The document summarizes a student's lab report on the relationship between plant productivity and soil nutrients. The student measured primary productivity and nutrient levels in two soil samples. Sample 1 from a flat surface had higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and primary productivity than Sample 2 from a slope. The results showed that higher nutrient levels led to higher plant productivity. The conclusion supported past research finding a link between primary productivity and soil nutrients.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
(1) A series of experiments were conducted to separate mixtures using physical and chemical properties. Fe filings were separated from a mixture using a magnet. Mothballs were identified as the residue filtered from one experiment.
(2) Further experiments observed the reactions of substances with acids. Metals like Fe and Mg reacted with HCl, shown by bubble formation. Mg produced a basic solution when added to water.
(3) Additional tests observed color changes and reactions with substances like iodine and sulfur. One filtrate was found to have basic properties based on its effect on litmus paper. A variety of separation methods and chemical tests were used to analyze different mixtures.
1. Soil sampling involves taking representative soil cores from throughout a field and mixing them into a composite sample for analysis.
2. In the lab, the soil sample is dried, ground, sieved and analyzed to determine levels of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium through extraction methods using different reagents.
3. The nutrient levels are then classified as low, medium, or high to determine fertilizer recommendations needed to provide optimal nutrition for crop yields.
This document describes a field study on soil sampling techniques and measuring bulk density. It discusses taking both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples using various tools. Bulk density, porosity, and soil water content were calculated using sample mass and volume measurements. The bulk density was found to be 1.2 g/cm3, porosity was 55%, and water-filled porosity was 68%, indicating a fine-textured soil. Proper soil sampling and analysis of physical properties provides valuable information for agriculture and construction.
Soil analysis can link suspects to crime scenes by comparing soil on their clothing or vehicles to the soil at the crime scene. Physical characteristics like plant and animal materials or artificial debris are examined microscopically. Chemical characteristics like pH levels and minerals are also analyzed. To determine if soil samples have a common origin, analysts consider multiple comparable features and how frequently they occur. Proper training in geology is important since there are over 2,200 minerals that can be present in soil.
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in a particular region or community. It is determined by factors like speciation, extinction, migration, immigration and emigration. Species diversity is influenced by species richness, which is the total number of species, and relative abundance, which refers to how common or rare each species is compared to others. Tropical rainforests have the highest levels of species diversity, with only 7% of the Earth's land but containing nearly 50% of all the world's species.
1. Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in a given region. It takes into account both the number of species and how evenly abundant they are.
2. There are three main types of species: endemic, exotic, and cosmopolitan. Endemic species are restricted to a particular area while exotic species have been transported by humans.
3. Factors that affect species diversity include speciation, extinction, migration, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species. Speciation occurs through geographic isolation or reductions in gene flow. Extinction can be caused by overharvesting, pollution, and habitat loss.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
(1) A series of experiments were conducted to separate mixtures using physical and chemical properties. Fe filings were separated from a mixture using a magnet. Mothballs were identified as the residue filtered from one experiment.
(2) Further experiments observed the reactions of substances with acids. Metals like Fe and Mg reacted with HCl, shown by bubble formation. Mg produced a basic solution when added to water.
(3) Additional tests observed color changes and reactions with substances like iodine and sulfur. One filtrate was found to have basic properties based on its effect on litmus paper. A variety of separation methods and chemical tests were used to analyze different mixtures.
1. Soil sampling involves taking representative soil cores from throughout a field and mixing them into a composite sample for analysis.
2. In the lab, the soil sample is dried, ground, sieved and analyzed to determine levels of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium through extraction methods using different reagents.
3. The nutrient levels are then classified as low, medium, or high to determine fertilizer recommendations needed to provide optimal nutrition for crop yields.
This document describes a field study on soil sampling techniques and measuring bulk density. It discusses taking both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples using various tools. Bulk density, porosity, and soil water content were calculated using sample mass and volume measurements. The bulk density was found to be 1.2 g/cm3, porosity was 55%, and water-filled porosity was 68%, indicating a fine-textured soil. Proper soil sampling and analysis of physical properties provides valuable information for agriculture and construction.
Soil analysis can link suspects to crime scenes by comparing soil on their clothing or vehicles to the soil at the crime scene. Physical characteristics like plant and animal materials or artificial debris are examined microscopically. Chemical characteristics like pH levels and minerals are also analyzed. To determine if soil samples have a common origin, analysts consider multiple comparable features and how frequently they occur. Proper training in geology is important since there are over 2,200 minerals that can be present in soil.
Enzyme And Root Activities In Surface Flow Constructed Wetlandscolleen0814
1) The study examined correlations between contaminant removal, soil enzyme activity, root activity, and plant growth in 16 constructed wetlands planted with four species and used for domestic wastewater treatment.
2) Results showed correlations between contaminant removal efficiency and enzyme activity varied depending on the contaminants. Removal of NH4+ and phosphorus was significantly correlated with specific enzyme activities.
3) Correlations between soil enzyme activity and root activity also varied among plant species. Activities of all enzymes were significantly correlated with root activity in two species, but not in a third species.
Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in a particular region or community. It is determined by factors like speciation, extinction, migration, immigration and emigration. Species diversity is influenced by species richness, which is the total number of species, and relative abundance, which refers to how common or rare each species is compared to others. Tropical rainforests have the highest levels of species diversity, with only 7% of the Earth's land but containing nearly 50% of all the world's species.
