two categories of flow - Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and strain rate, while non-Newtonian fluids have non-linear or time-dependent relationships. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include ketchup, which requires stress to flow out of the bottle, and solutions that become thinner or thicker with changes in shear rate. The document outlines different types of non-Newtonian behavior and explores concepts like thixotropy, where viscosity depends on time under shear.
Bioprocess development and technology-Introduction,History of bioprocess,Milestones of Bioprocess development,Bioprocess development,Impact on Biotechnology
This document discusses the development of inocula for yeast processes. It begins by defining inoculum as a mixture of culture microbes and the media they are growing in. It then outlines the key constituents of inoculum media, including a carbon and nitrogen source, minerals, and factors to control pH and avoid foaming. The document describes the step-wise process used to develop inocula, transferring contents between vessels of increasing size. It provides specifics on inocula development for brewing and baker's yeast processes, noting they involve multiple aerobic stages and transfers to reduce contamination risks.
This document provides an overview of media formulation for fermentation and bioprocessing. It discusses the types of media, including complex and synthetic media. The key requirements for formulated media are then outlined, including carbon sources, oxygen sources, water, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, and antifoams. Specific examples are given for each requirement. The document emphasizes that media formulation is essential for successful laboratory experiments and manufacturing processes.
Overview
Industrial fermentations comprise both upstream (USP) and downstream processing
(DSP) stages. USP involves all factors and processes leading to and including the
fermentation. It consists of three main areas: the producer organism, the medium
and the fermentation process.
Cleaning and sterilization during tissue cultureHORTIPEDIA INDIA
The document provides instructions for cleaning and sterilizing glassware and equipment for tissue culture experiments. It discusses:
- Soaking, washing with detergent and acid, and autoclaving glassware to sterilize it. Plasticware is washed with detergent and solvents.
- Sterilizing media by adding water, powdered nutrients, supplements, pH adjusters and gelling agent (if used), then autoclaving. Heat-labile components are added after sterilization.
- Surface sterilizing plant materials by washing in detergent, alcohol and sodium hypochlorite to remove surface microorganisms before culture. The appropriate sterilization process depends on the type of
This document provides an overview of scaling up bioreactor production. It discusses the objectives of scaling up, which include producing product at a commercial scale to generate profit while lowering costs. The stages of scaling up studies are outlined, starting with screening studies, then progressing to laboratory, pilot, and industrial-scale fermenters. Key changes that occur during scale up include increased power needs, larger vessel sizes affecting temperature and pH control, and changes to sterilization and heat transfer processes. The conclusion emphasizes that the goal of scale up is to maximize efficient production at an industrial plant scale.
Downstream processing involves the stages after fermentation to separate, purify, and package the product. It includes solid-liquid separation techniques like centrifugation and filtration to separate cells from medium. Intracellular products then require cell disruption methods. Purification techniques use chromatography, precipitation, and crystallization. The final steps include concentration, dewatering, and lyophilization or spray drying before packaging the purified product. The specific downstream process is tailored to the target product and its intended use.
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
This document discusses bioreactors and their applications in waste water treatment. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and their role in biotechnology. It then describes different types of bioreactors, including suspended growth reactors like batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors, as well as biofilm reactors like packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. The document concludes by discussing various applications of bioreactors in treating gaseous, liquid and solid wastes through bioconversion.
A fermentor, also known as a bioreactor, is a closed vessel used for commercial fermentation processes. It provides controls for factors like temperature, pH, aeration and agitation to maintain optimal conditions for microbial growth. Early large-scale fermentors had capacities over 20 liters and were used to produce products like yeast and acetone. Modern fermentors can be designed as various types depending on the application, including stirred tank, airlift, photo and fluidized/packed bed bioreactors. Proper design of components like the vessel material, agitator, sparger and temperature/pH controls is important for efficient fermentation.
Batch sterilization involves injecting steam directly or indirectly into culture media inside a bioreactor to sterilize it at 121°C. It is the most widely used sterilization technique due to its simplicity but requires hours to heat, sterilize, and cool the entire bioreactor contents, consuming significant energy. Damage to nutrients and changes in pH of the culture media are also common disadvantages of batch sterilization.
The document discusses various stages and techniques for recovering microbial products from fermentation broth. The first stage typically involves removing cells and debris through centrifugation or filtration. Next, the broth undergoes fractionation or extraction to separate components. Further purification may involve chromatography, crystallization, or membrane processes. The choice of recovery method depends on factors like the product's properties and stability. The goal is to obtain a highly purified product essentially free of impurities.
