Soil moisture by tensiometer
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Methods of measuring soil moisture
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
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Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
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This document discusses the quality of irrigation water and criteria for determining water quality. It outlines 5 classes of water salinity based on electrical conductivity and 4 classes of sodium level based on sodium adsorption ratio. It also discusses acceptable boron levels and provides management practices for using poor quality water, including applying gypsum, alternate irrigation strategies, fertilizer application techniques, irrigation methods, growing crop varieties, drainage, and other soil management practices. The document concludes with a discussion of soil fertility versus productivity and different methods for evaluating soil fertility.
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This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
Soil moisture constants
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
Recommended
Soil moisture measurement
This presentation covers direct and indirect methods of moisture measurement with clear descriptions of installation, principle, interpretation of readings, advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Soil plant water relationships
The document discusses soil water plant relationships and provides details on various topics related to soil properties, water movement and plant water needs. It discusses how soil properties like texture, structure and organic matter determine water holding capacity and infiltration rates. It describes the different types of water in soil like gravitational, capillary and hygroscopic water. Key soil water constants like field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water are explained. Factors affecting water movement like infiltration and factors influencing plant water uptake like rooting characteristics are also summarized.
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Methods of measuring soil moisture
This document discusses methods of measuring soil moisture, including direct and indirect methods. Direct methods involve directly measuring the moisture content in soil samples through gravimetric, volumetric, or alcohol methods. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including gypsum blocks, tensiometers, neutron probes, and pressure plates. Gypsum blocks measure resistance which correlates to moisture, while tensiometers measure soil water tension. Neutron probes use radioactive materials to detect hydrogen atoms and calculate moisture content without disturbing soil. Indirect methods allow for continuous in-situ measurement compared to sampling with direct methods.
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Effective rainfall refers to the portion of total rainfall that is useful for crop production. It is influenced by factors like rainfall amount and intensity, land characteristics like slope and soil type, soil water holding capacity, groundwater levels, and crop water needs. Management practices like bunding and mulching can increase effective rainfall by reducing runoff and improving infiltration. Proper irrigation scheduling allows farmers to apply optimal amounts of water at the right times, maximizing yields while minimizing costs, water use, and damage to soil properties. Common irrigation methods include border, furrow, basin, flood, sprinkler, subsurface, and drip irrigation.
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This document discusses soil water systems and properties. It defines key terms like field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water. Soil water can exist as gravitational, capillary, or hygroscopic water. The water holding capacities of soils are expressed as constants like saturation capacity, field capacity, and permanent wilting point. These constants can be expressed as either percentages of water held or depth of water stored in the root zone. Plants extract most water from the upper layers of their root zone, with uptake decreasing with depth.
Soil moisture constants
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
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This document discusses methods and types of soil surveys. It describes the base maps used which include cadastral maps, topographical maps, aerial photographs, and IRS data. It then explains different types of soil surveys like reconnaissance, detailed, detailed-reconnaissance, semi-detailed, exploratory, and rapid reconnaissance surveys. It provides details on the scale of base maps used, area represented, distance between observations, mapping units, and accuracy of boundaries for each type of survey. Finally, it lists the factors observed during soil surveys which include location, slope, climate, vegetation, erosion, groundwater, parent material, drainage, stones/rock, salt/alkalinity, moisture status, and higher category level of soil.
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QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER by lodha
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
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Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.Irrigation water measurement technique
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
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describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
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The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
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This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
Soil moisture conservation techniques
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
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This document discusses several indices for assessing land use in cropping systems:
- Multiple Cropping Index (MCI) measures total area cropped as a percentage of total land area.
- Cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI) calculates land area and duration of each crop as a percentage of total land area and time.
- Diversity Index (DI) measures crop diversity based on revenue from individual crops.
- Crop Intensity Index (CII) assesses actual land use over area and time compared to total available land and time.
- Harvest Diversity Index (HDI) is similar to DI but uses crop harvest values instead of revenues.
- Simultaneous Cro
Tillage Practices and types
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
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THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION ITS USES AND LIMITATIONS AND MODIFIED UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION.
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Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
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The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Soil water relationship
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
Using soil water sensors to evaluate plant available water in engineered land...
This research evaluated the use of soil moisture and matric potential sensors to better understand plant available water in engineered landscape soils. Sensors were installed at two sites with the same engineered soil blend but different conditions. The sensors measured volumetric moisture content, temperature, electrical conductivity, and matric potential. Preliminary results showed that moisture sensors could inform irrigation systems but more work is needed. Temperature and moisture patterns varied between sun and shaded sites. Further analysis will explore how fertilization and plant water stress impact readings to refine soil blends and sensor use.
