Water, Land and Ecosystems - A Natural Resources Management CGIAR Research Pr...Global Water Partnership
This document proposes a new CGIAR Research Program (CRP5) to address global challenges related to water scarcity, land degradation, and loss of ecosystem services. The goal is to sustainably improve livelihoods, reduce poverty, and ensure food security through research-based solutions to these natural resource management issues. It will focus on problems related to irrigation, rainfed agriculture, pastoral lands, groundwater, and resource recovery. The program will work across scales from field to basin levels, and partner with universities, research institutions, implementation organizations, investors, and farmers to achieve impact and improve the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people over 20 years. It requests a combined budget of $78 million from CGIAR centers and
Kehinde Ogunjobi
SEMINAR
Developing Resilience to Climate Change and Achieving Food Security in West Africa: Follow up Action from the UN Food Systems Summit
Co-Organized by West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) and IFPRI
SEP 30, 2021 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM EDT
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
This document discusses the use of mathematical programming models to analyze issues related to land degradation. It provides an overview of previous studies that have used optimization models to simulate the effects of land use and policy decisions on soil erosion, poverty, and sustainable land management. The document then describes a specific modeling approach being used by the author to analyze the costs and benefits of afforestation on marginal croplands in Uzbekistan under conditions of uncertainty. The model analyzes land use at the field, farm, and rural household level to understand the impacts of afforestation policies on livelihoods. Preliminary results suggest afforestation can increase farm profits but additional incentives may be needed due to revenue variability, and that land use policies can indirectly
4. empirical approaches in eld assessments (a)LandDegradation
This document discusses empirical approaches to assessing economics of land degradation and improvement. It describes using econometric analyses to analyze drivers of land degradation by looking at small pixel levels from remote sensing data. It discusses data sources that can be used as indicators in the analyses, including wealth, population density, topography, land tenure, fertilizer use, and precipitation. These data come from sources like NASA, CIESIN, and the Climate Research Unit and can be analyzed at the pixel level and linked based on geographic location to assess land degradation trends and relationships to socioeconomic factors.
Ruth Hall is a professor at the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, and has worked on land reform, land rights and land governance in South Africa and beyond. She is a regional coordinator of the Future Agricultures Consortium, in partnership with IDS and others.
Water, Land and Ecosystems - A Natural Resources Management CGIAR Research Pr...Global Water Partnership
This document proposes a new CGIAR Research Program (CRP5) to address global challenges related to water scarcity, land degradation, and loss of ecosystem services. The goal is to sustainably improve livelihoods, reduce poverty, and ensure food security through research-based solutions to these natural resource management issues. It will focus on problems related to irrigation, rainfed agriculture, pastoral lands, groundwater, and resource recovery. The program will work across scales from field to basin levels, and partner with universities, research institutions, implementation organizations, investors, and farmers to achieve impact and improve the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people over 20 years. It requests a combined budget of $78 million from CGIAR centers and
Kehinde Ogunjobi
SEMINAR
Developing Resilience to Climate Change and Achieving Food Security in West Africa: Follow up Action from the UN Food Systems Summit
Co-Organized by West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL) and IFPRI
SEP 30, 2021 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM EDT
- Land degradation is a serious problem across Eastern Africa, with over 20% of land degraded in Kenya and Ethiopia, over 40% in Malawi, and over 50% in Tanzania according to NDVI decline measures. Major drivers of degradation include expansion of cropland and unsustainable agricultural practices.
- Adoption of sustainable land management practices is low, ranging from 68% of plots in Malawi to 85% in Ethiopia and Tanzania. Use of multiple practices is also limited.
- Logit, multivariate probit, and Poisson regression models find that factors like temperature, rainfall, elevation, soil type, household demographics, education, land tenure, extension access, and credit access influence adoption and intensity
This document discusses the use of mathematical programming models to analyze issues related to land degradation. It provides an overview of previous studies that have used optimization models to simulate the effects of land use and policy decisions on soil erosion, poverty, and sustainable land management. The document then describes a specific modeling approach being used by the author to analyze the costs and benefits of afforestation on marginal croplands in Uzbekistan under conditions of uncertainty. The model analyzes land use at the field, farm, and rural household level to understand the impacts of afforestation policies on livelihoods. Preliminary results suggest afforestation can increase farm profits but additional incentives may be needed due to revenue variability, and that land use policies can indirectly
4. empirical approaches in eld assessments (a)LandDegradation
This document discusses empirical approaches to assessing economics of land degradation and improvement. It describes using econometric analyses to analyze drivers of land degradation by looking at small pixel levels from remote sensing data. It discusses data sources that can be used as indicators in the analyses, including wealth, population density, topography, land tenure, fertilizer use, and precipitation. These data come from sources like NASA, CIESIN, and the Climate Research Unit and can be analyzed at the pixel level and linked based on geographic location to assess land degradation trends and relationships to socioeconomic factors.
