This document discusses different types of software licensing models. It defines a software license as a legal agreement that grants permission to use software and outlines acceptable uses. The main types of licenses discussed are proprietary licenses, where the publisher retains ownership; GNU GPL licenses, where users can modify and share modifications; and EULAs that specify terms of individual or organizational use. The document also covers licenses for workstations, concurrent use, sites, perpetual versus timed access, and development.

2. Software licensing techniques
LICENCING
License

3. License
A permit from an authority to own or use
something, do a particular thing, or carry on a trade .
Freedom to behave as one wishes, especially
in a way which results in excessive or unacceptable
behavior.

4. Software License
The hallmark of proprietary software licenses is that the
software publisher grants the use of one or more copies of
software under the end-user license agreement (EULA), but
ownership of those copies remains with the software publisher.
A software license is a legal instrument (usually by way
of contract law, with or without printed material)
governing the use or redistribution of software. Under
United States copyright law
all software is copyright protected, except material in the
public domain. A typical software license grants an end-
user permission to use one or more copies of software in
ways where such a use would otherwise potentially
constitute copyright infringement of the software owner's
exclusive rights under copyright law.

5. All software must be legally licensed before it may be installed. Proof of purchase
(purchase orders, receipts, invoices or similar documentation are acceptable) must be
maintained by individuals or departments for all non-ITS provided software that is installed on a
university-owned computer. Vendors may require proof of purchase during an audit, and
technical support staff may ask for proof of purchase before software can be reinstalled on a
computer that has been reimaged or rebuilt.

6. Types of licenses
Proprietary license
Most software licenses are "proprietary" licenses, meaning the software publisher grants a
license to use one or more copies of software, but that ownership of those copies remains
with the software publisher. The user must accept the license before they are permitted to
use the software.

7. GNU General Public License
These are agreements under which much "open source" software is licensed. End users may
do things like change the source code, but any refinements of the software must also be
made available under a GNU GPL license. Often referred to as "free, copy left" licenses, the
software may or may not be distributed for a fee - "free" refers to the ability of users to change
and distribute modifications of the software, not to cost

8. End User License Agreement
(EULA)
Also called "clickwraps" or "shrinkwraps," EULAS indicate the terms under which the end-user
may use the software. Agreements with organizations or companies often take the form of
contracts between the organization and the software publisher or vendor, and specify the
terms of use for all users from the organization, superseding any EULAs which may come
with the software.

9. Workstation licenses
These are licenses that permit the installation of an application on a single computer. You may
not install the software on more than one machine unless you purchase a license for each
additional machine. Most workstation license agreements allow you to make a single backup
copy of the software as long as that backup copy is used only to restore the software onto the
same machine, or a separate machine if the software is removed from the original computer

10. Concurrent use license
These are licenses that permit you to install the software onto multiple machines as long
as the number of computers using the software at the same time does not exceed the
number of licenses which you have purchased. Concurrent use licenses are usually used
in conjunction with "license manager" software that prevents the number of licenses
from being exceeded. At UNCG, ITS uses KeyServer software that monitors and controls
the use of concurrent use licensed software.

11. Site licenses
A site license permits the use of software on any computer at a specified site. Unlimited site
licenses allow the installation of software on any number of computers as long as those
computers are located at the specified site. Some site licenses permit the installation on
computers owned by a particular entity (such as a university) regardless of the physical
location. Some vendors refer to their licenses as site licenses but restrict the number of
computers on which the software may be installed. The only way to know for sure is to read the
license specifics.

12. Perpetual licenses
These are licenses without expiration dates, which permit use of the software
indefinitely, without requiring a recurring fee for continued use. Most software
that individuals buy for use on their home computers are perpetual licenses.

13. Non-perpetual licenses
These are licenses that "lease" the software for use for a specified period of time,
usually annually or sometimes bi-annually. Users are required to remove the
software from their computer if they cease paying the license fee

14. License with Maintenance
Some license agreements allow the user to purchase "maintenance" or "software
assurance" along with the original license fee, which entitles the user to receive new
versions of the software for one to two years until the maintenance agreement expires.

15. Software Licensing Models
Beta or field test
This type of license is used to get feedback so usually expire at the end of the
Beta test and are not renewed. The product is likely not be „production grade‟
and the licensee may be required to exercise the software under certain
conditions and to submit reports, as well as limit use to defined environments and
users that fit a specific profile.

16. Cross license
These are used when the licensor and licensee(s) agree to exchange
rights. The rights are not necessarily symmetrical, nor no-fee. It can be a
way for people to leverage their intellectual property by exchanging
value on a no-cash basis.

17. Demo or evaluation
Such licenses are granted for a short time such as 30 days or a number of uses.
Usually, production-level work is not allowed and some features may be limited
or disabled, or it may have a time bomb that disables the product at a certain
time. The types of users, platforms, content or tools may also be prescribed.

18. Development
These licenses can require granting rights to modify the software, or in some
cases, to create derivative works. Alternatively, the grantor may want rights
to modify the output of the development effort; or the licensee may need to
retain residual rights in order to support the output. Development licenses are
used to gain special knowledge and to supplement engineering effort.

19. Duplicate grouping (license
sharing) by user, host or
display
Grouping defines rules for counting usage when a single user concurrently runs the same
application on several computers. This instance may count as a single use or a multiple
use, depending on the license terms.

20. End User License Agreements
(EULA), Shrink Wrap or “click
through”
These are most common license models for online and single user software. They
usually grant the perpetual right to use, only for one end-user on one computer at a
time, and do not include any upgrades.

21. Group License
This type of license can be used to develop a consortium. It grants rights only to
members of a specific group such as named entities, or those that adhere to a
particular
standard, or have received a particular certification. Group licenses may
require licensees to grant special rights to all members of the group such as
mandatory no-fee cross-licensing.

22. Examples of License software
shrink wrap contract: an example of a license for which the originators maintain strict
control over the software component is the Microsoft Windows Operating System
software. This has helped Microsoft successfully gain a dominant position in the software
market: Microsoft Licensing.

23. Example of free software
license:
The GNU GPL is aimed at providing licenses with significant permissions and rights.
There are restrictions in the license -- the licensee must pass on the received
permissions and rights to anyone to whom they provide the software. Once a piece
of software is distributed under the GPL that released copy will always be available
with the permissions and rights received.