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The document provides information on different methods for measuring soil water content. It discusses 12 methods including feel/appearance, gravimetric, tensiometric, electrical resistance, and neutron scattering. The gravimetric method involves taking a soil sample, weighing it, drying it in an oven, and reweighing to determine water loss. The tensiometric method uses instruments that measure soil water tension expressed in bars or centibars. Electrical resistance blocks measure soil water content indirectly through changes in electrical conductivity as water content varies.
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RAINFED AGRICULTURE & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
This document provides an introduction to the course titled "Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management". It discusses key topics that will be covered in the course including the introduction and history of rainfed agriculture, problems of dryland farming, soil and climatic conditions of rainfed areas, soil and water conservation techniques, drought classification and impacts, crop adaptation to drought, water harvesting methods, and watershed management concepts. The document outlines the course credits, topics, teaching schedule, and suggested readings to provide an overview of the content that will be covered.
Methods & types of soil survey
This document discusses methods and types of soil surveys. It describes the base maps used which include cadastral maps, topographical maps, aerial photographs, and IRS data. It then explains different types of soil surveys like reconnaissance, detailed, detailed-reconnaissance, semi-detailed, exploratory, and rapid reconnaissance surveys. It provides details on the scale of base maps used, area represented, distance between observations, mapping units, and accuracy of boundaries for each type of survey. Finally, it lists the factors observed during soil surveys which include location, slope, climate, vegetation, erosion, groundwater, parent material, drainage, stones/rock, salt/alkalinity, moisture status, and higher category level of soil.
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Soil Water Plant Relationships
The document summarizes key concepts regarding soil-water-plant relationships. It discusses the constituents of soil and nutrients required for plant growth. It describes soil properties like texture, structure, bulk density and porosity. Different soil types are classified. The importance of water in soil and concepts like soil water potential, matric potential, and soil water release curves are explained. Finer textured soils retain more water than coarse soils at a given tension due to differences in pore size distribution.
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This document discusses methods of soil and water conservation in agriculture. It outlines various physical, agronomic, and vegetative methods to control soil erosion and conserve water resources. Some key methods mentioned include contour bunding, terracing, strip cropping, mulching, and planting grass barriers or trees. The objectives of these conservation practices are to promote proper land use, prevent soil erosion and degradation, maintain soil fertility, and regulate water resources and availability.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER by lodha
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...
Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...Ambo University (Ethiopia)
Irrigation involves applying water to crops to supplement rainfall and meet crop water needs. The key objectives of irrigation are to ensure sufficient soil moisture for plant growth, provide drought protection for crops, and create a favorable environment for plants. Irrigation maximizes crop yields and land productivity, ensuring food security and promoting regional economic development through agriculture and related industries.Irrigation water measurement technique
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
Irrigation scheduling
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Classification of soil water
The document classifies and describes the three main classes of soil water:
1) Capillary water, which exists in pore spaces by molecular attraction and surface tension, held at tensions from 1/3 to 15 atmospheres.
2) Gravitational water, which will drain out of soil pores due to gravity if drainage is provided, and is not available for plant growth.
3) Hygroscopic water, which is absorbed by oven-dried soil exposed to moist air and is held very tightly by adsorption forces at tensions from 10,000 to 31 atmospheres, making it unavailable to plants.
Chapter 5
This document discusses various soil erosion control measures, including biological/agronomic practices like mulching, crop management, and soil management, as well as mechanical/engineering practices like terraces, bunds, vegetated waterways, and gully control. It provides details on the design of terraces, including the factors that influence terrace spacing, length, and cross-section. The key principles of erosion control are reducing rain drop impact, runoff volume and velocity, while increasing soil resistance to erosion. Agronomic practices are preferred where possible due to lower cost and easier integration with farming.
Soil moisture conservation techniques
This document discusses various in-situ soil moisture conservation techniques. It introduces the topic and explains that these techniques are recommended in addition to large-scale watershed management structures to increase moisture availability for crops. The techniques aim to increase infiltration and temporarily store water at the soil surface. The document then describes several specific techniques in detail, including deep tillage, mulching, basin listing, broad-based beds and furrows, ridges and furrows, and compartmental bunding. It explains the principles and benefits of each technique for conserving soil moisture.
Soil Water Energy Concept
soil water energy concept is all about potential energy,gravitational potential,osmotic potential,pressure potential and total potential energies including units
Land use cropping system
This document discusses several indices for assessing land use in cropping systems:
- Multiple Cropping Index (MCI) measures total area cropped as a percentage of total land area.
- Cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI) calculates land area and duration of each crop as a percentage of total land area and time.
- Diversity Index (DI) measures crop diversity based on revenue from individual crops.