Production of Industrial Enzymes
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
Enzymes are ideal catalysts—they are highly selective in nature and work under mild conditions. By combining the right enzymes with genetic engineering, enzyme companies have developed proteins that can work in harsh process environments, such as those that use solvents, salts and high temperatures. The world market for industrial enzymes is currently about $1.8 billion/year and growing by more than 20% per year.
See more
https://goo.gl/FKWz5w
https://goo.gl/sgrxHV
https://goo.gl/ZN16XK
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Industrial Enzymes Production Unit, Production of Industrial Enzymes, Enzyme Production, Industrial Production Process of Enzymes, Large Scale Production of Enzymes in Industries, Industrial Production of Enzymes, Enzyme Production Methods, Produce Industrial Enzymes, How Enzymes are Produced, Large-Scale Production of Enzymes, Commercial Production of Enzymes, Investment Opportunities in Production of Industrial Enzymes, Small Scale Production of Industrial Enzymes, Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Industry, Commercial Production of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture in India, Industrial Enzymes Processing Industry, Production Methods of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production, Production of Industrial Enzymes in India, Industrial Enzyme Production Methods, Methods of Enzyme Production, Production Process of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Plant, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Unit, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Industrial Enzymes In India, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Process, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture, Manufacture of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production Process, Method for Producing Industrial Enzymes, Production Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Business Ideas, Business Ideas for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Business, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Project, Business Plan for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Production and Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Plant,
This document discusses the development of inoculum for industrial fermentation processes. It defines inoculum as a mixture of cultured microbes and the media they are growing in. The key steps in inoculum development are preparing a suitable growth media, maintaining optimal pH and nutrient levels, and conducting growth in stepwise increasing volumes. Examples of common inoculum media compositions are provided for vitamin and bacterial insecticide production processes. Developing high quality inoculum is important for efficiently adapting cultures to fermentation conditions.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
This document summarizes vitamins, specifically vitamins B12 and B2 (riboflavin). It discusses that vitamins are essential micronutrients that cannot be synthesized by mammals. Vitamin B12's chemical structure was determined in 1956 and it is stable at high temperatures but degraded by light. It is produced industrially via fermentation using microorganisms like Streptomyces. Vitamin B2 is produced via fermentation using Ashbya gossypii, utilizing sugars and lipids as carbon sources in a multi-phase process culminating in autolysis and recovery of the vitamins.
A bioprocess uses living cells or their components to produce desired products through fermentation. Fermentation is an anaerobic process by which cells produce energy without oxygen. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Fermentation can produce products like lactic acid, ethyl alcohol, and carbon dioxide depending on the organism. Bioprocesses are commonly used to produce fermented foods, industrial chemicals, and specialty chemicals. The bioprocess is divided into three stages - upstream processing to prepare the medium, fermentation using microorganisms to produce the product, and downstream processing to separate and purify the product.
Anti-foaming agents, inducers, precursors and inhibitors in Fermentation tech...Dr. Pavan Kundur
The document discusses antifoaming agents, inducers, precursors, and inhibitors used in fermentation technology. Antifoaming agents like oils and silicones are added to fermentation to reduce foam formation which can contaminate processes. Precursors are added to increase product yields, like corn steep liquor for penicillin production. Inducers trigger secondary metabolite production in microbes and are necessary for genetically modified organisms. Inhibitors redirect metabolism toward the target product or halt pathways to prevent degradation.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Bioremediation uses living organisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. There are two main types - in situ bioremediation, which treats contaminants where they are found, and ex situ, which treats extracted soil and water. Common in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging and monitored natural attenuation. Ex situ approaches involve land farming, composting and biopiles. The effectiveness depends on the microbes present, environmental conditions and contaminant properties.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses aeration and agitation in fermentation processes. It defines aeration as the supply of oxygen to meet cellular demands, which is achieved through a sparger system. Agitation is defined as the uniform suspension of microbial cells through mixing the liquid, gas, and solid phases. The key functions of agitation are to distribute nutrients and gases, disperse bubbles, and diffuse materials while maintaining cells in suspension. Factors that impact oxygen transfer rates and the kLa value are also discussed.
This document discusses gas liquid mass transfer in bioreactors. It provides an introduction to bioreactors and their importance in producing bio-based products. It explains that gas concentrations are maintained through optimized gas liquid mass transfer and mixing. The document surveys gas liquid mass transfer theories and applications in batch bioreactors and bubble column bioreactors. The objective is to compare gas liquid mass transfer in these two bioreactor types and optimize it using artificial intelligence. Equations for oxygen transfer rate and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are also presented.