Ruth Hall is a professor at the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, and has worked on land reform, land rights and land governance in South Africa and beyond. She is a regional coordinator of the Future Agricultures Consortium, in partnership with IDS and others.
This study analyzed land degradation of irrigated cropland in northern Uzbekistan using satellite remote sensing at multiple scales. At the regional scale, 23% (94,835 ha) of irrigated cropland showed degradation trends over time. Finer scale mapping using Landsat imagery found 18% (52,938 ha) of fields had decreased vegetation cover between 1998 and 2009, including 17% that became fallow. The results were 93% consistent between scales and can inform policies for rehabilitating degraded fields through sustainable land use practices. Further validation is needed to refine the approaches.
This document summarizes the results of Minnesota's 2015 carnivore scent station survey. A total of 268 survey routes were completed, with 2,449 scent stations examined. The top 3 species detected statewide based on route visitation rates were red fox (31%), coyote (30%), and raccoon (30%). Confidence interval analysis found no significant changes in indices from last year, though some approached significance. Regionally, indices for most species remained near long-term averages, though red fox remained below and coyote and raccoon remained above average in farmland zones. Bobcat and wolf indices remained above average in forest zones.
I WORKSHOP INTERNACIONAL: PESQUISA CIENTÍFICA PARA POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE
GESTÃO SUSTENTÁVEL DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS:
Os exemplos do Nebraska, USA e do Oeste da Bahia, Brasil
AUDITÓRIO ASSEMBLEIA LEGISLATIVA - SALVADOR, BAHIA
Selling two environmental services: In-kind payments for bird habitat and wat...Fundación Natura Bolivia
This document summarizes a payment for environmental services (PES) scheme in Los Negros Valley, Bolivia that pays farmers to protect cloud forest habitat and watershed areas. The scheme pays 46 farmers annually to prohibit tree cutting, hunting, and forest clearing on 2,774 hectares of land. One buyer is an international conservation group interested in protecting habitat for 11 migratory bird species. The other buyer is downstream irrigators who benefit from stable dry-season water flows. Payments are made as in-kind compensation like beehives and training to incentivize forest protection. The scheme aims to balance biodiversity conservation and water services while providing alternative livelihoods for farmers.
Ecogeographical approaches to characterize CWR adaptive traits useful for cro...Txema Iriondo
This document discusses using ecogeographical approaches to characterize crop wild relative (CWR) adaptive traits that could be useful for crop adaptation. It describes how environmental conditions shape adaptive genetic diversity in wild plants through natural selection. An ecogeographical approach is proposed that uses climatic, edaphic and geographic data to predict patterns of adaptive genetic variation in plant germplasm collections. This approach is used to generate ecogeographical land characterization maps and characterize CWR collections. It allows for identification of geographic gaps, optimized CWR collection, and focused identification of germplasm strategies to select accessions most likely to contain desired genetic variation. Tools being developed include those for ecogeographical analysis, representation, characterization, core collection generation, and
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland R...gabriellebastien
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland Restoration
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
This document summarizes a workshop on tools for estimating uncertainty in ecology. It discusses various sources of uncertainty in ecosystem studies, including natural variability, measurement error, and model error. Specific examples are provided of quantifying uncertainty in nitrogen budgets, precipitation measurements, streamflow modeling, and forest biomass estimates. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are presented as a way to quantify overall uncertainty by incorporating the uncertainty in individual parameters and measurements. The importance of identifying the greatest sources of uncertainty and being able to detect meaningful differences is emphasized.
From all comments received by the LTER Network Office, this year's meeting in Estes Park was a complete success! The 2015 LTER All Scientists Meeting was held from August 30 through the evening of September 2. The Conference was organized around the theme: " From Long-Term Data to Understanding: Toward a Predictive Ecology". Almost 600 people attended the meeting. There were over 300 poster presentations and more than 75 formal and ad-hoc working group meetings. Drs. James Olds, Diana Wall, Knute Nadelhoffer, Ned Gardener and Christine O'Connell provided excellent plenary presentations to highlight the meeting. Chloe Wardropper (NTL) won 1st place in the student poster competition with Alexandra Conway (BNZ), Shinjini Goswami (HBR), Hafsah Nahrawi (GCE) and Bonnie McGill (KBS) winning runner-up awards.
1. The document discusses approaches for targeting sustainable interventions and prioritizing them, including optimization modeling, system dynamics modeling, and an ex-ante tool for ranking policy alternatives.
2. It describes some specific approaches like EXTRAPOLATE which can be used to model the current situation, proposed policy changes, and their impacts.