- Crop Intensity Index (CII) assesses actual land use over area and time compared to total available land and time.
- Harvest Diversity Index (HDI) is similar to DI but uses crop harvest values instead of revenues.
- Simultaneous Cro
Tillage Practices and types
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Soil loss estimation
THIS PPT COVERS ABOUT UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION ITS USES AND LIMITATIONS AND MODIFIED UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION.
Crop water requirement
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
Water use efficiency
The document discusses measures to increase water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. It notes that agriculture accounts for 80-84% of water consumption in India but has low productivity and efficiency. Key challenges include limited technical capabilities, lack of capital, and inability to recover costs. Methods to improve efficiency include improving storage systems, conveyance infrastructure, and on-farm irrigation techniques. These involve reducing evaporation, seepage, waterlogging, and employing micro-irrigation, treated wastewater reuse, and growing less water-intensive crops. The document anticipates irrigation efficiency could increase to 50-60% for surface water and 72-75% for groundwater by 2025-2050 through these measures.
Soil water relationship
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
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Principles of irrigation by Dr Thomas Abraham_Course Code_Chapters 1 to 5__26...
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This research evaluated the use of soil moisture and matric potential sensors to better understand plant available water in engineered landscape soils. Sensors were installed at two sites with the same engineered soil blend but different conditions. The sensors measured volumetric moisture content, temperature, electrical conductivity, and matric potential. Preliminary results showed that moisture sensors could inform irrigation systems but more work is needed. Temperature and moisture patterns varied between sun and shaded sites. Further analysis will explore how fertilization and plant water stress impact readings to refine soil blends and sensor use.
Soil Water measurement and measurement of water
The document provides information on different methods for measuring soil water content. It discusses 12 methods including feel/appearance, gravimetric, tensiometric, electrical resistance, and neutron scattering. The gravimetric method involves taking a soil sample, weighing it, drying it in an oven, and reweighing to determine water loss. The tensiometric method uses instruments that measure soil water tension expressed in bars or centibars. Electrical resistance blocks measure soil water content indirectly through changes in electrical conductivity as water content varies.
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Soil moisture by tensiometer
- 1. Nikunj Chauhan Roll No : 19 Exam No : 05-0254-2014 College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
- 2. Really all Crops Need Water ? Soil Moisture No, They Don't but
- 3. Some instruments ◦Tensiometer ◦Digital soil moisture meter ◦TDR Moisture meter ◦FDR moisture meter ◦Neutron probe moisture meter Seminar on Soil moisture by Tensiometer
- 4. Content Introduction Working Unit of measurement Data Uses Advantages and Disadvantages
- 5. Tensiometer directly measure A Tensiometer is measuring instrument used to determine the soil moisture in the Crop Root zone. Tensiometer Vacuum Gauge Porous Ceramic cup Water Tube Cap Soil moisture ∝ 1 Soil metric potential Soil metric potential
- 6. Working ◦Fully fill the Tensiometer with water. ◦Placed the Tensiometer in field such that ceramic cup in contact with the soil.
- 7. Working ◦Unsaturated Condition in soil ◦Saturated Condition Water moves from Tensiometer to soil Soil Ceramic tip
- 8. Working ◦Water level Reduces ◦Amount of Water Removed generate vacuum.
- 9. Working ◦Vacuum causes a reading on the vacuum gauge 0 indicates that the soil is saturated 50+ indicates that the soil is dry ◦Movement of water will stop at equilibrium condition
- 11. Unit of Measurement Readings • kilopascals •Bars or Centibars ``
- 12. Tensiometer reading Readings (kPa) Soil moisture ( %) (dry basis) Clay soil Sandy soil 0 58 32 20 30 10 40 23 8 60 20 7 80 18 6 Source: General guideline notes by SKYE INSTRUMENTS LIMITED
- 13. Tensiometer reading clay soil sandy soil Tensiometer reading ( kPa) Soilmoisture(%)
- 14. Source of Error ◦Air enters in tube. ◦Faulty Vacuum gauge ◦Bad contact with soil ◦Readings more then 80kPa ◦Leakage of water from tube
- 16. Advantages of Tensiometer ◦It gives fast Result ◦Essay to operate and Carry ◦High Accuracy ◦Low Cost ◦Large Sensing Area ◦Not affected by salinity of soil
- 17. Disadvantages of Tensiometer ◦Required Periodic service ◦Limited range ◦Not useful in dry soil
- 18. Website Nikunjchauhan.com Thank you E-Mail 97niku@gmail.com Feedback & Questions Reference ( Research paper ) Tensiometers for Soil Moisture Measurement and Irrigation Scheduling By Allen G. Smajstrla and Dalton S. Harrison