1. Species diversity refers to the number and variety of species in a given region. It takes into account both the number of species and how evenly abundant they are.
2. There are three main types of species: endemic, exotic, and cosmopolitan. Endemic species are restricted to a particular area while exotic species have been transported by humans.
3. Factors that affect species diversity include speciation, extinction, migration, habitat destruction, and the introduction of invasive species. Speciation occurs through geographic isolation or reductions in gene flow. Extinction can be caused by overharvesting, pollution, and habitat loss.
The document analyzes soil samples from two different sites to compare their properties. It finds that the roadside soil has a pH of 7, making it neutral, while the garden soil has a pH of 6, making it slightly acidic. The texture of the roadside soil is determined to be sandy loam using a soil textural triangle. Testing also finds that the garden soil has a higher moisture content than the roadside soil, and determines the water holding capacities of each.
Week 4: Important soil physical properties Suyog Khose
1. This document summarizes important physical properties of soil for engineers and agricultural professionals, including soil texture, particle size, and methods for determining soil texture through laboratory analysis.
2. The key method described is the hydrometer method, which uses the principle that particles of different sizes settle from suspension at different rates based on their surface area and size. A hydrometer is used to measure the density of soil suspensions over time to determine the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample.
3. Determining soil texture through the hydrometer method involves dispersing soil particles, taking hydrometer readings at specific time intervals as particles settle, correcting for temperature differences, and using the percentages of sand, s
This document provides information about soil composition and properties. It discusses the five factors that influence soil formation: climate, organisms, relief of the land, parent material, and time. It also describes different soil types including pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite soils. The document outlines various soil properties such as texture, color, horizons, nutrients, and pH. It discusses how these properties are tested and provides examples of soil texture, nutrient, and pH tests. Agricultural practices to conserve topsoil and add fertilizer are also outlined.
Soil Quality NEW for grade seven sunstone.pptGLENNMENDOZA10
This document discusses soil quality and provides information on testing soil quality. It defines soil quality as the ability of soil to function by supplying plants with nutrients, drainage, aeration and root growth support. Various physical, chemical and biological tests are described to assess properties like texture, infiltration rate, nutrients, organic matter, biology and more. The tests can be used to evaluate a soil's "savings account" of total nutrients and organic matter versus the available nutrient "checking account". Maintaining and improving soil quality is important for plant and soil health.
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
This document provides instructions for characterizing and sampling soil profiles as part of the GLOBE soil protocol. It describes digging a soil pit at least 1 meter deep to observe the soil horizons. Samples should be taken from at least two sites, one near the soil moisture study site and one in the biology study site. Field measurements include describing the soil horizons, taking replicate samples from each horizon, and conducting tests for bulk density, soil color, free carbonates, and slope. The necessary field instruments are listed, including tools for digging, marking horizons, sampling, recording data, and taking photographs. Preparations include filling bottles with vinegar and water, making a clinometer, collecting and preparing bulk density containers, and
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
Human activity has significantly impacted the natural sulfur cycle. By burning fossil fuels, humans release sulfur into the atmosphere that would otherwise remain locked in geological deposits. This excess atmospheric sulfur reacts to form acid rain, lowering the pH of soil and damaging ecosystems. The student experiment aims to test how car exhaust specifically affects soil properties like sulfur levels, pH, and bacterial density near a school's carpool lane. The hypothesis is that higher sulfur levels from car exhaust will increase the local soil's bacterial density. Soil samples will be taken at increasing distances from the lane and analyzed to understand the impact of localized vehicle emissions on the local environment.
The document discusses soil testing and analysis for vineyards. It explains that soil sampling and testing is important prior to vine establishment and when nutritional disorders are observed. The most common types of soil tests evaluate chemical, physical, and biological soil properties. It then provides details on factors that affect the availability of various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients in soil.
Physio-Chemical Aspects for Assessing Agricultural Soil Fertility and Product...Ilika Kaushik
The document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from agricultural lands in Bharthani, India to assess soil fertility levels based on physicochemical properties. The samples were tested for pH, organic carbon, and phosphorus content. Results showed that most samples had very high pH levels, making the soil alkaline. Organic carbon levels were satisfactory. Phosphorus levels were found to be high or very high in most samples, indicating excessive phosphorus that could leach into water sources. The study concludes that soil fertility is impacted by high pH and phosphorus levels, and recommends practices like adding organic matter to improve conditions.
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
Poly-훽-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Aspergillus fumigates isolated from soi...IOSRJPBS
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate acid (PHB) is thermoplastic biopolymers, synthesized by some bacterial genera under stress conditions. The degradation of PHB was detected in Petri dish by formation of a clear zone around the fungal colonies due to production of depolymerase enzyme which has interesting role in PHB degradation process. The most active PHB degrader fungi was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigates using morphological characters. The highest PHB degradation in Petri dish by A. fumigates was at pH 5, 30ᵒC and 7days. In liquid medium, degradation by A. fumigates was studied using enzyme assay method (U/ml). All the experiments were performed enzyme activities were monitored. After 3 days of incubation, maximum PHB depolymerase production was at pH 5 and 30°C. In conclusion, PHB can be degraded in solid and liquid medium using fungal depolymerase enzyme.