3. The document emphasizes taking into account uncertainty and using optimization to identify robust packages of interventions rather than single solutions, in order to properly target and prioritize sustainable interventions.
Andy J Climate Change And Roots And Tubers Nov 2009CIAT
Presentation on the impacts of climate change on agriculture, with specific reference to roots and tubers. made in the International Symposium for Roots and Tubers held in Lima, November 2009.
Using multi-site experimental data for seasonal forecasting and future condit...CIAT
This document discusses using multi-site experimental crop data and seasonal weather forecasts to model potato and bean yields. It aims to evaluate the accuracy of two crop models (SOLANUM for potato and CROPGRO for bean) when driven by weather forecasts, to assess vulnerabilities to climate variations and inform adaptation. The SOLANUM and CROPGRO models will be run using observed climate and yield data from various sites in Peru and Colombia, and compared to outputs when driven by seasonal forecast data. Challenges for each crop and details of the respective crop models are provided.
Rice production in the cone of South America – what can we learn for GRiSP-Asia?CIAT
This document summarizes rice production in South America and lessons that can be applied to GRiSP-Asia. It describes an "Agronomy Revolution" in countries like Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina that has doubled rice yields through improved varieties and integrated management. Extension models focus farmer groups on benchmarking and continuous improvement. Key lessons for Asia include the benefits of rotations, certified seed, timely establishment, and herbicide-tolerant varieties with stewardship. Market demand for consistency and quality also presents opportunities for value addition. Areas for collaboration include weedy rice management, sustainability metrics, and yield gap analysis.
Concepts, impacts & benefits of eco-efficiencyCIAT
Eco-efficiency is a management approach endorsed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit that aims to deliver goods and services that satisfy human needs while reducing environmental impacts throughout a product's lifecycle. The document discusses eco-efficiency in agriculture, noting that while initially seen as a buzzword, it can be substantiated with evidence of economic, social, and environmental impacts from leading organizations. Specific examples are given of how CIAT commodities like rice, cassava, beans, and forages can improve productivity and reduce environmental impacts. The challenges of comprehensively measuring the benefits and impacts of eco-efficiency across physical scales are also addressed.
Presentation by Prof Paul Mapfumo. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Genetic variation exists among potato cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related traits under different nitrogen levels. The study evaluated 97 potato cultivars across two locations in Ethiopia under low and high nitrogen conditions. Results showed significant effects of location, nitrogen level, and genotype on canopy development, tuber yield, and NUE. Heritability estimates for tuber number, NUE, and other traits were high, indicating potential for genetic improvement. Traits like tuber number, canopy area, days to maturity, and tuber dry matter content were strongly correlated with NUE and thus important for selecting cultivars with higher NUE. The study found genetic diversity in the potato germplasm that can
Presented by IWMI’s Yvan Altchenko at the 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Prague - Czech Republic, on June 25, 2015.
Session - Societal Relevance of Groundwater: Ever Increasing Demands on a Limited Resource
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
Status and priorities of soil resources in East and Central Afric, ESSAFAO
This document discusses the status and priorities of soil resources in East and Central Africa. It begins with an introduction that outlines the problems of land degradation and soil fertility loss in the region. It then provides details on key drivers of low agricultural productivity such as soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and deforestation. The document presents data on low fertilizer usage in African countries and negative nutrient balances. It identifies opportunities to improve soil data and disseminate integrated soil fertility management. Finally, it shares the results of a priority ranking exercise for natural resource management themes and strategic interventions, with managing productive soil potential and integrated soil fertility technologies ranked highly.
Presentation of Mofizul Islam Given to Dr. Swaminathan FoundationMofizul Islam
This document summarizes the estimated partial financial benefits of entrepreneurs producing and marketing urea super granules (USG) per day. It estimates that with a machine producing 400kg of USG per hour over 8 hours, the total production would be 64 bags of 50kg each, or 3,200kg per day. The total estimated costs are $830.45. With USG sold at $0.28/kg, total revenue would be $896, leaving a profit of $65.55 per day. Working the machine 60 days per year could yield an annual profit of $3,933, while working it 30 days per year could yield $1,966.50 in profit.
This study analyzed land degradation of irrigated cropland in northern Uzbekistan using satellite remote sensing at multiple scales. At the regional scale, 23% (94,835 ha) of irrigated cropland showed degradation trends over time. Finer scale mapping using Landsat imagery found 18% (52,938 ha) of fields had decreased vegetation cover between 1998 and 2009, including 17% that became fallow. The results were 93% consistent between scales and can inform policies for rehabilitating degraded fields through sustainable land use practices. Further validation is needed to refine the approaches.
