The document discusses the history and development of solid state drives (SSDs). It describes how SSDs were introduced in 1976 as an alternative to hard disk drives (HDDs) and have evolved significantly since then in terms of storage capacity, speed and cost. The document outlines the key components of an SSD including memory, controller and host interface. It provides a comparison of SSDs and HDDs, highlighting advantages like faster speeds and lower power consumption of SSDs. Finally, applications of SSDs in devices like laptops, servers and cameras are mentioned.

1. SOLID STATE DRIVE
Under Guidance of Seminar Coordinator
Mr. Harshavardhan L Mr. Yogaprakash M G
Asst prof., Dept of CSE Asst prof., Dept of CSE
Presented by
Hemanth H R
(4BW07CS023)

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 INTRODUCTION
 DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
 THE PROBLEMS WITH TODAY’S HARD DISKS
 ARCHITECTURE OF SSD
 MEMORY
 CONTROLLER
 HOST INTERFACE
 COMPARISON OF SSD & HDD
 ADVANTAGES & DISSADVANTAGES
 APPLICATIONS OF SSD
 REFERENCE
CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION
SSD Technology
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device
that uses solid-state memory to store persistent
data.
SSDs do not have any moving mechanical
components, which distinguishes them from
traditional magnetic disks such as HDDs or floppy
disks.
 SSDs use NAND-based flash memory or DRAM
to store data.

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 Product Consist of eight individual
memory boards, each packed with 256KB
of RAM chips. In total, the Bulk Core
system could provide a massive 2MB
 Data-access times ranged from 0.75
milliseconds to 2 milliseconds,
 It costs $9700 in 1977, which is
equivalent to $36,317 today.
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1976 - Dataram introduced the world's first solid-state drive

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 The STC 4305 is a significant boost in the
capacity of SSDs.
 Cabinet could hold up to 45MB of
data, which it stored using charge-
coupled devices.
 Costs around $400,000 in 1978 (about
$1.5 million in today's dollars)
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1978 - The STC 4305 drum-storage unit

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 Magnetic bubble memory has properties
similar to modern flash memory in that it
doesn't lose data when you shut off its
power.
 The Bubdisk held 128KB of data, and
costs $895.
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1979 - Apple II Bubble Memory

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 Axlon was one of the company producing
SSDs for personal computers.
 This product used volatile RAM chips that
needed constant power to retain data.
 1MB of storage.
 It costs $1095
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1983 - Synetix 2202

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 Intel'sNOR flash memory chips.
 It can hold up to 16MB of data.
 It costs $5000.
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1988 - World's First Flash SSD

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 Modern flash-based SSD is designed in 3.5-
inch same as hard drives used at the time.
 It can hold up to 16MB to 896MB and costs
around $10,000.
 These SSDs found in military and
aeronautical applications.
DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY
1995 - Birth of the Modern Flash Drive

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The problems with today’s Hard Disks?
Hard Disk Drives
 Processors have increased in speed by orders
of magnitude over the years.
 But spinning hard disk drives (HDD) have not.
 Performance gap between how fast processors
demand data and how quickly HDD responds.
 HDD speed lags behind processors because it
is constrained by physical components.

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The problems with today’s Hard Disks?
Hybrid Hard Disk Drives
 Hybrid Hard Drives are an incremental
upgrade to the Hard Disk Drives.
 Hybrid hard disk drive contains large-buffer.
 It integrated with a cache using non-volatile
Flash memory.
 Flash memory buffer can speed up repeated
reads from the same location.
 Compared to normal HDD speed of data
access and consequent faster
computer boot process, decreased power
consumption, and improved reliability.

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ARCHITECTURE OF SSD
Simple block diagram of SSD architecture

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MEMORY
Flash memory-based SSD’s
 Use non-volatile flash memory
 Do not require batteries
 Retain memory even during sudden
power outages.
 Lower cost compared to DRAM
 SSDs are slower than DRAM SSD

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DRAM-based SSD’s
 Use volatile memory.
 Battery or an external AC/DC adapter
required.
 If power is lost, the battery provides
power while all Information is copied
from random access memory (RAM) to
back-up storage.
 Ultrafast data access.
 Primarily to accelerate applications.
 Costlier compared to Flash SDD’s.
MEMORY

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 Controller is an embedded processor
that executes firmware-level software.
 SSD controller bridge the Flash
memory components to the SSD
input/output interfaces.
 System will communicates the
controller to read data from or write
data to the flash memory
CONTROLLER

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 Serial ATA (SATA)
 SAS - Serial attached SCSI (generally found on servers)
 PCI Express
 USB
 Parallel ATA (IDE) interface (mostly replaced by SATA)
HOST INTERFACE

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Technical Comparison of SSD & HDD
Solid-state drive Hard disk drive
Random access time
0.1 ms
Random access time
5~10 ms
Read latency time
Very low
Read latency time
high
100MB/s to 500MB/s 50MB/s to 100MB/s.
High Reliability
SSDs have no moving parts to fail
mechanically.
Low Reliability
HDDs have moving parts and are
subject to sudden failure;
small and light in weight. relatively large and heavy
In 2013 SSDs were available in sizes
up to 512GB,
In 2013 HDDs of up to 4TB were
available.
power consuption 2 watts 12 watts.
As of 2013 NAND flash SSDs cost
about Rs.31000 for 500GB
As of 2013 HDDs cost about Rs.3200
for 500GB drives

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 High performance – significantly faster than a standard HDD
 Faster seek time – up to 60x faster than HDD
 Lower power – Lesser power consumption ,cooler operation
 Silent operation – ideal for post production environments
 Lighter weight – perfect for portable devices.
 Ability to endure extreme shock, high altitude, vibration and
extremes of temperature.
 Immune to magnets.
 SSDs are random access by nature and can perform parallel
reads on multiple sections of the drive
ADVANTAGES OF SSD

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 They are more expensive than traditional hard drives.
 They currently offer less storage space than traditional hard
drives.
 Slower Write Speed on low-end Models(MLC based types).
DISSADVANTAGES OF SSD

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Servers
Desktop computers
Laptops
Ultrabooks
HD Camcorders
Smart Tv
CCTV Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
Set-Top Boxes
Gaming Consoles
SSD APPLICATIONS

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 J. Katcher. PostMark: “A New Solid State Drives”. Technical Report
TR3022, Network Appliance, October 1997.
 “Evolution of the Solid-State Drive” By Benj Edwards, PCWorld
 A. Birrell, M. Isard, C. Thacker, and T. Wobber. “A Design for High-
Performance Flash Disks”, December 2007.
 S. Nath and A. Kansal. FlashDB: “Dynamic Self-Tuning Database for
NAND Flash”. In IPSN ’07: Proceedings of the 6th International
Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks June, 2009.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive
 http://www.intel.com/pressroom/.html
 http://whatisasolidstatedrive.com/?p=14
REFERENCE