Solar Water Heater Project
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This experiment tested the effect of flow rate on heat transfer from a solar water heater. It found that the lowest tested flow rate of 6.81 mL/s resulted in the highest heat transfer and outlet water temperature. Higher flow rates resulted in lower outlet temperatures, with the highest rate of 21.34 mL/s yielding the lowest temperature. The objectives were to determine the optimal flow rate and efficiency of the solar heater and develop a predictive model. Materials used included the solar heater, pump, temperature sensors and data loggers. Methods involved varying the flow rate and measuring inlet and outlet water temperatures over time.
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Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
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Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
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This lab report summarizes an experiment conducted to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of a shell and tube heat exchanger with uniflow configuration. Temperature and flow rate data was collected for the hot and cold water streams at various flow rates. The heat transfer rate (Q) was calculated using this data and equations for mass flow rate and log mean temperature difference. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was then calculated for each set of data using the equation U=Q/(A*ΔTlm). U values ranged from 1.696 to 92.05 W/m2K over the range of flow rates tested in the uniflow shell and tube heat exchanger.
Iisrt z abhijit devaraj
This document describes an experiment conducted to evaluate the efficiency and collector time constant of a solar flat plate collector under varying intensities of sunlight and a constant wind speed. Readings of temperature and flow rate were recorded over time as water was circulated through the collector using a pump under conditions of 100W/m2, 130W/m2 and 160W/m2 light intensity and 5m/s wind speed. The efficiency of the collector decreased over time for each light intensity due to cooling from the constant wind. Graphs of efficiency vs. time showed efficiency decreasing and leveling off over time, indicating the collector reaching steady state conditions. Formulas used to calculate efficiency and time constant are also presented.
1 important--study on-the_performance_of_natural_vacuum_desalination
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001 160718 energy systems for green buildings20160718-2
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This document summarizes solar hot water systems and their components. It discusses different types of solar collectors and system designs, factors that influence solar energy availability, and considerations for system economics and incentives. The key points are:
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- Factors like sun position, latitude, longitude, tilt, and climate affect available solar energy at a given location.
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Course solar taylor_thermal
This document discusses solar thermal technologies and applications. It provides an overview of solar water heating and solar air heating systems. For solar water heating, it discusses typical building hot water usage, renewable energy paired with efficiency, the history and widespread use of solar water heating, and factors that determine the technical and economic viability of solar water heating systems. It also provides examples of low, mid, and high temperature solar thermal applications and collectors. For solar air heating, it discusses transpired solar collectors and solar ventilation preheating systems.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
Our earth’s interior - like the sun – provides energy from nature. This heat – geothermal energy – yields warmth and power that we can use without polluting the environment.
Geothermal heat originates from Earth’s fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years ago. At earth core – 4,000 miles deep – temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees F
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docx
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
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Solar Water Heater Project
- 1. The Effect of Flow Rate on Heat Transfer from a Solar Water Heater MICHAEL CALFE, KAYLA KERNICH, EMILY SKIBENES
- 2. What is a Solar Water Heater? Conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector Fuel = Sunlight = Free! Two Types of Systems: ◦ Passive → Circulate water or antifreeze from the solar collector to the storage tank using the warm liquid’s natural tendency to rise ◦ Active → Use electric pumps to increase the efficiency of the water circulation and to move hot water into the home
- 3. Importance of Solar Water Heaters More than 1.5 million homes and businesses currently use solar water heating in the United States Assuming that 40 percent of existing homes in the United States have sufficient access to sunlight, 29 million solar water-heating systems could be installed. ◦ Can operate in any climate. ◦ Performance varies depending on how much solar energy is available at the site, as well as how cold the water coming into the system is. Solar water heaters reduce the need for conventional water heating by about two-thirds and pay for their installation within 4 to 8 years with electricity or natural gas savings.
- 4. Objectives of the Experiment ➢Determine optimal flow rate for maximum heat transfer from a solar water heater ➢Determine the efficiency of the solar water heater ➢Develop a predictive model for the solar water heater
- 5. Materials: ➢Solar Water Heater ➢Peristaltic pump ➢Bucket of water ➢Tubing and connectors ➢Graduated cylinder ➢Timer ➢Thermometer ➢HOBO dataloggers with 3 temp sensors ➢Hot water, cold water, air
- 6. Methods: 1) Connect temperature sensors to HOBO; launch 2) Set up solar heater and peristaltic pump (varying flow rates) 3) Measure water flow rate with beaker and timer 4) Place inlet and outlet water temperature sensors; start HOBO datalogger 5) Allow water to run for ~10 min for each trial 6) Download temperature data 7) Calculate rate thermal energy gained by heater
- 7. Steps for Thermal Energy Balance
- 8. Specifications: Location: Clemson, SC Sustainability Shed Date and time: 4/16/17 2pm-3pm Dimensions of heater: 19.25 in x 71 in
- 9. Results: Low flow rate (6.81 mL/s) Steady State Values: Ti = 25 deg C To = 39 deg C
- 10. Results: Middle flow rate (12.23 mL/s) Steady State Values: Ti = 24 deg C To = 31 deg C
- 11. Results: High flow rate (21.34 mL/s) Steady State Values: Ti = 24 deg C To = 28.5 deg C
- 12. Calculated Results Trial # Temp In (deg C) Temp out (deg C) Flow Rate (mL/s) Heat Transfer (W) Heat Flux (W/m^2) Efficiency (%) 1 25 39.04 6.81 399.660 453.246 47.44 2 24 31.5 12.23 383.411 434.818 45.51 3 24 28.17 21.34 371.969 421.842 44.15
- 13. Flow rate vs Heat Generated
- 14. Conclusions ➢In this experiment, the optimal flow rate for maximum heat transfer was determined to be the lowest flow rate of 6.81 mL/s ➢Theoretically, the results should represent a bell shaped curve. If more data was taken at lower flow rates, this would show this trend. ➢The slower the volumetric flow rate, the higher the outlet temperature due to the elongated retention time in the solar water heater ➢The colder the inlet temp, the greater the delta T and heat flux would be
- 15. Appendix
- 16. References Dorsey, Inc. Piccirilli. "Fact Sheet: Solar Water Heating." EESI - Environmental and Energy Study Institute. EESI, 1 May 2006. Web. 26 Apr. 2017. <http://www.eesi.org/papers/view/fact-sheet- solar-water-heating?%2Fsolar_water_0506>. Quick Solar Calculator. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2017. <https://barani.biz/apps/solar/>. Chris, Ian, and Sarah’s group for using the pyranometer correctly and giving us our G value