soil conservation
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This document discusses land supply issues in Cambodia. It notes that while Cambodia has a large amount of arable land, this land is decreasing due to farmland degradation, forest clearance for agriculture, and logging. Specific problems include overuse of chemical fertilizers, poor farming practices, shifting cultivation, land encroachment, and unsustainable logging. The government is working to address these issues through agricultural planning, integrated pest management, reforestation initiatives, and revisions to forestry law. However, challenges remain around land improvement, overuse of chemicals by farmers, ongoing commercial logging, and flooding.
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soil conservation
- 1. Land Supply in Cambodia
- 2. Prepared by: 1. Hong Sopheap 2. Kouch Moharithy 3. Ly Sokyou 4. Pann Puthy 5. Pam Meychen 6. Tep Sovichea Class: E1.4 2012 - 2013
- 3. I. Introduction II. Land Supply Problem III. Management IV. Challenges V. Conclusion
- 4. Abbreviation used in the text: MAFF : Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DFW : Department of Forestry and Wildlife MLMUPC : Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction
- 5. I. Introduction Need more Increase food, settleme More Land population nt
- 6. Cambodia arable land: approximately 80% But this number is decreasing because of the issue concerning : Farmland Forest clearance Logging
- 7. II. Land supply problem Land degradation Forest Farmland Logging clearance
- 8. 1. Farmland • Farmers started using organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase more yields • Rice productivity has also increased moderately due to the usage of fertilizers, with the average of 1.8 tons per hectare (MAFF 2004) • Still, rice yields in Cambodia is the lowest compared to the other countries in south-east Asia. • However, there are many problems concerning Farmland in Cambodia which are caused by : Using too much chemical fertilizers Over farming practices
- 9. 1.1. Chemical Fertilizers • Using Chemical or inorganic fertilizers gives positive and negative impact to the land : Positive impact : the increased of chemical fertilizers produce more crop yields. Negative impact : - Make the soil less or no longer fertile - The crops have less quality
- 10. 1.2. Poor farming Practices • Lack of modern farming knowledge • Poor farming practice in the cultivating area causes the land to lose its fertility and soil erosion • Farmers are forced to abandon the land and find somewhere else to grow crops. • Using more fertilizers (both organic and inorganic) to help check the falling productivity.
- 11. 2. Forest Clearance • 1985 – 1997, cultivated land increased 3.1 – 4.3 million ha forest decreased 11.8 – 10.6 million ha ( Landsat-TM satellite image, DFW, MAFF ) • Agricultural expansion : Shifting Cultivation. ( Ex: Ratanakiri and Mondolkiri provinces ) • Land encroachment for industrial or personal purpose • Causes land erosion, Barren land
- 12. 3. Logging • 1996 – 2001 : Timber production 1.2 million m3 Processed and exported 920,415 m3 (DFW/MAFF 2003) • Cutting woods for commercial logging • Wood harvesting for fuel wood and charcoal production • Problem: Land erosion, Flood,
- 13. III. Management Farmland • Royal Government of Cambodia through MAFF has been carried out the five-year plan (2001-2005) to ensure the food security through soil improvement. • IPM (Integrated Pest Management) program with IPM technique • Make use of the existing land by : - Irrigation - Expand cultivated area - Improve water policy - Introduction of improved seed varieties
- 14. Forest Clearance • Government addressing the land by : ‐ Establishing in MLMUPC (1999) - requesting during the Consultative Group meeting - Statement on land policy (May 2001) Logging • Revising the forestry law and issuing Sub-decree • Prevent further deforestation • Reforestation various tree species (on National Arbor Day)
- 15. IV. Challenges • Arable land in some places still not improved (Ex: The soil is too hard) • Farmers use more chemical fertilizers • Commercial logging is still in sight • Flooding even more
- 16. V. Conclusion In conclusion, There still need improvement and the government should take extra attention on those problems and solve it by : Natural fertilizers Teaching effective farming technique Encourage reforestation Tighten up the law for deforestation for person or commercial benefits
- 17. Thank You for Your Attention
Editor's Notes
- Animated color pictures shrink onto slide(Intermediate)Tip: This slide design includes three large, circle-shaped pictures. Each picture has a 12” diameter and is larger than the slide. You will want to use drawing guides to reproduce the effects on this slide.To display and set the drawing guides, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the View tab, in the Show group, select Ruler. Right-click the slide background and select Grid and Guides.In the Grid and Guides dialog box, under Guidesettings, selectDisplaydrawingguideson screen. (Note: One horizontal and one vertical guide will display on the slide at 0.00, the default position. As you drag the guides, the cursor will display the new position.) On the slide, do the following:Press and hold CTRL, select the vertical guide, and then drag it left to the 2.83 position. Press and hold CTRL, select the vertical guide, and then drag it right to the 2.83 position.Press and hold CTRL, select the horizontal guide, and then drag it upto the 0.83 position.To reproduce the first animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12” and the Width box is set to 12”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click AlignCenter.Click AlignMiddle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in theAdvancedAnimation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper left area of the slide (2.83 vertical left and 0.83 horizontal top).To reproduce the second animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12” and the Width box is set to 12”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click AlignCenter.Click AlignMiddle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in theAdvancedAnimation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper middle area of the slide (0.00 vertical and 0.83 horizontal top). To reproduce the third animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12” and the Width box is set to 12”. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click AlignCenter.Click AlignMiddle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in theAdvancedAnimation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper right area of the slide (0.83 horizontal top and 2.83 vertical right).To reproduce the animated text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click TextBox. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. Format the text in the textbox using the following steps:On the Home tab, in the Font group, choose the Candarafont and a font size of24.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Paragraph group, click Center.Make three copies of the text box using the following steps:Select the text box.On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this step to create a total of three identical text boxes.Position the text boxes using the following steps:Drag a text boxso that it is centered on the left vertical drawing guide at 2.83 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Choose a different text box, and then drag it so that it is centered on the vertical drawing guide at 0.00 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Choose the remaining text box, and then drag it so that it is centered on the right vertical drawing guide at 2.83 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Select the text inside each text box and change it to the caption text you want.Select the first (left)text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 2 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)Select the second (middle)text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 3 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)Select the third (right)text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 4 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Design tab, in the Background group, click the FormatBackground dialog box launcher. In the FormatBackground dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or text fill, and then, under InsertFrom, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.Also the FormatBackground dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture Color. In the Picture Color pane, in the Recolor section, click the button for Presets, and then click Grayscale (second option from the left).
- Animated picture list with color text tabs(Intermediate)To reproduce the SmartArt effects on this page, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then clickBlank. On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click SmartArt.In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, in the left pane, click List. In the List pane, double-click Horizontal Picture List (fifth row, second option from the left) to insert the graphic into the slide. Press and hold CTRL, and select the picture placeholder and text shape (top and bottom shape) in one of the objects. Under SmartArt Tools,on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click Add Shape, and then click Add Shape After. Repeat this process one more time for a total of five picture placeholders and text shapes. Select the graphic. Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Size, and then do the following:In the Height box, enter 4.44”.In the Width box, enter 9.25”.Under SmartArt Tools, on the Format tab, click Arrange, click Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. Select the graphic, and then click one of the arrows on the left border. In the Type your text here dialog box, enter text.Press and hold CTRL, and then select all five text boxes in the graphic. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Corbel from the Font list,and then enter 22 in the Font Size box.Select the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Design tab, in the SmartArtStyles group, do the following: Click ChangeColors, and then under Colorful click Colorful Range – Accent Colors 2 to 3 (second option from the left).Click More, and then under Best Match for Document click Moderate Effect (fourth option from the left).Select the rounded rectangle at the top of the graphic. Under SmartArtTools, on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click the arrow next to ShapeFill, and then under Theme Colors clickWhite, Background 1, Darker 35% (fifth row, first option from the left).Click each of the five picture placeholders in the SmartArt graphic, select a picture, and then click Insert.To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animations group, click Animation Pane.On the slide, select the graphic. On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and under Entrance, click Float In.In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and under Sequence, click One by One. In the Timing group, in the Duration list, click 01.00.In the Animation Pane, click the double-arrow below the animation effect to expand the list of effects, then do the following to modify the list of effects:Select the first animation effect, and then do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and then click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effects dialog box, under Moderate, click Basic Zoom.Click Effect Options, and under Zoom, click Out Slightly. In the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.Also in the Timing group, in the Duration list, click 01.00.Press and hold CTRL, select the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and 11th animation effects (effects for the text shapes), and then do the following:On the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click the More arrow at the Effects Gallery and then click More Entrance Effects. In the Change Entrance Effects dialog box, under Basic, click Peek In, and then click OK. In the Animation group, click Effect Options, and underDirection, click From Top.In the Timing group, in the Duration list, click 01.00.Press and hold CTRL, select the second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and 10th animation effects (effects for the pictures). In the Timing group, in the Start list, selectAfter Previous.