This document summarizes the results of Minnesota's 2015 carnivore scent station survey. A total of 268 survey routes were completed, with 2,449 scent stations examined. The top 3 species detected statewide based on route visitation rates were red fox (31%), coyote (30%), and raccoon (30%). Confidence interval analysis found no significant changes in indices from last year, though some approached significance. Regionally, indices for most species remained near long-term averages, though red fox remained below and coyote and raccoon remained above average in farmland zones. Bobcat and wolf indices remained above average in forest zones.
I WORKSHOP INTERNACIONAL: PESQUISA CIENTÍFICA PARA POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS DE
GESTÃO SUSTENTÁVEL DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS:
Os exemplos do Nebraska, USA e do Oeste da Bahia, Brasil
AUDITÓRIO ASSEMBLEIA LEGISLATIVA - SALVADOR, BAHIA
Selling two environmental services: In-kind payments for bird habitat and wat...Fundación Natura Bolivia
This document summarizes a payment for environmental services (PES) scheme in Los Negros Valley, Bolivia that pays farmers to protect cloud forest habitat and watershed areas. The scheme pays 46 farmers annually to prohibit tree cutting, hunting, and forest clearing on 2,774 hectares of land. One buyer is an international conservation group interested in protecting habitat for 11 migratory bird species. The other buyer is downstream irrigators who benefit from stable dry-season water flows. Payments are made as in-kind compensation like beehives and training to incentivize forest protection. The scheme aims to balance biodiversity conservation and water services while providing alternative livelihoods for farmers.
Ecogeographical approaches to characterize CWR adaptive traits useful for cro...Txema Iriondo
This document discusses using ecogeographical approaches to characterize crop wild relative (CWR) adaptive traits that could be useful for crop adaptation. It describes how environmental conditions shape adaptive genetic diversity in wild plants through natural selection. An ecogeographical approach is proposed that uses climatic, edaphic and geographic data to predict patterns of adaptive genetic variation in plant germplasm collections. This approach is used to generate ecogeographical land characterization maps and characterize CWR collections. It allows for identification of geographic gaps, optimized CWR collection, and focused identification of germplasm strategies to select accessions most likely to contain desired genetic variation. Tools being developed include those for ecogeographical analysis, representation, characterization, core collection generation, and
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland R...gabriellebastien
Richard Teague - Grazing Down the Carbon: The Scientific Case for Grassland Restoration
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
This document summarizes a workshop on tools for estimating uncertainty in ecology. It discusses various sources of uncertainty in ecosystem studies, including natural variability, measurement error, and model error. Specific examples are provided of quantifying uncertainty in nitrogen budgets, precipitation measurements, streamflow modeling, and forest biomass estimates. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are presented as a way to quantify overall uncertainty by incorporating the uncertainty in individual parameters and measurements. The importance of identifying the greatest sources of uncertainty and being able to detect meaningful differences is emphasized.
From all comments received by the LTER Network Office, this year's meeting in Estes Park was a complete success! The 2015 LTER All Scientists Meeting was held from August 30 through the evening of September 2. The Conference was organized around the theme: " From Long-Term Data to Understanding: Toward a Predictive Ecology". Almost 600 people attended the meeting. There were over 300 poster presentations and more than 75 formal and ad-hoc working group meetings. Drs. James Olds, Diana Wall, Knute Nadelhoffer, Ned Gardener and Christine O'Connell provided excellent plenary presentations to highlight the meeting. Chloe Wardropper (NTL) won 1st place in the student poster competition with Alexandra Conway (BNZ), Shinjini Goswami (HBR), Hafsah Nahrawi (GCE) and Bonnie McGill (KBS) winning runner-up awards.
1. The document discusses approaches for targeting sustainable interventions and prioritizing them, including optimization modeling, system dynamics modeling, and an ex-ante tool for ranking policy alternatives.
2. It describes some specific approaches like EXTRAPOLATE which can be used to model the current situation, proposed policy changes, and their impacts.
3. The document emphasizes taking into account uncertainty and using optimization to identify robust packages of interventions rather than single solutions, in order to properly target and prioritize sustainable interventions.
Andy J Climate Change And Roots And Tubers Nov 2009CIAT
Presentation on the impacts of climate change on agriculture, with specific reference to roots and tubers. made in the International Symposium for Roots and Tubers held in Lima, November 2009.
Using multi-site experimental data for seasonal forecasting and future condit...CIAT
This document discusses using multi-site experimental crop data and seasonal weather forecasts to model potato and bean yields. It aims to evaluate the accuracy of two crop models (SOLANUM for potato and CROPGRO for bean) when driven by weather forecasts, to assess vulnerabilities to climate variations and inform adaptation. The SOLANUM and CROPGRO models will be run using observed climate and yield data from various sites in Peru and Colombia, and compared to outputs when driven by seasonal forecast data. Challenges for each crop and details of the respective crop models are provided.
