The presentation is for the use of Physiotherapy students. It covers a brief introduction, classification, clinical features and general principles of management.
This slide includes general principles of fracture management. This is just a basic idea. I have tried to include figures as well as videos. But unfortunately videos wont play here.
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
The presentation is for the use of Physiotherapy students. It covers a brief introduction, classification, clinical features and general principles of management.
This slide includes general principles of fracture management. This is just a basic idea. I have tried to include figures as well as videos. But unfortunately videos wont play here.
classification of soft tissue injuries. gustilo anderson classification, tscheren classification, hanover fracture scale and ao soft tissue grading system, types of wounds. orthopedic open fracture classification for management of soft tissue injuries
Introduction
Burns
Clinically Relevant Anatomy Of Hand
Common Hand Problems In Burns
Surgical Management
Evidence based Physical Therapy Rehabilitation
Outcome Measures
Summary
References
Introduction
Burns
Clinically Relevant Anatomy Of Hand
Common Hand Problems In Burns
Surgical Management
Evidence based Physical Therapy Rehabilitation
Outcome Measures
Summary
References
fracture is the breakdown in the continutity of the bone alignment this has many types as the fracure this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical menisfestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from fracture and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
Myofascial release refers to the manual
technique for stretching the fascia and
releasing bonds between fascia and
Lintegument, musles,and bones, with the goal of
eliminating pain, increasing range of motion
and balancing the body.
compound fracture tibia is common ortthopaedic problem so hereby providing a detailed management by consulting various orthopaedic books.
good luck..!!
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name TMJ temporomandibular joint
Lecture 10
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. SOFT TISSUE
SOFT TISSUE – Soft tissue refers to those tissue which connect, support and
surrounds the other structures and organs of the body.
Soft tissue includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, nerves, fibrous tissues, fat,
blood vessels, and synovial membranes.
3. SOFT TISSUE INJURY
Soft tissue are the first target to face the ravage of direct or indirect trauma
4. Causes of SOFT TISSUE INJURY
There is to main cause of soft tissue injury .
1. direct, blunt or lacerative trauma – due to fall road traffic accident assault etc…
2. indirect trauma – due to sudden violent muscle pull when we are not aware of it .
6. MUSCLE & TENDON
Injury to muscle and tendon is classified into four categories on
the basis of damage to the muscle tissue.
1) Grade 1 strain ; superficial contusion
2) Grade 2 strain ; partial rupture of muscle or tendon .
3) Grade 3 strain ; complex rupture of muscle and tendon .
7. MUSCLE & TENDON
GRADE 1 SUPERFICIAL CONTUSION
This injury mostly result from blunt injury .
Pathology –
1. Intact fascia
2. Minimal intramuscular bleeding
Clinical features –
1. Localized pain and tenderness .
2. Reflex muscular spasm
3. Limitation of movement close to injury .
4. Typical signs of inflammation may be present .
Management –
1 .Treatment by applying RICE principle
8. MUSCLE & TENDON
GRADE 2 : Partial rupture
There is tearing of greater number of muscle fibres.
It may involve more than one muscle group .
Fascia may be partially torn.
Widespread intra- intermuscular bleeding may occur .
CAUSES
It is caused by incoordinated sudden violent muscle pull when the muscle is not
prepared for it
It can also caused by stabbing injury .
9. MUSCLE & TENDON
GRADE 2 : Partial rupture
MANAGEMENT
1 . During 1st 24hr
Immediate application of RICE principles .
Immobilization of the limb in a splint or a pressure isometric bandage .
2. From 48 to 72 hr
Pressure bandage is removed and pain free relaxed rhythmic movement are begun .
Light ADLs may be assisted with the normal limb are introduced
Non weight bearing crutch walking is started .
Ultrasound exposure are ideal to reduce pain as well as haematoma if present .
3. After 72 hr
Gradual introduction of self resistive exercise incorporating exercise patterns .
10. MUSCLE & TENDON
GRADE 3 : COMPLETE RUPTURE
CAUSES
It can caused by lacerative trauma or a violent stretching
It may occur through the tendon or close to its attachment to the bone
It can also caused by open fracture .
Clinical features
Severe localized pain and tenderness
A snapping sound may be heard by the therapist
A total loss of muscular contracture
Severe reflex muscular spasm
A visible gap in the continuity of a muscle at the site of rupture
Treatment
There is no alternative treatment of this except surgery
Initial management may include compression bandage elevation of limb etc…
11. LIGAMENTS
Injury to ligament is also known as sprain .
