1) Water influences various behaviors of soil through physical and chemical properties like capillary rise, consolidation, dilatancy, fluctuation of groundwater table, compaction, apparent cohesion, and bulking of sand.
2) Chemically, water's high dielectric constant allows it to readily dissolve ions and undergo dissociation into protons and hydroxide ions, influencing processes like mineral weathering.
3) The document discusses various physical and chemical behaviors of water that control functioning in soils like influencing volume changes during compression, shear strength changes, and biochemical processes through water as a reaction medium.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature i.pdfaishwaryaenterprises2
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature illustrating how groundwater
pumping on drawdown of the water table both locally and at the valley scale may have led to an
alteration of downstream flows or to adverse effects on some other component of this system.
What properties of the aquifer/surface water system may have made this system more susceptible
to such change?
Solution
Let us understand first the concept of ground water pumping:The water that enters the earth
strata gets collected beneath earth to a level that level is called water table , It is measured is
metres.The water is infiltrated through the phreatic line.In todays world we are using
underground water in excess this has led to deepening of water table level.The aquifier is
affected by both locally as construction activities dont let water to infilitritate,
Loweing of water is a phenomena occured due to this adverse effect,
This also results in increase in TDS of water and also salt water comes to the surface .
The properties of aquifier / surface system that make this worse are :Surface water bodies
generally gain water and solutes from ground water this phenomena increase the impact of
lowering of water table.The excessive use of water in a state leads to water level lowering
A vertical section of flow field indicates how potential energy is distributed beneath the water
table inthe ground water and surface water.
The quantity of ground water discharge to surface water bodies can be determined for a known
cross section by multiplying the Hydraulic gradient.The soil properties alos make it more
susceptible to drawdown of water table.Perneability is measure of movement of water that also
makes a large impact on the drawdown as example sand is more permeable than clay because
pore space between sand grains are larger than particles of clay.
Transpiration by plants also affects the drawdown condition to increase.
Now the interaction between in three basic ways : stream gain water from stream (whic increases
drawdown)They both gain and lose but when drawdown is high it impacts the underground water
adversely..
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Evaporation is the process by which the liquid water is converted in to the water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface.
Evaporation is the means by which the vast amount of latent heat is transformed from the earth surface to atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation may be a solar radiation and the air blowing over the surface.
The energy required for the evaporation regardless of the surface where the evaporation is taking place is 2.5 MJ/KG or 590 Calories/gm of water at 2 ˚C.
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature i.pdfaishwaryaenterprises2
provide an example from personal experience or from the literature illustrating how groundwater
pumping on drawdown of the water table both locally and at the valley scale may have led to an
alteration of downstream flows or to adverse effects on some other component of this system.
What properties of the aquifer/surface water system may have made this system more susceptible
to such change?
Solution
Let us understand first the concept of ground water pumping:The water that enters the earth
strata gets collected beneath earth to a level that level is called water table , It is measured is
metres.The water is infiltrated through the phreatic line.In todays world we are using
underground water in excess this has led to deepening of water table level.The aquifier is
affected by both locally as construction activities dont let water to infilitritate,
Loweing of water is a phenomena occured due to this adverse effect,
This also results in increase in TDS of water and also salt water comes to the surface .
The properties of aquifier / surface system that make this worse are :Surface water bodies
generally gain water and solutes from ground water this phenomena increase the impact of
lowering of water table.The excessive use of water in a state leads to water level lowering
A vertical section of flow field indicates how potential energy is distributed beneath the water
table inthe ground water and surface water.
The quantity of ground water discharge to surface water bodies can be determined for a known
cross section by multiplying the Hydraulic gradient.The soil properties alos make it more
susceptible to drawdown of water table.Perneability is measure of movement of water that also
makes a large impact on the drawdown as example sand is more permeable than clay because
pore space between sand grains are larger than particles of clay.
Transpiration by plants also affects the drawdown condition to increase.
Now the interaction between in three basic ways : stream gain water from stream (whic increases
drawdown)They both gain and lose but when drawdown is high it impacts the underground water
adversely..
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
Evaporation is the process by which the liquid water is converted in to the water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface.
Evaporation is the means by which the vast amount of latent heat is transformed from the earth surface to atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation may be a solar radiation and the air blowing over the surface.
The energy required for the evaporation regardless of the surface where the evaporation is taking place is 2.5 MJ/KG or 590 Calories/gm of water at 2 ˚C.