Downstream processing involves the stages after fermentation to separate, purify, and package the product. It includes solid-liquid separation techniques like centrifugation and filtration to separate cells from medium. Intracellular products then require cell disruption methods. Purification techniques use chromatography, precipitation, and crystallization. The final steps include concentration, dewatering, and lyophilization or spray drying before packaging the purified product. The specific downstream process is tailored to the target product and its intended use.
The document discusses inoculum development and production media for industrial fermentation. It defines inoculum as a culture of microbes used to inoculate production-scale fermentations. Successful fermentations require developing inoculum to an active, healthy state in appropriate density. The document outlines factors that affect fermentation and discusses various media components like carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. It also covers inoculum development methods for bacterial and mycelial cultures, preservation techniques, examples of media used for specific inocula, and criteria for a good inoculum.
This document discusses bioreactors and their applications in waste water treatment. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and their role in biotechnology. It then describes different types of bioreactors, including suspended growth reactors like batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors, as well as biofilm reactors like packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. The document concludes by discussing various applications of bioreactors in treating gaseous, liquid and solid wastes through bioconversion.
A fermentor, also known as a bioreactor, is a closed vessel used for commercial fermentation processes. It provides controls for factors like temperature, pH, aeration and agitation to maintain optimal conditions for microbial growth. Early large-scale fermentors had capacities over 20 liters and were used to produce products like yeast and acetone. Modern fermentors can be designed as various types depending on the application, including stirred tank, airlift, photo and fluidized/packed bed bioreactors. Proper design of components like the vessel material, agitator, sparger and temperature/pH controls is important for efficient fermentation.
Batch sterilization involves injecting steam directly or indirectly into culture media inside a bioreactor to sterilize it at 121°C. It is the most widely used sterilization technique due to its simplicity but requires hours to heat, sterilize, and cool the entire bioreactor contents, consuming significant energy. Damage to nutrients and changes in pH of the culture media are also common disadvantages of batch sterilization.
The document discusses various stages and techniques for recovering microbial products from fermentation broth. The first stage typically involves removing cells and debris through centrifugation or filtration. Next, the broth undergoes fractionation or extraction to separate components. Further purification may involve chromatography, crystallization, or membrane processes. The choice of recovery method depends on factors like the product's properties and stability. The goal is to obtain a highly purified product essentially free of impurities.
Production of Industrial Enzymes
Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, Working Capital Requirement, Plant Layout, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis
Enzymes are ideal catalysts—they are highly selective in nature and work under mild conditions. By combining the right enzymes with genetic engineering, enzyme companies have developed proteins that can work in harsh process environments, such as those that use solvents, salts and high temperatures. The world market for industrial enzymes is currently about $1.8 billion/year and growing by more than 20% per year.
See more
https://goo.gl/FKWz5w
https://goo.gl/sgrxHV
https://goo.gl/ZN16XK
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Industrial Enzymes Production Unit, Production of Industrial Enzymes, Enzyme Production, Industrial Production Process of Enzymes, Large Scale Production of Enzymes in Industries, Industrial Production of Enzymes, Enzyme Production Methods, Produce Industrial Enzymes, How Enzymes are Produced, Large-Scale Production of Enzymes, Commercial Production of Enzymes, Investment Opportunities in Production of Industrial Enzymes, Small Scale Production of Industrial Enzymes, Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Industry, Commercial Production of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture in India, Industrial Enzymes Processing Industry, Production Methods of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production, Production of Industrial Enzymes in India, Industrial Enzyme Production Methods, Methods of Enzyme Production, Production Process of Industrial Enzymes, Manufacturing Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Plant, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Unit, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Industry, Manufacturing Process of Industrial Enzymes In India, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Process, Industrial Enzymes Manufacture, Manufacture of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Production Process, Method for Producing Industrial Enzymes, Production Plant of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Business Ideas, Business Ideas for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Business, Industrial Enzymes Manufacturing Project, Business Plan for Manufacturing Industrial Enzymes, Production and Processing of Industrial Enzymes, Industrial Enzymes Making Plant,
This document discusses the development of inoculum for industrial fermentation processes. It defines inoculum as a mixture of cultured microbes and the media they are growing in. The key steps in inoculum development are preparing a suitable growth media, maintaining optimal pH and nutrient levels, and conducting growth in stepwise increasing volumes. Examples of common inoculum media compositions are provided for vitamin and bacterial insecticide production processes. Developing high quality inoculum is important for efficiently adapting cultures to fermentation conditions.
This PPT dicusses about the Stirred Tank Bioreactor and its features mainly used in Fermentation process.