This document summarizes research on amending soils with biochar or charcoal. It finds that charcoal amendment can increase seed germination, plant growth, and crop yields. Specifically, it leads to enhanced soil structure and nutrients, increased water retention, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Studies showed increased aggregate stability and carbon sequestration in soils mixed with 10-50% charcoal. Respiration rates were similar for aggregates with up to 90% charcoal. Finer-textured conventional tilled soils allowed better charcoal penetration than other soils. Overall, the research demonstrates the agricultural and environmental benefits of charcoal-amended soils.
The Effects Of Different Water Stress And Perlite Media On Growing Of Pepper ...MaqsoodKhalid3
The Effects Of Different Water Stress And Perlite Media On Growing Of Pepper Plant.
A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance with a structure characterized by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each consisting of four O atoms surrounding a cation. This framework contains open cavities in the form of channels and cages. These are usually occupied by H2O molecules and extra-framework cations that are commonly exchangeable. The channels are large enough to allow the passage of guest species. In the hydrated phases, dehydration occurs at temperatures mostly below about 400 °C and is largely reversible. The framework may be interrupted by (OH, F) groups; these occupy a tetrahedron apex that is not shared with adjacent tetrahedra.
Suitability of Fine Perlite for Conditioning Some Physical Properties of Soil...MaqsoodKhalid3
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of adding fine perlite to soil to condition physical properties for growing multiple onions. The study used 4 treatments with different ratios of soil to fine perlite mixed in growth blocks. Treatment 2, with a ratio of 150kg soil to 15kg perlite, performed the best by having the highest field capacity, available water capacity, and micropores to store nutrients while maintaining a moderate hydraulic conductivity for nutrient and water availability. Overall, adding fine perlite in a ratio of 150kg soil to 15kg perlite improved the physical properties of the soil the most for growing multiple onions.
Physicochemical analysis of a soil near microbiology laboratory at the univer...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the physicochemical properties of soil near a microbiology laboratory at the University of Ilorin in Nigeria over six sampling periods. The pH ranged from 7.10 to 7.82, moisture content was between 2.10-5.23%, organic matter was 3.42-4.70%, and water holding capacity was 0.28-0.53 ml/g. The soil texture was determined to be loamy sand with 89% sand, 7% silt, and 4% clay on average. The results indicate the soil properties were suitable for microbial growth and plant development.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
This document discusses soil fertility and the use of fertilizers and manures. It emphasizes the importance of soil testing to determine soil nutrient levels before planting. Soil samples should be taken from multiple locations and tested for nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as pH, organic carbon and electrical conductivity. Based on the test results, fertilizers or manures can be applied to improve soil fertility. While fertilizers are chemical substances that directly provide nutrients, manures are organic substances that improve soil structure and nutrient levels over time.
Soil management in home gardens and landscapesDebbie-Ann Hall
This document provides information on proper soil management for home gardens and landscapes. It discusses the importance of soil testing to understand a soil's properties and needs. Adding organic matter such as compost, manure, cover crops, and peat moss can improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient levels. Proper pH adjustment and fertilization are also important to support plant growth. Understanding a soil's composition and managing organic content, nutrients, and pH through testing and amendments creates optimal conditions for plant development.
The author volunteered at an elder care home in Thailand where they met KhunWanee, an elderly resident. KhunWanee stared at the author for 20 minutes before opening up about her life, struggles, and medical problems like cancer and arthritis. This gave the author a more accurate view of aging compared to idealized media portrayals. KhunWanee had been abandoned by her family after working hard to provide for them, leaving her alone to die in the elder care home. Through reasoning and emotion, the author was able to understand KhunWanee's situation and feel her pain of being a forgotten member of her generation.
The author volunteered at an elder care home in Thailand where they met KhunWanee, an elderly resident. KhunWanee stared silently at the author for 20 minutes before opening up about her life, struggles with cancer, arthritis, and abandonment by her family. This experience gave the author a more accurate view of aging compared to idealized media portrayals, and exposed the hardships of KhunWanee's situation through emotional connection and understanding of her pain.
The document analyzes soil samples from two different sites to compare their properties. It finds that the roadside soil has a pH of 7, making it neutral, while the garden soil has a pH of 6, making it slightly acidic. The texture of the roadside soil is determined to be sandy loam using a soil textural triangle. Testing also finds that the garden soil has a higher moisture content than the roadside soil, and determines the water holding capacities of each.
Week 4: Important soil physical properties Suyog Khose
1. This document summarizes important physical properties of soil for engineers and agricultural professionals, including soil texture, particle size, and methods for determining soil texture through laboratory analysis.
2. The key method described is the hydrometer method, which uses the principle that particles of different sizes settle from suspension at different rates based on their surface area and size. A hydrometer is used to measure the density of soil suspensions over time to determine the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample.
3. Determining soil texture through the hydrometer method involves dispersing soil particles, taking hydrometer readings at specific time intervals as particles settle, correcting for temperature differences, and using the percentages of sand, s
This document provides information about soil composition and properties. It discusses the five factors that influence soil formation: climate, organisms, relief of the land, parent material, and time. It also describes different soil types including pedalfer, pedocal, and laterite soils. The document outlines various soil properties such as texture, color, horizons, nutrients, and pH. It discusses how these properties are tested and provides examples of soil texture, nutrient, and pH tests. Agricultural practices to conserve topsoil and add fertilizer are also outlined.
Soil Quality NEW for grade seven sunstone.pptGLENNMENDOZA10
This document discusses soil quality and provides information on testing soil quality. It defines soil quality as the ability of soil to function by supplying plants with nutrients, drainage, aeration and root growth support. Various physical, chemical and biological tests are described to assess properties like texture, infiltration rate, nutrients, organic matter, biology and more. The tests can be used to evaluate a soil's "savings account" of total nutrients and organic matter versus the available nutrient "checking account". Maintaining and improving soil quality is important for plant and soil health.