Rice production in the cone of South America – what can we learn for GRiSP-Asia?CIAT
This document summarizes rice production in South America and lessons that can be applied to GRiSP-Asia. It describes an "Agronomy Revolution" in countries like Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina that has doubled rice yields through improved varieties and integrated management. Extension models focus farmer groups on benchmarking and continuous improvement. Key lessons for Asia include the benefits of rotations, certified seed, timely establishment, and herbicide-tolerant varieties with stewardship. Market demand for consistency and quality also presents opportunities for value addition. Areas for collaboration include weedy rice management, sustainability metrics, and yield gap analysis.
Concepts, impacts & benefits of eco-efficiencyCIAT
Eco-efficiency is a management approach endorsed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit that aims to deliver goods and services that satisfy human needs while reducing environmental impacts throughout a product's lifecycle. The document discusses eco-efficiency in agriculture, noting that while initially seen as a buzzword, it can be substantiated with evidence of economic, social, and environmental impacts from leading organizations. Specific examples are given of how CIAT commodities like rice, cassava, beans, and forages can improve productivity and reduce environmental impacts. The challenges of comprehensively measuring the benefits and impacts of eco-efficiency across physical scales are also addressed.
Presentation by Prof Paul Mapfumo. Presented during a pre - SBSTA meeting on CSA Alliance: Building Climate Change Resilience in Africa held on 30th May 2014 in Bonn, Germany http://ccafs.cgiar.org/csa-alliance-building-climate-change-resilience-africa#.U42GUihCCTs
Genetic variation exists among potato cultivars for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related traits under different nitrogen levels. The study evaluated 97 potato cultivars across two locations in Ethiopia under low and high nitrogen conditions. Results showed significant effects of location, nitrogen level, and genotype on canopy development, tuber yield, and NUE. Heritability estimates for tuber number, NUE, and other traits were high, indicating potential for genetic improvement. Traits like tuber number, canopy area, days to maturity, and tuber dry matter content were strongly correlated with NUE and thus important for selecting cultivars with higher NUE. The study found genetic diversity in the potato germplasm that can
Presented by IWMI’s Yvan Altchenko at the 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), held in Prague - Czech Republic, on June 25, 2015.
Session - Societal Relevance of Groundwater: Ever Increasing Demands on a Limited Resource
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
Status and priorities of soil resources in East and Central Afric, ESSAFAO
This document discusses the status and priorities of soil resources in East and Central Africa. It begins with an introduction that outlines the problems of land degradation and soil fertility loss in the region. It then provides details on key drivers of low agricultural productivity such as soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and deforestation. The document presents data on low fertilizer usage in African countries and negative nutrient balances. It identifies opportunities to improve soil data and disseminate integrated soil fertility management. Finally, it shares the results of a priority ranking exercise for natural resource management themes and strategic interventions, with managing productive soil potential and integrated soil fertility technologies ranked highly.
Presentation of Mofizul Islam Given to Dr. Swaminathan FoundationMofizul Islam
This document summarizes the estimated partial financial benefits of entrepreneurs producing and marketing urea super granules (USG) per day. It estimates that with a machine producing 400kg of USG per hour over 8 hours, the total production would be 64 bags of 50kg each, or 3,200kg per day. The total estimated costs are $830.45. With USG sold at $0.28/kg, total revenue would be $896, leaving a profit of $65.55 per day. Working the machine 60 days per year could yield an annual profit of $3,933, while working it 30 days per year could yield $1,966.50 in profit.
Presented by T. Erkossa, A. Haileslassie and C. MacAlister at the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
Context: Development of early maturing maize cultivars that remain productive under low N fertilizer farming system, consistent with the farmers’ technologies is a prerequisite to improving adoption of new varieties without increasing production cost.
Objective: To assess the performance of ten early open pollination maize varieties (OPVs) and their F1 hybrids for grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and also identify productive cultivars under low N fertilizer regimes.
Materials and Methods: The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with three N fertilizer levels (0, 45 and 90 kg N ha-1) as main plot and the genotypes as sub-plot. Each plot within N level was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design of four replications. Ten OPVs were crossed in a half diallel to generate 45 F1 hybrids during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Planting were carried out on 20th July, 2005 and 2nd July, 2006. Agronomic characters studied were grain yield, maize establishment count, days to 50% tasselling and silking as well as plant and ear heights.
Results: The year 2005 growing season was better for all observed characters amongst all the genotypes than the year 2006. Although, expressions of these traits in the hybrids were relatively higher than the OPVs including the grain yield. The total increase in grain yield observed was 1.72 t ha-1 and 1.95 t ha-1 for OPVs and hybrids respectively on application of 90 kg ha-1 over no N-application. However, NUE was optimum at 45 kg N ha-1 in both groups. Grain yield and NUE correlated positively with growth characters measured except for days to 50% silking. Higher genetic gains were recorded for plant and ear heights.