Useful for students doing their Bachelor's in Life Science
This document summarizes vitamins, specifically vitamins B12 and B2 (riboflavin). It discusses that vitamins are essential micronutrients that cannot be synthesized by mammals. Vitamin B12's chemical structure was determined in 1956 and it is stable at high temperatures but degraded by light. It is produced industrially via fermentation using microorganisms like Streptomyces. Vitamin B2 is produced via fermentation using Ashbya gossypii, utilizing sugars and lipids as carbon sources in a multi-phase process culminating in autolysis and recovery of the vitamins.
A bioprocess uses living cells or their components to produce desired products through fermentation. Fermentation is an anaerobic process by which cells produce energy without oxygen. It results in less energy production than aerobic respiration. Fermentation can produce products like lactic acid, ethyl alcohol, and carbon dioxide depending on the organism. Bioprocesses are commonly used to produce fermented foods, industrial chemicals, and specialty chemicals. The bioprocess is divided into three stages - upstream processing to prepare the medium, fermentation using microorganisms to produce the product, and downstream processing to separate and purify the product.
Anti-foaming agents, inducers, precursors and inhibitors in Fermentation tech...Dr. Pavan Kundur
The document discusses antifoaming agents, inducers, precursors, and inhibitors used in fermentation technology. Antifoaming agents like oils and silicones are added to fermentation to reduce foam formation which can contaminate processes. Precursors are added to increase product yields, like corn steep liquor for penicillin production. Inducers trigger secondary metabolite production in microbes and are necessary for genetically modified organisms. Inhibitors redirect metabolism toward the target product or halt pathways to prevent degradation.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
AMYLASES AND PROTEASES ARE THE ENZYMES USED A LOT IN FOOD INDUSTRIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS. THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO PRODUCE AT A LARGER QUANTITIES IN ORDER TO FULFILL THE DEMANDS FROM THESE INDUSTRIES, THE LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES MUST BE CARRIED OUT. THIS METHOD OF LARGER PRODUCTION OF THESE ENZYMES ARE EXPLAINED IN THIS PRESENTATION.
Scale up means increasing the quantity or volume of cell culture. For animal cells, the scale up strategies are dependent upon cell types or i.e. whether the cells requires matrix for attachment and growth ( adherent cell culture) or grows freely in suspended form in aqueous media. The scaling up principle for adherent cells are just to increase surface area for attachment while for suspension culture is to increase culture volume. This presentation enlightens the reader about different methods of scaling up of cells culture. Readers are also provided with sample questions for better understanding
Bioremediation uses living organisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. There are two main types - in situ bioremediation, which treats contaminants where they are found, and ex situ, which treats extracted soil and water. Common in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging and monitored natural attenuation. Ex situ approaches involve land farming, composting and biopiles. The effectiveness depends on the microbes present, environmental conditions and contaminant properties.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document discusses aeration and agitation in fermentation processes. It defines aeration as the supply of oxygen to meet cellular demands, which is achieved through a sparger system. Agitation is defined as the uniform suspension of microbial cells through mixing the liquid, gas, and solid phases. The key functions of agitation are to distribute nutrients and gases, disperse bubbles, and diffuse materials while maintaining cells in suspension. Factors that impact oxygen transfer rates and the kLa value are also discussed.
This document discusses gas liquid mass transfer in bioreactors. It provides an introduction to bioreactors and their importance in producing bio-based products. It explains that gas concentrations are maintained through optimized gas liquid mass transfer and mixing. The document surveys gas liquid mass transfer theories and applications in batch bioreactors and bubble column bioreactors. The objective is to compare gas liquid mass transfer in these two bioreactor types and optimize it using artificial intelligence. Equations for oxygen transfer rate and volumetric mass transfer coefficient are also presented.
This document discusses various types of bioreactors used for culturing cells and microorganisms. It begins with an introduction to bioreactors and factors that influence oxygen transfer. It then describes different methods of aeration including standing cultures, shake flasks, stirred tank reactors, bubble column reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. Critical dissolved oxygen levels are discussed for various microorganisms. Factors that can affect oxygen demand and supply in bioreactors are also summarized.
This document discusses aeration and agitation in fermentation processes. It provides information on:
1) The importance of aeration and agitation for dispersing air bubbles, suspending cells, and enhancing heat and mass transfer during fermentation.
2) Components involved in aeration and agitation including agitators, baffles, and aeration systems.
3) Factors that influence oxygen transfer rates such as agitation rate, impeller design, and aeration rate.
4) Methods for determining the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) which indicates a fermenter's aeration efficiency.