The document presents the results of a study investigating the effect of organic matter content and quality on the bioavailability of nitrogen. The study included a pot experiment with two soils of different organic matter content, three types of fertilizers (inorganic, slurry, digestate) applied at three doses. The results showed that applying organic fertilizers to soils with high organic matter led to higher plant biomass production. Hot water carbon, an indicator of organic matter quality, was affected by fertilizer type and dose, supporting its ability to predict soil organic matter changes. The conclusion is that a differentiated application of organic residues according to soil organic matter content would be the best fertilization strategy, with higher application rates needed for soils with low organic matter
This document provides instructions for characterizing and sampling soil profiles as part of the GLOBE soil protocol. It describes digging a soil pit at least 1 meter deep to observe the soil horizons. Samples should be taken from at least two sites, one near the soil moisture study site and one in the biology study site. Field measurements include describing the soil horizons, taking replicate samples from each horizon, and conducting tests for bulk density, soil color, free carbonates, and slope. The necessary field instruments are listed, including tools for digging, marking horizons, sampling, recording data, and taking photographs. Preparations include filling bottles with vinegar and water, making a clinometer, collecting and preparing bulk density containers, and
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
Human activity has significantly impacted the natural sulfur cycle. By burning fossil fuels, humans release sulfur into the atmosphere that would otherwise remain locked in geological deposits. This excess atmospheric sulfur reacts to form acid rain, lowering the pH of soil and damaging ecosystems. The student experiment aims to test how car exhaust specifically affects soil properties like sulfur levels, pH, and bacterial density near a school's carpool lane. The hypothesis is that higher sulfur levels from car exhaust will increase the local soil's bacterial density. Soil samples will be taken at increasing distances from the lane and analyzed to understand the impact of localized vehicle emissions on the local environment.
The document discusses soil testing and analysis for vineyards. It explains that soil sampling and testing is important prior to vine establishment and when nutritional disorders are observed. The most common types of soil tests evaluate chemical, physical, and biological soil properties. It then provides details on factors that affect the availability of various nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients in soil.
Physio-Chemical Aspects for Assessing Agricultural Soil Fertility and Product...Ilika Kaushik
The document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from agricultural lands in Bharthani, India to assess soil fertility levels based on physicochemical properties. The samples were tested for pH, organic carbon, and phosphorus content. Results showed that most samples had very high pH levels, making the soil alkaline. Organic carbon levels were satisfactory. Phosphorus levels were found to be high or very high in most samples, indicating excessive phosphorus that could leach into water sources. The study concludes that soil fertility is impacted by high pH and phosphorus levels, and recommends practices like adding organic matter to improve conditions.
This document discusses a study on the effect of land use change from paddy fields to vegetable fields on residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils. Soil samples were taken from vegetable fields that had been converted from paddy fields for 0 to 50 years. The mean concentrations of various OCPs were measured, with DDTs being the highest. Residues of OCPs, especially DDTs, increased over the first 15 years after conversion and then decreased from 20 to 30 years before increasing slightly after 30 years. The changes in OCP residues over time are suggested to be controlled by the alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the soils.
Poly-훽-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Aspergillus fumigates isolated from soi...IOSRJPBS
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate acid (PHB) is thermoplastic biopolymers, synthesized by some bacterial genera under stress conditions. The degradation of PHB was detected in Petri dish by formation of a clear zone around the fungal colonies due to production of depolymerase enzyme which has interesting role in PHB degradation process. The most active PHB degrader fungi was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigates using morphological characters. The highest PHB degradation in Petri dish by A. fumigates was at pH 5, 30ᵒC and 7days. In liquid medium, degradation by A. fumigates was studied using enzyme assay method (U/ml). All the experiments were performed enzyme activities were monitored. After 3 days of incubation, maximum PHB depolymerase production was at pH 5 and 30°C. In conclusion, PHB can be degraded in solid and liquid medium using fungal depolymerase enzyme.
This document summarizes research on amending soils with biochar or charcoal. It finds that charcoal amendment can increase seed germination, plant growth, and crop yields. Specifically, it leads to enhanced soil structure and nutrients, increased water retention, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Studies showed increased aggregate stability and carbon sequestration in soils mixed with 10-50% charcoal. Respiration rates were similar for aggregates with up to 90% charcoal. Finer-textured conventional tilled soils allowed better charcoal penetration than other soils. Overall, the research demonstrates the agricultural and environmental benefits of charcoal-amended soils.
The Effects Of Different Water Stress And Perlite Media On Growing Of Pepper ...MaqsoodKhalid3
The Effects Of Different Water Stress And Perlite Media On Growing Of Pepper Plant.
A zeolite mineral is a crystalline substance with a structure characterized by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each consisting of four O atoms surrounding a cation. This framework contains open cavities in the form of channels and cages. These are usually occupied by H2O molecules and extra-framework cations that are commonly exchangeable. The channels are large enough to allow the passage of guest species. In the hydrated phases, dehydration occurs at temperatures mostly below about 400 °C and is largely reversible. The framework may be interrupted by (OH, F) groups; these occupy a tetrahedron apex that is not shared with adjacent tetrahedra.