Conclusion: Two drought tolerant varieties (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt and Tze Comp3 Dt) that combined well with specific cultivars for grain yield and NUE probably have gene pools for low N-tolerance.
This study assessed whether introducing a legume pasture in a subtropical cereal cropping system can reduce synthetic nitrogen (N) inputs and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The study compared N2O emissions and yields in a sorghum crop following either a legume pasture (alfalfa and sulla) or grass pasture (rhodes grass and wheat) rotation under two N fertilization rates. N2O emissions were monitored from crop planting to final seedbed preparation using an automated system. Preliminary results showed that the legume pasture supplied enough N to support crop growth while low carbon residues limited denitrification and N2O emissions compared to the grass pasture. Introducing a leg
Residue soil moisture and yield interactions under CA: initial evidence from ...FMNR Hub
1) The study evaluated residue management practices and their effects on maize yields in Malawi and Mozambique under Conservation Agriculture (CA).
2) It found that farmers in Mozambique were able to apply residue cover levels below the recommended 3t/ha due to termite activity, while farmers in Malawi applied rates above this threshold.
3) On-station trials in Malawi showed that increased residue rates improved yields in well-drained soils but reduced yields in waterlogged conditions or where pests/diseases were present. Optimum residue rates were between 4-5 t/ha.
4) CA techniques maintained higher soil moisture levels compared to conventional practices. Proper residue management enhanced
This document summarizes research on evergreen agriculture for sustainable intensification and resilience in the African drylands. The research examines the role of native shrub species, such as Guiera senegalensis and Piliostigma reticulatum, which are commonly found in farmers' fields. Several key findings are highlighted: 1) Shrubs provide significant carbon storage and inputs to soils. 2) Shrubs enhance water infiltration and groundwater recharge through hydraulic redistribution without competing with crops for water. 3) The shrub rhizosphere maintains high microbial activity and diversity year-round. The presence of shrubs has been shown to increase crop yields substantially.
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 9: Farm Size, Urbanization and the Links from Agriculture to Nutrition and Health
Ken Giller
Intensification of maize-legume based systems in the semi-arid areas of Tanza...africa-rising
This document summarizes research being conducted in Tanzania to intensify maize-legume farming systems in semi-arid areas. The research aims to increase farm productivity and improve the farming landscape. Key findings include:
1) Improved varieties of crops like maize, groundnuts, and pigeonpeas have increased yields compared to local varieties.
2) Integrated soil fertility management including fertilizer application has increased maize yields but response to nitrogen was low, indicating other limiting factors.
3) Soil and water conservation techniques like deep tillage and in-situ water harvesting improved yields compared to traditional practices.
4) Aflatoxin contamination was found in many crops sampled, presenting food
Presented by IWMI Yvan Altchenko at ICID's 26th ERC and 66th IEC meeting, held in Montpellier, France (October 11-16, 2015), at the session ’What governance for groundwater and surface water use in agriculture?' held on October 13, 2015.
Title: Agroecological Strategies for Raising Crop Productivity with Reduced Inputs, with Less Water Requirement, and with Buffering of Climate-Change Stresses
Speaker: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University, USA
Presented at: ECHO 20th Annual Agricultural Conference
Venue: ECHO, Ft. Myers, FL - December 10, 2013
Returns to fertilizer and program efficiency: Estimation techniques & result...IFPRIMaSSP
This document discusses estimating returns to fertilizer from crop simulation modeling in Malawi. It provides an overview of different data sources and methods used to measure yield response and their reliability. Crop simulation modeling was used to estimate yield responses under smallholder conditions. The modeling found that hybrid maize varieties, early planting, good agronomic practices, and the application of fertilizer can all increase yields and returns. Specifically, the modeling estimated local maize varieties had a yield response of 18 kg of grain per kg of nitrogen applied, while hybrid varieties responded with 22 kg of grain per kg of nitrogen.
This project combines field experiments and climate modeling to evaluate nitrogen management strategies for corn production. Field experiments at multiple locations are testing different nitrogen application timings, rates, and methods. Preliminary results show that applying nitrogen at the V7 growth stage maintains yield while reducing nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate loss compared to pre-plant application. Climate modeling calibrated with field data predicts that split or delayed nitrogen application generally lowers emissions but the effect varies depending on weather and soil type. The overall goal is to understand how nitrogen management can improve nitrogen use efficiency and environmental performance under current and future climates.
Land and Soil Issues in Africa: Disturbance, succession and the promise of ec...FAO
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/en/
Presentation by Tim Crews (The Land Institute) describing soil-related challenges for crop production and research on the benefits of perennials vs. annuals to enhance soil characteristics. The presentation was delivered in occasion of the “Putting Perennial crops to work in practice” workshop in Bamako, Mali (1-5 September 2015).