This document discusses aeration and agitation in fermentation processes. It explains that fermentations require oxygen which is typically provided by aerating and agitating the fermentation broth. Several factors affect the rate of oxygen transfer from air bubbles into the liquid including the mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and gas-liquid interface area. Higher KLa and interface area values provide more efficient oxygen transfer. The document also discusses methods for determining the KLa of a fermenter, including the gassing out technique where dissolved oxygen is monitored as the solution is aerated. Maintaining an optimal dissolved oxygen concentration is important for maximum biomass or product formation.
Absorption of CO2 gas from CO
2/Air mixture into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution has been
achieved using packed column in pilot scale at constant temperature (T) of 25±1℃.The aim of the present work
was to improve the Absorption rate of this process, to find the optimal operation conditions, and to contribute to
the using of this process in the chemical industry. Absorption rate (RA) was measured by using different
operating parameters: gas mixture flow rate (G) of 360 -540 m3/h, carbon dioxide inlet concentration (CCO
2) of
0.1-0.5 vol. %, NaOH solution concentration (CNaOH) of 1-2 M, and liquid holdup in the column (VL) of 0.022-0.028 m3 according to experimental design. The measured RA was in the range of RA = 3.235 – 22.340 k-mol/h.
Computer program (Statgraphics/Experimental Design) was used to estimate the fitted linear model of RA in
terms of (G, CCO2, CNaOH, and VL), and the economic aspects of the process. R -squared of RA model was
91.7659 percent, while the standard error of the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.7619. The linear model of RA was adequate, the operating parameters were significant except the liquid holdup
was not significant, and the interactions were negligible.
This document discusses aeration and agitation in fermentation processes. It describes how oxygen is supplied to microbial cultures through aeration, which involves bubbling air through the liquid or agitating the liquid to increase oxygen absorption. Key factors that influence oxygen transfer rates include the agitator, baffles, aeration system, dissolved oxygen concentration, volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) of the fermenter, and oxygen demand of the microbial culture. Methods for determining the KLa value include the sulphite oxidation technique and gassing out techniques.
Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) is a combustion technology that inherently captures carbon dioxide. It involves circulating an oxygen carrier between two reactors, oxidizing the carrier in one reactor using air and then combusting the fuel with the reduced carrier in the other reactor. This produces a flue gas stream with only CO2 and H2O, avoiding the need for costly separation of CO2. CLC has advantages over other CO2 capture methods like post-combustion capture in that it has no efficiency penalty and near-zero emissions. Research is ongoing to improve oxygen carriers and reactor designs to optimize the efficiency and stability of CLC systems.
The document summarizes a gas absorption experiment that analyzed the effect of various factors on the overall mass transfer coefficient (KLa) and absorption rate (Ra) of CO2. The experiment measured physical absorption using water and chemical absorption using an NaOH solution, varying liquid flow rates and gas composition. Results showed KLa and Ra were greater with higher liquid flows and CO2 concentration. Chemical absorption and higher temperatures produced better absorption. Recommendations included relocating the liquid feed bucket for easier access and conducting more runs.
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
It is part of Chemical Engineering. A lot of toxic released from Chemical Industries. How to reduce that wastewater effluent. All the techniques and measurements are included in this presentation.
Wet oxidation is a hydrothermal treatment of aqueous solutions of biologically
recalcitrant and hazardous chemicals/wastes. It is the oxidation of dissolved or suspended
matter in water using an oxidant such as ozone, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, air etc. It is
referred to as Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) when air is used as an oxidant. The oxidation
reactions generally occur at temperatures above the normal boiling point of water (100
°C) but below its critical point (374 °C). The system must also be maintained under
pressure i) to maintain the solution in liquid form; ii) to avoid excessive evaporation of
water and also iii) to conserve energy, as the evaporation needs latent heat of
vaporization. Under wet conditions, many compounds get oxidized which would
otherwise not oxidize under dry (not wet) conditions, even at the same temperature and
pressure.
Oxygen transfer is an important factor in aerobic fermentation processes. Dissolved oxygen must be maintained above the critical level for the microorganism being used, typically through aeration and agitation of the fermentation broth. The specific oxygen uptake rate of microorganisms increases with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration up to the critical level, above which no further increases in oxygen uptake occur. Maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than the critical level maximizes biomass production by meeting the microorganism's maximum oxygen demand.
Wet air oxidation is a process that uses air as an oxidant to oxidize hazardous organic chemicals and wastes in an aqueous solution at elevated temperatures and pressures. It is more energy efficient than incineration and can fully mineralize wastes into carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts. The wet air oxidation process involves two main stages - a physical stage of oxygen transfer from the gas to liquid phase, and a chemical stage of free radical reactions between oxygen and organic compounds. Kinetics studies show the reaction rate depends on temperature, oxygen pressure, and organic compound concentration. Catalysts can significantly reduce the operating conditions required by improving chemical reaction rates.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of bioreactor monitoring and control. It discusses key process variables such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and substrate concentration that are monitored during fermentation. It also describes basic principles of process control including feedback control configurations and the use of proportional, integral and derivative controllers. Specific challenges around monitoring and controlling dissolved oxygen and pH are also summarized.
Mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium sul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize the mass transfer coefficient using statistical experimental design.
11.mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The results showed that the mass transfer coefficient increases with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize conditions for the maximum mass transfer coefficient.
Mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium sul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize the mass transfer coefficient using statistical experimental design.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India Heritage
5758.ppt
1. REACTOR DESIGN AND PHYSIOLOGY
TRANSPORT / Mass transfer, aeration and agitation:
OVERVIEW :
1. Concepts of mass transfer through different phases using oxygen
as an example.
2. Oxygen demand and respiration
3. Factors influencing mass transfer through gasliquid interfaces
4. Kla - measurement, factors influencing.
5. Agitation, mixing patterns
6. Impeller design, fluid dynamics
7. Relationship of viscosity and agitation
8. Power input
9. Scale-up
2. 5. Reactor design and physiology
5.1. Mass transfer and phases:
5.1.1 different phases present -introduction
5.1.2. Mass transfer and respiration
5.1.3. Factors affecting oxygen demand
5.1.4. Factors influencing oxygen supply
5.1.4. (a) process factors
5.1.4. (b) transfer through an interface (kla)
5.1.4. (c) determination of kla;
5.1.4. (d) factors affecting bubble size
5.1.4. (e) gas hold-up :
5.1.4. (f) economics of oxygen transfer
Lecture Overview
3. Introduction
• The oxygen demand of an industrial process is generally
satisfied by aeration and agitation
• Productivity is limited by oxygen availability and therefore it
is important to the factors that affect a fermenters efficiency
in supplying O2
• This lecture considers the O2 requirement, quantification of
O2 transfer and factors influencing the transfer of O2 into
solution
4. 5.1. MASS TRANSFER and PHASES
5.1.1 Different phases present -Introduction
Fundamental concept in fermentation technology is transfer of materials (e.g
nutrients, products, gases etc.) through different phases (e.g gas into a
liquid).
Major problem associated with provision of oxygen to the cell - is a rate
limiting step and thus serves as a model system to understand mass transfer.
The rate of oxygen transfer = driving force / resistance. E.g resistance to
mass transfer from medium to mo`s are complex and may arise from;
Diffusion from bulk gas to gas/liquid interface
Solution of gas in liquid interface
Diffusion of dissolved gas to bulk of liquid
Transport of dissolved gas to regions of cell
Diffusion through stagnant region of liquid surrounding the cell
Diffusion into cell
Consumption by organism (depends on growth/respiration kinetics)
5. The following diagram serves to illustrate the different phases and
material that are relevant in general transport processes associated
with fermentation technology;
Dispersed gases Dissolved
nutrients
Solid and
Immiscible
liquid
nutrients
Floc
Cells
Products in
water
MASS TRANSFER
6. Phases present in bioreaction/bioreactor
Non aqueous phase Aqueous phase Solid phase
(Reactants / products) Dissolved reactants /
products
Reaction
Gas (O2, CO2, CH4 etc) Cells
Liquids (e.g oils) Sugars Organelles
Solid (e.g particles of
substrate)
Minerals
Enzymes
Enzymes
......... 1
2 ..........
1 = reactant supply and utilisation
2 = product removal and formation
7. • One of the most critical factors in the operation of a
fermenter is the provision of adequate gas exchange.
•The majority of fermentation processes are aerobic
• Oxygen is the most important gaseous substrate for
microbial metabolism, and carbon dioxide is the most
important gaseous metabolic product.