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.Click the button next to Direction, and then click Linear Down (first row, second option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear on the slider, then customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following:In the Position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 130, Green: 126, and Blue: 102.Select the last stop on the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 71%.Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1(first row, second option from the left).
- Animated picture and caption sweep in(Basic)To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in theSlides group, click Layout, and then click Blank.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Lines click Line (first option from the left).On the slide, press and hold SHIFT, and then drag to draw a straight, vertical line.Select the line. Under DrawingTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, in the Shape Height box, enter 7.5”.Also on the Format tab, in the ShapeStyles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click LineColor in the left pane. In the LineColor pane, select Solidline, click the button next to Color, and then under ThemeColors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click LineStyle in the left pane. In the LineStyle pane, in the Weight box, enter 2 pt.Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane. In the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following:Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then under GlowVariations click Blue, 5 pt glow, Accent color 1 (first row, first option from the left). Click the button next to Color, and then under ThemeColors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click AlignCenter.Click AlignMiddle.On the slide, select the line. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate.Drag the duplicate line slightly off the right edge of the slide.With the duplicate line still selected, on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle.On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the InsertPicture dialog box, select a picture, and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture.Under PictureTools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, resize or crop the image so that the height is set to 7.5” and the widthis set to 5”. To crop the picture, click Crop in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Crop position, enter values into the Height, Width, Left, and Top boxes. To resize the picture, click Size in the left pane, and in the right pane, under Size and rotate, enter values into the Height and Width boxes.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.ClickAlignRight.ClickAlignMiddle.To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click TextBox. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, do the following:In the Font list, select Arial.In the FontSize list, select 28.Click Bold.Click the button next to FontColor, and then under ThemeColors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click AlignTextRight to align the text right in the text box. Drag the text box onto the left half of the slide.To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Linear.In the Angle box, enter 90.Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows:Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 40%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1, Lighter 50% (second row, second option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 0%. To reproduce the animation effects on this slide, do the following:Select the line off the right edge of the slide. On the Animations tab, in the AdvancedAnimation group, click AddAnimation, and then under Entrance click Fly In.Also on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click EffectOptions, and then click FromLeft.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 0.5. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select After Previous.Select the line at the center of the slide. On the Animations tab, in the AdvancedAnimation group, click AddAnimation, and then under Entrance click Fly In.Also on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click EffectOptions, and then click FromRight.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 1. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select After Previous.Select the picture. On the Animations tab, in the AdvancedAnimation group, click AddAnimation, and then under Entrance click Wipe.Also on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click EffectOptions, and then click FromRight.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 1. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.Select the text box. On the Animations tab, in the AdvancedAnimation group, click AddAnimation, and then under Entrance click Fly In.Also on the Animations tab, in the Animation group, click EffectOptions, and then click FromRight.On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Duration box, enter 1. On the Animations tab, in the Timing group, in the Start list, select With Previous.