Suitability of Fine Perlite for Conditioning Some Physical Properties of Soil...MaqsoodKhalid3
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of adding fine perlite to soil to condition physical properties for growing multiple onions. The study used 4 treatments with different ratios of soil to fine perlite mixed in growth blocks. Treatment 2, with a ratio of 150kg soil to 15kg perlite, performed the best by having the highest field capacity, available water capacity, and micropores to store nutrients while maintaining a moderate hydraulic conductivity for nutrient and water availability. Overall, adding fine perlite in a ratio of 150kg soil to 15kg perlite improved the physical properties of the soil the most for growing multiple onions.
Physicochemical analysis of a soil near microbiology laboratory at the univer...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the physicochemical properties of soil near a microbiology laboratory at the University of Ilorin in Nigeria over six sampling periods. The pH ranged from 7.10 to 7.82, moisture content was between 2.10-5.23%, organic matter was 3.42-4.70%, and water holding capacity was 0.28-0.53 ml/g. The soil texture was determined to be loamy sand with 89% sand, 7% silt, and 4% clay on average. The results indicate the soil properties were suitable for microbial growth and plant development.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
This document discusses soil fertility and the use of fertilizers and manures. It emphasizes the importance of soil testing to determine soil nutrient levels before planting. Soil samples should be taken from multiple locations and tested for nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium as well as pH, organic carbon and electrical conductivity. Based on the test results, fertilizers or manures can be applied to improve soil fertility. While fertilizers are chemical substances that directly provide nutrients, manures are organic substances that improve soil structure and nutrient levels over time.
Soil management in home gardens and landscapesDebbie-Ann Hall
This document provides information on proper soil management for home gardens and landscapes. It discusses the importance of soil testing to understand a soil's properties and needs. Adding organic matter such as compost, manure, cover crops, and peat moss can improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient levels. Proper pH adjustment and fertilization are also important to support plant growth. Understanding a soil's composition and managing organic content, nutrients, and pH through testing and amendments creates optimal conditions for plant development.
Similar to Soil Nutrients Lab (Natural Science) (20)
The author volunteered at an elder care home in Thailand where they met KhunWanee, an elderly resident. KhunWanee stared at the author for 20 minutes before opening up about her life, struggles, and medical problems like cancer and arthritis. This gave the author a more accurate view of aging compared to idealized media portrayals. KhunWanee had been abandoned by her family after working hard to provide for them, leaving her alone to die in the elder care home. Through reasoning and emotion, the author was able to understand KhunWanee's situation and feel her pain of being a forgotten member of her generation.
The author volunteered at an elder care home in Thailand where they met KhunWanee, an elderly resident. KhunWanee stared silently at the author for 20 minutes before opening up about her life, struggles with cancer, arthritis, and abandonment by her family. This experience gave the author a more accurate view of aging compared to idealized media portrayals, and exposed the hardships of KhunWanee's situation through emotional connection and understanding of her pain.
The student traveled to Chiang Rai to experience rural Thai life in MeaKong village. They noticed the village children were curious and playful. The student helped teach the children about recycling and English. Though the village had little materially, the children seemed happy and brought the student small gifts showing care. Through this experience, the student realized happiness does not depend on material goods or comfort, as the village residents were among the happiest despite their lack of possessions.
Doubt has played a key role in expanding knowledge in both the natural and human sciences. In the natural sciences, figures like Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin advanced our understanding of inheritance and evolution through deliberately doubting established ideas. In the human sciences, pioneers such as Milton Friedman, Sigmund Freud, and modern economists have developed new theories by questioning existing models, especially in economics and psychology. While doubt alone does not create knowledge, it serves as an important driver of inquiry and discovery that allows our pool of knowledge to continuously grow as accepted ideas are reexamined.
In the book "Rumor of War" by Philip Caputo, he discusses how the military uses ambiguous language on forms to describe soldier deaths in a more sterile manner. For example, losing a leg to a landmine would be labeled a "traumatic amputation" rather than a more accurate "traumatic fragmentation". While amputation implies a clean surgical procedure, the reality is the human body is often shattered by explosions. This shows how language can distort reality and lead people to make incorrect assumptions based on their own preconceptions of what certain words imply.
Reason tells us that cutting down forests, building cities in low-lying areas, and placing airports in drainage basins have contributed to Bangkok's worst flooding in years. While people blame political groups, the flooding was actually caused by generations of unreasonable actions driven by emotion and greed rather than reason. To take the most correct actions, one must consider all ways of knowing, not just emotion or reason alone.
Ty Kraichok is an 18-year-old Thai student who graduated from ISB in 2012. He plans to study business management and marketing in the United States. The document also discusses ways of knowing such as perception, reason, emotion, and language. It describes life in Mea Kong village versus city life and compares classrooms to experiences in the village.
Ty went on a trip to a rural village in Chiang Rai, Thailand. He observed the villagers' daily lives and interacted with the children. Through perception, he noticed the villagers had little material possessions but seemed very happy. Through reason, he realized happiness is not defined by wealth or comfort. He also saw that the villagers strongly valued education despite their lack of resources. The experience highlighted the importance of perception and reason in understanding others and shaped how Ty views learning.
The document discusses several experiments and techniques used by researchers over time to study the brain and nervous system:
1) Galvani's "animal electricity" experiment in 1791 which used wires to induce muscle twitches in frogs and helped establish the connection between nerves and muscles.
2) Darwin's 1869 book which compared facial expressions and emotions in humans and animals.