• For oxygen to be transferred from a air bubble to an
individual microbe, several independent partial resistance’s
must be overcome
Mass Transfer
8. 1) The bulk gas phase in the bubble
2) The gas-liquid interphase
3) The liquid film around the bubble
4) The bulk liquid culture medium
5) The liquid film around the microbial cells
6) The cell-liquid interphase
7) The intracellular oxygen transfer resistance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gas bubble
Liquid film
Microbial cell
Oxygen Mass Transfer Steps
9. The Oxygen requirements of
industrial fermentations
• Oxygen demand dependant on convertion of Carbon (C)
to biomass
• Stoichiometry of conversion of oxygen, carbon and
nitrogen into biomass has been elucidated
• Use these relationships to predict the oxygen demand for
a fermentation
• Darlington (1964) expressed composition of 100g of dry
yeast C 3.92 H 6.5 O 1.94
10. O2 Requirements
6.67CH2O + 2.1O2 = C 3.92 H 6.5 O 1.94 + 2.75CO2 + 3.42H2O
7.14CH2 + 6.135O2 = C 3.92 H 6.5 O 1.94 + 3.22CO2 + 3.89H2O
where CH2 = hydrocarbon
CH2O = carbohydrate
From the above equations to produce 100g of yeast from
hydrocarbon requires three times the amount of oxygen
than from carbohydrate
11. (b) OXYGEN CONC. vs RESPIRATION RATE (growth rate)
• The effect of dissolved oxygen on the specific uptake rate (i.e
respiration or growth) is described by;
• Michaelis Menton or Monod type relationship
Respiration rate (QO2) = QO2 max . O2 conc / ( Ks + O2 conc)
or
= max. C/ (Ks + C) where C = oxygen conc.
QO2 = mmoles of oxygen consumed per gram of dry weight
13. Critical dissolved oxygen levels for a
range of microorganisms
Organism Temperature Critical dissolved
oC Oxygen concentration
(mmoles dm -3)
Azotobacter sp. 30 0.018
E. coli 37 0.008
Saccharomyces sp. 30 0.004
Penicillium chrysogenum 24 0.022
Azotobacter vinelandii is a large, obligately aerobic soil bacterium which has one
of the highest respiratory rates known among living organisms
14. Critical dissolved oxygen levels
• To maximise biomass production you must satisfy the
organisms specific oxygen demand by maintaining the
dissolved O2 levels above Ccrit
• Cells become metabolically disturbed if the level drops below
Ccrit
• In some cases metabolic disturbance may be advantageous
• Or high dissolved O2 levels may promote product formation
• Amino acid biosynthesis by Brevibacterium flavum
• Cephalosporium synthesis by Cephalosporium sp.
15. 5.1.3. FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGEN DEMAND
Rate of cell respiration
Type of respiration (aerobic vs anaerobic)
Type of substrate (glucose vs methane)
Type of environment (e.g pH, temp etc.)
Surface area/ volume ratio
large vs small cells (bacteria v mammalian cells)
hyphae, clumps, flocs, pellets etc.
Nature of surface area (type of capsule etc)
17. Size of sparger
gas bubble
Gas composition, volume & velocity
Design of Impeller
size, no. of blades
rotational speed Baffles
width, number
5.1.4. FACTORS INFLUENCING OXYGEN SUPPLY
Foam/antifoam
Temperature
Type of liquid
Height/width ratio
‘’Hold up’’
5.1.4 (a) Process factors
18. 5.1.4(b) Transfer through an interface (Kla)
Ci = O2 conc at interface
CL = O2 conc in liquid
Pg = Partial pressure of gas
Pi = Partial pressure at interface
Bubble Gas Liquid
of Gas film film
Pg Pi (1/k2)
Ci
(1/k4)
(1/k1) (1/k3) CL
Bulk Liquid
19. Overall mass transfer is (Whitman theory)
dC/dt = kg (Pg - Pi) = KL (Ci - CL)
(Driving force) (Resistance)
Note kg = 1/k1 + 1/k2, KL = 1/k3 + 1/k4
Use conc rather than partial pressure (measure?)
dC/dt = KL (Csat - CL) ......assume that Csat substitutes for
Ci (measure?)
This is per unit interface!