The presentation includes the following subtopics:
*FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
* FLUID STORAGE AND MOBILITY: POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY
*SUBSURFACE WATERS
*AQUIFER GEOMETRY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*DARCY’S LAW AND GROUNDWATER FLOW
*CONSEQUENCES OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL
*OTHER IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
*OTHER FEATURES INVOLVING SUBSURFACE WATER
*WATER QUALITY
*EXTENDING THE WATER SUPPLY
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
waterinfluencesdifferentbehavioursofsoil.pptx
1. PRESENTED BY INDRANIL BANERJEE
ENROLLMENT NO-CEM18005
SUB:ENGINEERING BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL(CE501)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TEZPUR UNIVERSITY
1ST SEMESTER,AUTUMN 2018
3. In soils, water is a major
driver of biogeochemical
processes. Chemical
reactions that control soil
formation and weathering
reactions occur almost
exclusively in liquid water.
water is the diffusive
medium that mediates the
movement of gases, solutes,
and particles in soils. Water
regulates the transfer of
heat, thereby helping buffer
soil temperature.
The availability of water is considered
to be one of the most important factors
for the growth of crops and other
plants in this article, we explore how
the molecular structure, chemical
properties and physical properties of
water control the functioning of soils.
5. A soil mass consist of solid particles which forms a porous structure. Pores of soil
may be filled completely with air, completely with water or partially with air and
water. Water influences various behaviors of soil by various ways.
When capillary occur then changes comes to the soil.
When water goes out from soil in consolidation then also soil behavior changes.
Dilatancy is also a reason for the behavior of soil changing.
When the ground water table fluctuate the soil behavior changes.
During compaction for the particular water content dry unit wt. of soil also
changes.
Apparent cohesion is also the reason for change of soil behavior.
Bulking of sand is also a reason for change of soil behavior.
6. Capillary action, or capillarity, is a phenomenon where liquid spontaneously
rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube, or in porous materials. This effect
can cause liquids to flow against the force of gravity (RM 2001). It occurs
because of inter-molecular attractive forces between the liquid and solid
surrounding surfaces; If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the
combination of surface tension and forces of adhesion between the liquid and
container act to lift the liquid .
8. In soil when water flows from the ground water table to
upward direction due to the surface tension of water or
capillary action which results in attractive forces
between the particles and is referred as the soil suction.
When two soil particle coming closer the contact area
between them increases which causes the increase of
effective stress and due to the increase of effective
stress, shear strength of soil increases.
10. When a soil mass is subjected to a compressive force, its volume decreases. The
property of the soil due to which a decrease in volume occurs under compressive
force is known as the compressibility of soil. The compression of soil can occur
due to
Compression of solid particles and water in the voids
Compression and expulsion of air in the voids
Expulsion of water in the voids
The compression of saturated soil under a steady static pressure is known as
consolidation. It is entirely due to expulsion of water from the voids.
12. Initial Consolidation
When a load is applied to a partially
saturated soil, a decrease in volume
occurs due to expulsion and
compression of air in the voids. A
small decrease in volume occurs due
to compression of solid particles.
The reduction in volume of the soil
just after the application of the load
is known as initial consolidation or
initial compression. For saturated
soils, the initial consolidation is
mainly due to compression of solid
particles.
13. Primary Consolidation
After initial consolidation, further
reduction in volume occurs due to
expulsion of water from the voids.
When a saturated soil is subjected to
a pressure, initially all the applied
pressure is taken up by water as an
excess pore water pressure. A
hydraulic gradient will develop and
the water starts flowing out and a
decrease in volume occurs. This
reduction in volume is called as the
primary consolidation of soil.
14. secondary Consolidation
The reduction in volume
continues at a very slow rate
even after the excess
hydrostatic pressure developed
by the applied pressure is fully
dissipated and the primary
consolidation is complete. The
additional reduction in the
volume is called as the
secondary consolidation.
Due to the consolidation the
volume decreases, soil particle
coming closer, effective stress
increases and due to which
shear strength of soil increases.
15. The phenomenon of dilatancy can be observed in a simple shear test on a sample
of dense sand. In the initial stage of deformation, the volumetric strain decreases
as the shear strain increases. But as the stress approaches its peak value, the
volumetric strain starts to increase. After some more shear, the soil sample has a
larger volume than when the test was started.
The amount of dilation depends strongly on the density of the soil. In general,
the denser the soil the greater the amount of volume expansion under shear.
16. In the time of dilatancy
negative pore water
pressure developed which
causes the increases of
effective stress.
When the effective stress
increases shear strength of
soil also increases.
Fig. Dilatancy of sand
17. If the water level is below
ground level and if water
level decreases the
effective stress increases.
If the unit wt of water is
γw and the height
decreases is h then
effective stress will
increases by hγw. With
the increases of effective
stress the shear strength
of soil also increases.
18. Rigid or non swelling soils do not
change their specific volume, ν, and
hence, their bulk density ρb during
their water content θ variation range.
In contrast, extensively swelling soils
undergo significant bulk density, ρb,
variations during their water content,
θ, variation range. They are usually
fine – textured, with smectitic type of
clays.