3) The development of computed tomography (CT) scans in the 1970s which allowed researchers to non-invasively image the inside of the brain.
4) Nobel Prize winning work in the 1980s by Neher and Sakmann who developed a technique using micro-pipettes to study single ion channels and cellular communication.
A Burmese migrant worker in Thailand described working extremely long hours for low pay in poor conditions. While over 1.5 million Burmese live in Thailand, only 600,000 have legal status. The Thai government has taken some steps to help, such as providing education and healthcare, but these efforts are inadequate and face issues. Burmese migrants prefer Thailand to Burma due to forced labor and human rights abuses there, but in Thailand still face unfair treatment and lack of rights. Overall the document examines the challenges faced by Burmese migrant workers in Thailand and criticisms of the Thai government response.
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Soil Nutrients Lab (Natural Science)
1. Ty Kraichok
IB Environmental System and Society (Period 1)
October 5, 2011
The Relationship Between Plants Productivity and The Nutrients (Nitrogen,
Potassium, Phosphorus) in the Soil
Introduction
Plants productivity or Primary Productivity is the level of biomass in an
ecosystem per unit time. The biomass is the mass of carbon that has been generated
in plants. The process of primary productivity is base on the synthesis of new organic
materials through the use of light from photosynthesis to inorganic molecules, such
as, H2O and CO2 . There are several environmental factors that can affect primary
productivity, for example, temperature, geographic location and soil. Soil is one of
the most significant factors that affect primary productivity due to the nutrients
within the soil that produces chemical that plants need to live and grow. The
nutrients help build and repair tissue, regulate body processes and are converted to
use as energy, which all of these main processes help plants to grow effectively.
In this lab, it focuses on 3 main types of nutrients in the soil, which are
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K), and also the level of pH. These
nutrients and pH will help determines the level of primary productivity.
Nitrogen (N) is located in the upper soil layer. It is a natural element that
supports plant’s growth. Nitrogen mostly found in the upper soil layer and the
atmosphere. It takes raw materials for amino acid synthesis to in order to synthesis
proteins. Nitrogen mainly affects plant’s leaves and new shoots’ growth. Leaves will
turn into pale yellow color with the lack of nitrogen.
Phosphorus (P) is also another important mineral that mainly affect the
strength of plant’s stem, fruiting, rooting and also seed making. The lack of
phosphorus in the soil may result with no flower. Plants basically respond to the lack
of phosphorus by turning yellow.
Potassium (K) is in the upper soil layer. It is a chemical element that is
necessary for strong root system and for forming starch, protein and sugar in order
to increase plant’s productivity. The lack of Potassium will result in undersized fruits,
leaves showing marginal and interval yellowing. Leaves also turn brown and roll
upwards and at the same time, blossoms will become small and distorted when
plants do not have enough Potassium.
The level of pH (1-14) is also a significant in this lab because it helps identify
the kind of plants that can grow in each specific type of soil. In this lab, the levels of
pH in the soil from the two locations that are selected to investigate do not have
relatively different level of pH since the plants that grow in these two places is the
2. same kind. Textural triangle is also another tool that helps identify the texture of the
soil. Based on this lab, the soil has 15% clay, 65% sand and 20% silt. According to this
information, it can be conclude that the soil has a clay texture.
The two locations that are select to be investigated in this lab are in
International School Bangkok (ISB). The soil characteristics of these two locations
are different due Soil 1 is located on a flat surface, while Soil 2 is located on a slope
surface. These two soils are characterized base on their horizon number, top depth,
bottom depth, moisture status, structure, main color, second color, consistence,
texture, rocks, roots and carbonates. These are the results from soil characteristics
experiment:
Characteristics Soil 1 Soil 2
Horizon Number 1 2
Top Depth (cm) 0.00 8.50
Bottom Depth (cm) 8.50 14.0
Moisture Status (wet, dry, moist) Wet Dry
Structure (granular, blocky, platy,
prismatic, columnar, single, Granular Granular
grained, massive)
Main Color (code from color 10 YR (4/3) 10 YR (5/3)
book)
Second Color (code from color 2.5 YR (4/8) 2.5 YR (5/8)
book)
Consistence (loose, friable, firm, Friable Firm
extremely firm)
Texture (sand, loamy sand, sandy
loam, sandy clay loam, sandy
clay, silt, silt loam, silty clay loam, Clay Clay
silty clay loam, clay loam, clay)
Rocks (none, few, many) Few Many
Roots (none, few, many) Few Few
Carbonates (none, slight, strong) None Slight
Primary productivity in this lab is measures by the cutting the grasses in the
two selected locations and heat the grasses in the over in order to get the biomass
of the grasses. This lab uses quadrant to get the sampling grasses in order to
estimate the total biomass of the whole area. Primary productivity can be found by
using this equation:
Primary Productivity: Dry Weight (gram)/Area (m2) x Day (d)
The level of hydrogen can be measure by using the nitrate developer solution
and nitrate developer powder and it will result in color solution, which can be
compare with the code from color book and be able to identify the level of nitrogen
in the soil. Phosphorus can be measure by using phosphorus developer and
phosphorus solution in order to determine the level of phosphorus in the soil.
3. Potassium level can be also measure by potassium developer and potassium solution
(Takeda, et al 1991).