Similar to Soil Health in Southern Africa and implications on sustainable intensification 2014 L Desta et al (20)
Durante la Semana de la Agricultura y la Alimentación, el Programa de Investigación del CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria – CCAFS, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, FAO, y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, apoyaron la II Reunión Internacional de Ministros y altas autoridades de agricultura sobre agricultura sostenible y cambio climático con un documento base y su presentación sobre los retos que representa el cambio climático para la agricultura en Latino América y el Caribe.
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Impacto de las intervenciones agricolas y de salud para reducir la deficienci...CIAT
Este documento resume un estudio realizado en Guatemala para evaluar el impacto de entregar semilla biofortificada de frijol en aspectos socioeconómicos y de salud nutricional. El estudio utilizó un diseño de ensayo clúster aleatorio en comunidades rurales asignadas a recibir semilla biofortificada o no. Los resultados preliminares mostraron pocos cambios socioeconómicos entre grupos. Los resultados de línea base encontraron altas tasas de anemia y deficiencia de hierro, con el frijol contribuyendo signific
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Este documento presenta los resultados preliminares de un estudio sobre las dinámicas intra-hogar y su impacto en la nutrición de familias agrícolas en Guatemala. Los hallazgos incluyen que las mujeres tienden a estar más desempoderadas que los hombres, y los niños en hogares con mujeres desempoderadas tienen más probabilidades de sufrir retraso en el crecimiento. Además, las preferencias de alimentos y labores varían entre hombres y mujeres dependiendo del ingreso disponible. Considerar tanto a padres como madres es importante para proyectos de nut
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This document summarizes Session 3 of a symposium on scaling up soil carbon enhancement to contribute to climate change mitigation. It discusses: 1) The potential for climate change
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El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
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Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
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ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
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hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
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Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Soil Health in Southern Africa and implications on sustainable intensification 2014 L Desta et al
1. Lulseged
Tene1*,
Andrew
Sila2,
Job
Kihara3,
Gi<
Ndengu1,
Powell
Mponela1,
Keith
Shepherd2,
Markus
Walsh4
and
Deborah
Bossio3
www.ciat.cgiar.org
Eco-‐Efficient
Agriculture
for
the
Poor
Soil
health
in
Southern
Africa
and
implica3on
on
sustainable
intensifica3on:
how
much
is
the
gap?
Lulseged
Tamene1,
Andrew
Sila2,
Job
Kihara1,
Gi<
Ndengu1,
Powell
Mponela1,
Keith
Shepherd2,
Markus
Walsh3
and
Deborah
Bossio1
1CInternaLonal
Center
for
Tropical
Agriculture,
2World
Agroforestry
Center,
3CThe
Earth
InsLtute
20th
World
Congress
of
Soil
Science
June
8-‐13,
2014,
Jeju.
Korea
2. Source:
INED
u SSA
countries
will
grow
the
fastest
–
pressure
on
resources
Background
PopulaLon
increase
3. Background
This
will
lead
to:
-‐
ReducLon
in
farm
size
-‐ Expansion
to
steep
slopes
and
marginal
areas
-‐ More
degradaLon
-‐ Low
yield
There
is
a
need
to
produce
more
from
small
areas
Sustainable
IntensificaLon
4. Input
(type,
diversity)
ProducLvity
and
yield
Cost
of
input
Risk
Background
In
areas
low
income
households
and
high
environmental
risk,
implemenLng
sustainable
intensificaLon
may
be
a
challenge
5. Evaluate
soil
nutrient
deficiency
levels
Assess
soil
health
status
and
its
spaLal
variability
Gain
preliminary
picture
of
the
‘gap’
that
should
be
replenished
to
improve
soil
health
and
achieve
“sustainable
intensificaLon”
Suggest
possible
opLons
to
enhance
sustainable
intensificaLon