19. The process of swelling is mainly
caused by the intercalation of
water molecules entering to the
inter-plane space of smectite clay
minerals (after Low and
Morhaim 1979, Schafer and
Singer 1976, Parker et al. 1982).
Fig. A diagram showing the intercalation of water molecules in the inter-
plane space of clay smectites.
20. The Objectives Of Compaction Are:
Compaction is the application of mechanical
energy to a soil so as to rearrange its
particles and reduce the void ratio.
It is applied to improve the properties of an
existing soil or in the process of placing fill
such as in the construction of embankments,
road bases, runways, earth dams, and
reinforced earth walls. Compaction is also
used to prepare a level surface during
construction of buildings. There is usually no
change in the water content and in the size of
the individual soil particles.
To increase soil shear strength and
therefore its bearing capacity.
To reduce subsequent settlement
under working loads.
To reduce soil permeability making
it more difficult for water to flow
through.
21. In compaction test the dry unit wt
indicates the compactness of soil at a
particular water content. If we repeat
the compaction test for different
water content then maximum dry
unit weight will be achieved at a
particular water content that is
Optimum Moisture Content or OMC.
If we further increase the water
content then the dry density will be
decreases, particles becomes looses,
strength decreases.
22. If we draw the Mohr circles
corresponding to total stress
and effective stress then we
will get different Mohr Failure
Envelop. So the corresponding
Cohesion value will also be
changed. Corresponding to
effective stress Mohr Failure
Envelop we will get more
cohesion value which is termed
as Apparent Cohesion. For the
existence of apparent cohesion
the soil particles will come
closer. Shear strength of the
soil increases.
23. The volume of a given quality of Sand varies according to its
moisture content. If the sand is wet, particles get a covering of
water, which due to surface tension, keeps them separately and
thus causes an increase in volume known as “Bulking“.
Bulking increases gradually with moisture content and the
increase in volume may reach ~35% by volume at 5% – 6%
moisture content by weight. It then decreases down to zero, when
the quantity of water becomes more than ~25% (as if they are fully
compacted).
24. The Bulking
increases with
fineness of
sand, because
of large surface
area
contributed by
fine particles
for the same
volume
contribution.
Fig. Bulking of sand
25. The chemical properties of water behavior in the environment and control many processes
occurring in soils as the aqueous phase interacts with organisms, mineral surfaces, and air spaces.
As a result of its nonlinear structure and dipole moment water has a high dielectric constant.
which is a measure of a substance's ability to minimize the force of attraction between oppositely
charged species.
Water's dielectric constant, which is significantly higher than that of the solid and gaseous
components of soil (dielectric constants of ~2-5 and 1, respectively), is often utilized in
electromagnetic measurement approaches to determine soil water content.
This unique property of water also makes it a powerful solvent, allowing it to readily dissolve
ionic solids. Water acts to dissipate the attractive force of ions by forming solvation
spheres around them. The polar nature of the water molecules allow them to surround and
stabilize the charges of both anions and cations, preventing their association.
26. potassium chloride (KCl) combined with water, the ionic solid dissolves:
KCl(s) + (m+n)H2O(l) ↔ [K(H2O)m]+
(aq) + [Cl(H2O)n]-
(aq)
where m and n represent the numbers of water molecules— numbers that
are functions of the charge, size, concentration, and chemical properties of
the ions in solution.
Water's ability to enhance dissolution or prevent precipitation impacts a
range of processes and properties in soils, including mineral weathering,
soil salinity, and soil fertility.
28. Due to polarity, water readily undergoes ionic dissociation into protons and
hydroxide ions:
H2O(l) ↔ H+
(aq) + OH-
(aq) (1)
Accordingly, when it reacts with a strong base, water acts as an acid,
releasing protons:
H2O(l) + NH3 ↔ NH4
+
(aq) + OH-
(aq) (2)
When it reacts with a strong acid, water acts as a base, accepting protons:
H2O(l) + HCl ↔ H3O+
(aq) + Cl-
(aq) (3)
In aerobic soils, water is produced from the oxidation of carbon in organic
matter (here notated as CH2O) for energy production by microorganisms:
CH2O(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) (4)
30. If we consider three phase system for soil then soil solid, water and air
will comes. With the changes of three phase system, various changes of
soil behavior occur. Changes occur with the compression of soil and
also with the water content. And with the changes of three phase, soil
strength also changes. As water changes is the reason of three phase
changes so we can conclude that the water influences different
behavior of soil.
31. Mitchell,J.K and Soga,Kenichi,Fundamentals of Soil Behaviors,John Wiley &
Sons,2005.
Ranjan,G.&Rao,A.S.R(2016) Basic And Applied Soil Mechanics. New Delhi: New
Age International Publisher.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 3,
March-2014 1416 ISSN 2229-5518
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 7,
July-2014 ISSN 2229-5518