Planning
There are two independent variables in this lab, which are the location and
the level of nutrients (N, P, K). The dependent variable in this lab is the level of
primary productivity. The controlled variable in this lab are the time that grasses are
heated, the heating temperature, the room temperature, the time that soil dissolve
completely, the amount of solution developer and solution powder in each trial, the
waiting of the reaction between the developer and soil solution and distance
between the soil surface and where in the grass’s shooter that the experimenter cut.
Controlled Variables How is it measured? How will it be controlled?
Time that grasses are Use watch to detect the 30 minute in every trail
heated same and make sure the
time is equal in every trail
The heating temperature Use the same level of 70 oC
(during biomass temperature (o C) in every
measurement process) trail
Room temperature Make sure that the room 25 oC
(during laboratory temperature is stable
experiment) through out the
experiment
Time that the soil dissolve Make sure that the time Depend on the soil texture
in each solution that soil dissolve in the
completely solution is the same
(including the times that
the experimenter
shaking/stir the solution)
The amount of solution Use the dropper to make Use the dropper in every
developer and solution sure that the size of the trail
powder in each trial dropping solution is the
same
The waiting time of the Use stop watch to make 2 minutes
reaction between the sure that the time that the
developer and soil experimenter wait for the
solution reaction between the
developer and soil
solution is the same
through out every trail
The distance between the Use ruler to measure the 1 cm above the soil
soil surface and where in distance between the soil surface
the grass’s shoot that the surface and where in the
experimenter cut grass’s shoot that the
experimenter will cut
4. Materials
Soil (sample 1 and sample 2) Balance (1)
Distilled Water (2 liters) Soil Extracting Solution (1 bottle)
250 ml beakers (4) Ammonium Developer Powder (1 bottle)
Empty plastic bottle (2) Ammonium Developer Solution (1 bottle)
Hydrometer (1) Nitrate Developer Solution (1 bottle)
Thermometer (1) Nitrate Developer Powder (1 bottle)
Plastic Wrap (1 pack) Phosphorus Developer Solution (1 bottle)
100 ml Graduated Cylinder (1) Phosphorus Developer Powder (1 bottle)
Soil dispersing reagent (1) Potassium Developer Solution (1 bottle)
Clear 500ml Cylinder (1) Potassium Developer Solution (Red Pieces) (1 bottle)
Meter stick (1) Pottasium Developer Solution (Clear) (1 bottle)
Scissor (1) pH Indicator (3.0-8.5) (1 bottle)
Oven 50 gram of Hexametaphosphate
Meter Stick (1) Stirring Spoon (1)
Test Tube (3) Nitrogen Standard Color Chart (1)
Phosphorus Standard Color Chart Potassium Standard Color Chart (1)
(1)
Procedure
Cutting the Soil and Measure Biomass
1. Select two locations that will get measure the soil nutrients (in this case: flat
surface and slope surface)
2. Use scissor to cut off the grasses within the quadrant area
3. Collect the grasses from two locations in separate 250 ml beakers
4. Heat 2 sampling grasses in an oven for 30 minutes
5. Measure the weight of the dry grasses from the two location with the
Balance
Soil Particle Size Distribution Procedure
1. Prepare the dispersing solution by mixing 50 g of Sodium
Hexametephosphate in 1 liter of distill water.
2. Stir and shake the solution until dispersing agent has completely dissolved
3. Weight 25 gram of dried, sieved soil by using balance
4. Pour 25 gram soil into 250ml beaker
5. Add 100 ml of dispersing solution and 50ml of distilled water to the beaker
and stir with a spoon (make sure that the mixtures do not stick to the bottom
of the beaker).
6. Measure the distance between the base and 500ml mark of the 500ml
cylinder by using meter stick
7. Wait for 24 hours or 1 day
5. 8. Pour the solution into a 500ml cylinder and use the squirt bottle to rinse all
soil out of the container and into he cylinder
9. Add enough distilled water to make the solution reach 500ml mark on the
cylinder
10. Use plastic cover to cover the top part of the cylinder
11. Shake the cylinder for at least 10 times (make sure that the solution does not
leak out of the cylinder while shaking)
12. Record the time that the cylinder set don to the second: after 1 minutes and
30 seconds has passed, carefully lower the hydrometer into the cylinder and
let it float in the soil suspension.