According to the degree of damage ligament injury is classified into 3 grade
1. GRADE 1 : minor sprain .
2. GRADE 2 : moderate sprain .
3. GRADE 3 : complete rupture.
12. LIGAMENTS
GRADE 1: MINOR SPRAIN
Grade 1 injury is mostly caused by sudden jerk or minor trauma .
CLINICAL FEATURES
1. Localised pain & tenderness
2. Slight swelling may be present .
3. Partial loss of function may be present due to pain .
TREATMENT
Application of RICE principle is most effective in acute phase
Limb elevation
After 48 hr cryotherapy must be replaced by thermotherapy
Full recovery is expected in 1 week or 10 days
13. LIGAMENTS
GRADE 2 MODERATE SPRAIN
In grade 2 injury ligament is either torn or detached from bone
CLINICAL FEATURE
1 moderate localized pain and tenderness .
TEST
1. Passive stress test is extremely painful with joint sepration .
2. This type of injury being common at the knee ‘walking or weight bearing is painful for the limb
TREATMENT
1. Application of rice principle
2. For compact immobilization cast is applied for 3-6 weeks
3. After removal of ROM exercise should be star in pain free range .
14. LIGAMENTS
GRADE 3 COMPLETE RUPTURE
It is more severe injury , in this type of injury ligament is completely break into two part
CLINICAL FEATURE
1. Profuse swelling with marked localised tenderness .
2. Unremitting pain and discomfort to the whole limb .
3. Positive stress test .
4. Marked joint instability .
5. Joint separation more than 10mm.
TREATMENT
1. Ultimate treatment is surgery
2. Physiotherapy treatment include isometric exercise , ROM exercises c
15. NERVES
Occasionally there may be injury or entrapment of the peripheral nerve as a result of soft tissue injury
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE IJURY
Classification of nerve injury is based on the damage sustained by the nerve component , nerve functionality and the
ability of spontaneous recovery
1. ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION ; 2. SEDDON’S CLASSIFICATION
Mechanical injury a. Neuropraxia
Crush| compression injury b. Axonotmesis
Laceration c. Neurotmesis
Stretched
High velocity trauma
Cold injury
Iatrogenic injury
Infectious
16. NERVES
NEUROPRAXIA
It is also known as grade 1 nerve injury .
Sustained compression
Intact axis cylinder
Reversible neural sign and symptoms
Intact nerve conduction
It do not show Wallerian degeneration
It show rapid and complete recovery
17. NERVES
AXONOTMESIS
It is also known as grade 2 nerve injury .
Axonal break down .
It shows Wallerian degeneration .
It shows good recovery but not complete.
18. NERVES
NEUROTMESIS
It is the grade 3 nerve injury
Complete section of the nerve takes place
Blocking of the nerve conduction
No recovery
20. NERVES
TREATMENT
Once the diagnosis and the extent of injury to the nerve are established the
following appropriate therapeutic procedure should be initiate
1. Adequate static or dynamic splint may be necessary to avoid over stretching
of the paralysed muscle
2. Reduction of muscle affected by the nerve injury should be started
3. Passive ROM movement
4. NMS should be applied
21. Blood vessel
Blood vessels and nerve are usually runs in close proximity to each other and at the certain site they are very
close to the bone . Therefore they always remain susceptible to injury ( fractures and dislocation are these
site )
CAUSES OF VASCULAR INJURY
Direct blunt injury
Compression by fractured bony fragment tight bandage or haematoma
Reflex vasospasm
Incomplete or partial tear
Rotic plaque
22. Blood vessel
CLINICAL FEATURES
Ecchymosis contusion ( a blunt injury of mild intensity causes damage to the capillaries with extravasation of
blood in the subcutaneous tissue
Haematoma
Localized cramp like pain
Rapidly increasing swelling
Pallor cold extremity
Muscle ischaemia
TREATMENT
Cold compression
Pressure bandage with limb elevation
Ligation of vessel
23. Bursa
A bursa is a thin membranous pouch or sac lined with the synovial membrane
It protect the tissue (especially the joint) from undue pressure trauma
It also protect from common expected repetitive frictional site like acromion , elbow, knee , heel .
CAUSES OF BURSITIS
1. Trauma
2. Infection
3. Metabolic disorder like gout
4. Abnormal external pressure
5. Inflammation disorder
CLINIAL FEATURES
1. Pain
2. decreased ROM
3. Redness