under
prevailing
SSA
smallholder
circumstances
Objec3ves
6. Study
Area
and
Sites
AfSIS
CRP1.1
Africa
RISING
v 6
Countries
v 29
Sites
v 464
Clusters
v 4640
Plots
v 18560
Sub-‐plots
v 9280
soil
samples
Study
focuses
in
six
countries
of
Southern
Africa
7. • Take
advantage
of
data
collected
for
different
projects
across
southern
Africa
• Soil
and
landscape
aeributes
data
collected
based
on
spaLally
straLfied
random
sampling
approach
Approaches
Sub-plot = 0.01 ha
Site = 100 km2
Cluster = 1 km2
Plot = 0.1 ha
Sub-plot = 0.01 ha
Site = 100 km2
Cluster = 1 km2
Plot = 0.1 ha
0.01
ha
Site = 100 km2
Cluster = 1 km2
Site = 100 km2
Cluster = 1 km2
Plot = 0.1 ha
Sub-plot=0.01ha
Site=100km2
Cluster=1km2
Plot=0.1ha
Sub-plot=0.01ha
Site=100km2
Cluster=1km2
Plot=0.1ha
8. Figure
(a)
Near-‐infrared
spectrometer
and
(b)
raw
and
derivaLve
spectra
used
to
calibrate
predicLon
models
Approaches
² Over
9000
top-‐
an
sub-‐
soil
samples
² NIR/MIR
spectral
analysis
² 10-‐20%
wet
chemistry
data
for
calibraLon
10. The
majority
of
the
sites
experience
low
soil
nutrient
content
ü All
sites
have
zinc
limitaLon
ü About
95%
of
the
sites
suffer
from
nitrogen
deficiency
ü 70%
of
the
sites
are
phosphorus
deficient
ü 65%
of
soils
have
poor
soil
structure
ü About
40%
of
the
sites
have
low
potassium
level
ü About
40%
of
the
sites
have
poor
SOC
q Overall
soil
ferLlity
status
is
beeer
in
Malawi
Results:
overall
soil
condiLon
11. Total
N
(%)
Results:
Prevalence
es3mates
and
cri3cal
limits
12. Results:
Prevalence
es3mates
and
cri3cal
limits
ApplicaLon
of
P
is
most
of
Malawian
soils
may
not
be
effecLve
–
even
it
may
lead
to
environmental
risk
due
to
P
leaching
into
water
bodies?
P
(mg
kg-‐1)
13. Results:
spa3al
variability
within
&
between
countries
&
sites
In
addiLon
to
the
observed
gap,
there
spaLal
variability
at
site,
cluster,
plot
levels
Example
K
for
one
site
and
cluster
in
Botswana
Country:
Botswana
Site:
Shoshong
Country:
Botswana
Site:
Shoshong
Cluster:
9
(variability
within
a
cluster,
between
plots
Cluster
Plot
ImplicaLon
on
ferLlizer
recommendaLon:
fine-‐tune
to
local
soil
condiLons
14. EsLmate
gap
between
current
soil
nutrient
status
in
relaLon
to
maize
nutrient
requirement
Ø N
(114
kg
ha-‐1)
and
P
(17
kg
ha-‐1)
show
the
‘widest’
gap
for
maize
producLon
Ø Botswana
followed
by
Mozambique
show
large
N
gap
Ø Malawi
and
Zimbabwe
low
(113
kg-‐ha-‐1)
N
gap
Ø Botswana
(30
kg
ha-‐1)
followed
by
Angola
(27
kg
ha-‐1)
widest
P
gap
Ø Malawi
has
no
P
gap
–
subsidy?
Results:
gaps
in
relaLon
to
maize
nutrient
requirements
15. Approximate
cost
required
to
replenish
the
observed
gap
Depending
on
countries
and
household
status,
farmers
may
be
able
to
pay
for
ferLlizer
but
not
to
fill
the
whole
‘gap’
Results:
Overall
cost
of
input
N
and
P
input
to
replenish
gap
0
50
100
150
200
250
Angola
Botswana
Malawi
Mozambique
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Cost
of
nutrient
(US$
per
ha)
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
16. Considering
the
limited
income
of
smallholders
and
the
vulnerability
of
agriculture
to
different
kinds
of
stresses,
it
maybe
difficult
for
some
farmers
to
fill
the
‘gap’
with
ferLlizer
input.
q AlternaLve
opLons
needed
Households
ordered
by
their
total
annual
income
(USD$)
Total
annual
income
($USD)
Results:
Overall
cost
of
input
N
and
P
input
to
replenish
gap
17. Results:
Overall
cost
of
input
N
and
P
input
to
replenish
gap
Alterna3ves
such
as
organic
inputs,
intercropping,
fer3lizer
crops,
CA
can
help
supplement
inorganic
input
Need
to
‘encourage’
farmers
to
use
those
op3ons!
Supplement
with:
credit,
insurance,
subsidy,
…
18. Conclusion
ü Evidences
show
that
key
nutrients
are
limiLng
in
SSA
ü Input
use
is
low
and
generally
‘blanket’
approach
is
used
ü ‘Site-‐specific’
informaLon
needed
to
guide
implemenLng
targeted
intervenLon
ü Price
of
ferLlizer
is
high
(8X
where
it
is
sourced
from)
–
encourage
and
enhance
local
producLon,
reduce
tax,
improve
complementary
inputs
+
’green
opLons’
ü Farmers
have
limited
‘economic’
capacity
and
knowledge
to
use
adequate
input
sustainably:
incenLves,
credit
facility
ü Farmers
contemplate
technology
use
–
risk
aversion.
Insurance,
subsidy,
Lmely
informaLon