Overall then dC/dt = KLa( Csat - CL)
20. 5.1.4. (c) Determination of KLa
• Determination of KLa in a fermenter is important in to
establish its aeration efficiency and quantify effects of
operating variables on oxygen supply
• Used to compare fermenters before scale up or scale
down
• A number of different methods are available
21. 5.1.4.(c) Determination of KLa
(1) The Sulphite oxidation technique
Measures the rate of conversion of a 0.5m solution of sodium
sulphite to sodium sulphate in the presence of a copper or
cobalt catalyst
Na2SO3 + 1/2 O2 Na2SO4
Oxidation of sulphite is equivalent to the oxygen-transfer rate
Disadvantages i) slow,
ii) effected by surface active agents
iii) Rheology of soln not like media
Cu++ or Co++
22. 5.1.4.(c) Determination of KLa
(2) Gassing out techniques
• Estimation of KLa by gassing out involves measuring the
increase in dissolved O2 of a solution during aeration and
agitation
• The OTR will decrease with the period of aeration as CL
approaches CSAT due to resultant decrease in driving force
(CSAT - CL)
• The OTR at any one time will be equal to the slope of the
tangent to the curve of dissolved O2 conc against time of
aeration
23. The increase in dissolved O2 conc of a soln
over a period of agitation
X
Y
Time
Dissolved
oxygen
concentration
The OTR at Time X is equal to the slope of the tangent drawn at point Y
24. 5.1.4.(c) Determination of KLa;
(2) Gassing out techniques
involve initially lowering the oxygen value to a low level
(i) Static Method
• O2 concentration of the solution is lowered by gassing out with liquid N2
• The deoxygenated liquid is then aerated, agitated and increase in dissolved
O2 is monitored with oxygen probe
• Rapid method 15 mins
• May utilise fermentation medium and dead cells
• Require membrane -type electrode which doesn’t have response time
required for true changes in oxygenation rate
• Main disadvantage on industrial scale are quantities of liquid N2 required
and single point measurements not representative of the bulk liquid
25. 5.1.4.(c) Determination of KLa
(ii) Dynamic Method;
• Involves measuring oxygen levels in growing culture in the
fementer
• Utilises the growing culture to reduce O2 levels
• Correction factors must be used
• Slope of AB is a measure of the respiration rate
• BC is observed increase in dissolved oxygen is the
difference between transfer of oxygen into solution and
uptake by the culture
27. Dynamic Method
Expressed as the equation
dC/dt = Kla (Csat - CL) - RX
R = respiration rate (mmoles of O2 g-1 biomass h-1),
X = concentration of biomass
Turn off air supply, monitor dissolved O2
dC/dt = - RX ... thus the slope of the trace gives RX
Resume aeration and monitor,
Supply term can be calculated (from slope + substitute calculated value of RX)
dC/dt = KLa (Csat - CL) - RX
(slope BC) (solve) (Literature) (Observe) (slope AB)
28. Dynamic Method
Advantages
• Can determine KLa during an actual fermentation
• Rapid technique
• Can use a dissolved oxygen probe of the membrane type
Limitations
• Limited range of dissolved oxygen levels can be studied
• Must not allow oxygen levels to fall below Ccrit
• Difficult to apply technique during a fermentation with a high
oxygen demand
• Relies on measurements taken at one point
29. 5.1.4.(d) FACTORS AFFECTING BUBBLE SIZE
(a) Influence of gas velocity on bubble formation:
..
..
::
:::
..
...
::
::
..
.
.
low medium
high
Very little backmixing
backmixing
slug flow
slow medium fast
30. • b) Influence of liquid properties on bubbles;
Two types of liquid
A
B bubbles coalesce
A B
Therefore given same aeration equipment
B will give a greater range of bubble size
Liquid can change from A B when salts are added. Implication
for mass transfer in different media. Will this property of liquids
influence Kla - why?
31. 5.1.4.(e) GAS HOLD-UP
Represents air volume retained in the liquid
Vh = V - V0
Where Vh = hold-up volume, V = vol. of gassed liquid, V0 = vol
of ungassed liquid.
No air
Air
Difference in volume represents hold-up volume
That is the amount of gas retained in the liquid
32. Correlations exist that relate hold-up to power input , for
example,
(P/V)0.4 . Vb
0.5
P/V = power input per unit vol ungassed liquid, V
b
= linear velocity of air bubble
(ascending velocity).
Ascending velocity of bubble (Vb):
V
b
= FH
l
/H
0
V
Where H0 = hold-up of bubble, F = aeration rate, Hl = liquid
depth, V = liquid volume.
33. How does height (h) of a reactor vary with radius (r)
when volume (v) is kept constant?
volume of a cylinder is v = r 2 h
Let us fix the volume as 1 then
h = 1/ r 2
If r = 1 then h = 1/
r = 2 then h = 1/4
r = 3 then h = 1/9
Therefore as the radius increases the height (or path
length) decreases as the square of the radius
34. 5.1.4.(f) ECONOMICS OF OXYGEN
TRANSFER
Fermentation e.g Penicillin - high KLa
Waste treatment - economy
Kla . Csat = maximum rate at which oxygen can be
dissolved
Economy and capacity related through power input
per unit volume (P/V)
ECONOMY = KLa. Csat / (P/V)
35. The balance between OXYGEN DEMAND and
SUPPLY
Must consider how processes may be designed such that O2
uptake rate of the culture does not exceed the oxygen transfer rate
of the fermentor.
Uptake rate = QO2.X
QO2 = O2 uptake rate, X = Biomass
dC/dt = KLa(Csat - CL ) = supply rate
Dissolved O2 conc. should not fall below the critical dissolved O2
conc. (Ccrit)
A fermentation will have a max Kla dictated by operating conditions
thus it is the demand that often has to be adjusted.
Achieved by
Control of biomass conc.
Control of specific O2 uptake rate
Combination of both