13. At exactly 2 minutes after the cylinder was set down, read the line on the
hydrometer that is closet to the surface of the soil suspension and record the
number
14. Suspend the thermometer in the suspension for a minute
15. At the end of the minute, see the result on the thermometer
Nutrients Test Procedure
Identifications of the solutions that are needed for Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potassium test
Soil
Solution 1: Soil Extracting Solution Ext
Solution 2: Ammonium Developer Powder rac
Solution 3: ammonium Developer Solution tio
Solution 4: Nitrate Developer Solution n
Solution 5: Nitrate Developer Powder 1. G
Solution 6: Phosphate Developer Solution rin
Solution 7: Phosphate Developer Powder din
Solution 8: Potassium Developer Solution g
Solution 9: Potassium Developer Solution (Red Pieces) soil
Solution 9A: Pottasium Developer Solution (Clear)
unt
il
powdery
2. Take 1 spoon of powdery soil to plastic bottle
3. Add 20ml of Solution 1
4. Shaking the bottle for 5 minutes
5. Filter the mixture to separate debris and clear soil extracted solution
Nitrogen Test
1. Take 2.2 ml of soil extracted solution to test tube
2. Add 0.5 ml of Solution 4
3. Add 5 small spoon of Powder 5
4. Shaking the test tube and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes
5. Compare the color of the solution (result) with the Nitrogen Standard Color
Chart (figure 3)
Phosphorus Test
1. Take 2.5 ml of soil extraction solution to test tube
6. 2. Add 0.5 ml of Solution 6 into the test tube
3. Add 5 small spoon of Powder 7
4. Shaking the test tube and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes
5. Compare the result solution color with the color scale on the Phosphorus
Standard Color Chart (figure 1)
Potassium Test
1. Add 3 ml of distilled water to bottle which contains Powder 9
2. Shake the bottle for 5 minutes or until the powder is completely mixed with
the distill water
3. Take 0.8 ml of soil extracted solution to test tube
4. Add 2.0 ml of Solution 8
5. Ass 1 drop of Solution A9
6. Add 2 drop of Solution 9
7. Shake and read the result after 1 minute
8. Compare the color result of the solution with the Potassium Standard Color
Chart (figure 2)
Figure 2: The standard color chart of Potassium that
represents in different tone of orange color. H: high,
M: medium and L: low (level of Potassium)
Figure 1: The Standard color chart of
phosphorus that represents in
different tone of blue color (VL: very
low), L: low, M: medium, H: high and
VH: very high (level of Phosphorus)
Figure 3: The standard color chart for Nitrate that presents
in different tone of pink solution and each tone represents
different level of Nitrogen or Nitrate
7. Data Collection
Soil Primary Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
Productivity (N) (P) (K)
(g/ m2 d)
Soil Sample 1 12.55 Low Medium Low
(Flat Surface)
Soil Sample 2 10.63 Very Low Low Low
(Slope Surface)
Table 1: This table compares the level of nutrients (N, P, K) concentration in the each
soil sample (flat surface and slope surface). The level of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potassium are measure by comparing the color from the result solution with the
color chart of each element in the figure above (figure 1,2 and 3). The result shows
that Soil Sample 1, which primary productivity is 12.55 has a higher level or nitrogen
and phosphorus than soil sample 2. The two soil samples (flat surface and slope
surface) have the same level of potassium.
Graph 1
Primary Productivity (g/ m2 d)
Soil Sample 2 Primary Productivity (g/
m2 d)
Soil Sample 1
9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13
Graph 1: This graph shows compare the level of primary productivity from Soil
Sample 1 (flat surface) and Soil Sample 2 (slope surface). Each Soil Sample has
different level of nutrients. Therefore, they have different primary productivity
outcome.
Conclusion
The result shows that Soil Sample 1, which has 12.55 g/m2, has a higher
primary productivity than Soil Sample 2, which has a primary productivity of 10.63
g/m2. Table 1 shows that the level of nitrogen and phosphorus in Soil Sample 1 is
higher than Soil level 2. Soil Sample 1 has a Low nitrogen level while Soil Sample 2
has a very Low nitrogen level. Soil Sample 1 has a Medium level of phosphorus while
8. Soil Sample 2 has a Low level of phosphorus. Soil Sample 1 and Soil Sample 2 have
the same level of Potassium, which is Low. The result shows that as the level of
nutrient (nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) increases, the level of primary
productivity also increases.
Discussion
Based on Roel Reighman’s experiment in 1991. Reighman did an experiment
about the relationship between primary productivity and nutrients in Phytoplankton.
Similar to this lab, Reighman measures the daily primary productivity of the species.
In contrast, Reighman measures the whole Phytoplankton but these lab only
measures the 1cm above soil surface grasses discard the roots of the grasses. If the
roots are added in the experiment, the result of this lab may be slightly different due
to effect of the nutrients on the roots’ growth. He also used Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potassium’s developer and power to measure the level of each nutrient in the
Phytoplankton in the environment that he selected. He discover that the area that
has higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level, there is higher daily primary
productivity in Phytoplankton. Since the subject that was tested in Reighman’s
experiment is Phytoplankton, which is very small specie, it is hard to compare with
the level of primary productivity that found in grasses in this lab report due to the
huge size different of the subjects. However, the result of Reighmen’s experiment
confirms this lab report result since both labs agrees that there is a strong
relationship between nutrients in the soil and primary productivity. When the level
of nutrients in the soil increases, the level of primary productivity also increases.
Evaluation
There are several aspects that can be improved in this experiment. There
might be a slightly different time that is used to heat the grasses between during the
heating processes (time and temperature) of Soil Sample 1 and Soil Sample 2. If this
occurs, the Soil Sample that has less time to heat in the over will still contain some
water in it and increase its level of primary productivity. After the dropped either
nutrients’ developer or powder inside the soil solution, if it is not accurately 2
minutes, the color may not be completely develop into the final color. For example,
the color might appear as light yellow when the time reaches 1 minute, but without
waiting until exact 2 minutes, the color might still remain yellow when it is suppose
to change into light orange at the time of 2 minutes. If this lab includes the root of
the grasses rather than just the grasses that are 1cm above the ground, the result
might be slightly different because the roots are also a part of the grass that can be
affected by the level of nutrients. During the process of cutting the grasses, it is
impossible for the experimenter to cut exactly 1cm above the ground for the whole
cutting process. This may affect the result of the lab due to the inaccurate in biomass
of the grasses. In order to future improve this experiment for future experiment, the
two locations should be reasonably far away from each other since the locations that
are near each other have a high possibility that the level nutrients are not
significantly different. Also, the subjects of the lab can be different type of plants in
order to give a wider perspective of how the nutrients affect the primary
productivity in for different type of plants.