The document discusses ocular drug delivery and barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It describes the anatomy of the eye and mechanisms of drug absorption through corneal and non-corneal routes. The major barriers to ocular drug delivery are precorneal drainage, blinking, lacrimation, and barriers posed by the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, blood-ocular barriers, and physiological factors. Methods to overcome these barriers include alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injections and novel drug delivery systems providing controlled release and improved permeability. Conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have limitations like poor bioavailability and frequent dosing that novel particulate and vesicular systems aim to address.
ocular barriers and methods to overcome barriersTarun Gollapudi
This document summarizes barriers to ocular drug delivery and methods to overcome them. The major barriers include ocular surface barriers like the cornea, ocular wall barriers like the sclera, retinal barriers, the vitreous body, lachrymal fluid, and properties of the drug itself like solubility and molecular weight. Methods to enhance delivery include microneedles, ultrasound, iontophoresis, periocular routes, and intravitreal injections. Various ophthalmic formulations are also discussed like eye drops, gels, ointments, and inserts that utilize approaches like prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and nanoparticle carriers to improve ocular bioavailability.
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Anatomy of the Eye
Routes of drug delivery of the eye
Mechanism of ocular absorption
Factors affecting intra-ocular bioavailability
Barriers of ocular drug absorption
Methods to overcome drug barriers
Evaluation
Conclusion
Reference
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
Definition: Ocular DDS are designed to instilled on to topical or intra-ocular or peri-ocular to eye.
Most commonly used ocular dosage forms-
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- ointments
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
coacervation-phase separation technique in micro encapsulation Tejaswini Naredla
This document discusses the coacervation-phase separation technique for microencapsulation. It begins by introducing microencapsulation and listing several techniques. It then describes coacervation-phase separation in more detail, explaining that it involves separating a solution into three immiscible phases to deposit a coating material onto a core material. The document outlines the three main steps of this process: forming the three phases, depositing the coating material, and rigidizing the coating. It provides examples of techniques used in coacervation-phase separation like temperature change, incompatible polymer addition, and salt addition. In conclusion, it states this technique is used to sustain drug release and stabilize oxidation among other purposes.
Osmotic drug delivery systems use osmotic pressure to provide controlled release of drugs over extended periods of time. They consist of a drug core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with a delivery orifice. When exposed to fluids, osmotic pressure causes water to enter the system, dissolving the drug and pushing it out through the orifice at a controlled rate. The three main types are Rose-Nelson pumps, elementary osmotic pumps, and controlled porosity osmotic pumps. These systems offer advantages over traditional methods for conditions requiring prolonged, consistent drug levels.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining ocular drug delivery and noting the challenges in overcoming barriers in the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including physiological barriers like tear turnover and anatomical barriers like the cornea. Finally, it discusses various methods to improve bioavailability and control drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancers, ointments, gels, and nanoparticles. The overall purpose is to explore how to effectively deliver drugs to the eye by overcoming its protective barriers.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the need for ocular drug delivery and routes of administration to the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye. The document outlines various traditional and advanced ocular drug delivery systems including solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts, and vesicular systems like liposomes and niosomes. It discusses factors influencing drug absorption in the eye and characteristics of ideal ocular drug delivery formulations. The trends in ocular drug delivery include controlled release systems like implants and iontophoresis.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery and barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It describes the anatomy of the eye and mechanisms of drug absorption through corneal and non-corneal routes. The major barriers to ocular drug delivery are precorneal drainage, blinking, lacrimation, and barriers posed by the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, blood-ocular barriers, and physiological factors. Methods to overcome these barriers include alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injections and novel drug delivery systems providing controlled release and improved permeability. Conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have limitations like poor bioavailability and frequent dosing that novel particulate and vesicular systems aim to address.
ocular barriers and methods to overcome barriersTarun Gollapudi
This document summarizes barriers to ocular drug delivery and methods to overcome them. The major barriers include ocular surface barriers like the cornea, ocular wall barriers like the sclera, retinal barriers, the vitreous body, lachrymal fluid, and properties of the drug itself like solubility and molecular weight. Methods to enhance delivery include microneedles, ultrasound, iontophoresis, periocular routes, and intravitreal injections. Various ophthalmic formulations are also discussed like eye drops, gels, ointments, and inserts that utilize approaches like prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and nanoparticle carriers to improve ocular bioavailability.
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Anatomy of the Eye
Routes of drug delivery of the eye
Mechanism of ocular absorption
Factors affecting intra-ocular bioavailability
Barriers of ocular drug absorption
Methods to overcome drug barriers
Evaluation
Conclusion
Reference
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Applied topically to the cornea, or instilled in the space between the eyeball and lower eyelid
Definition: Ocular DDS are designed to instilled on to topical or intra-ocular or peri-ocular to eye.
Most commonly used ocular dosage forms-
- Solutions
- Suspensions
- ointments
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
coacervation-phase separation technique in micro encapsulation Tejaswini Naredla
This document discusses the coacervation-phase separation technique for microencapsulation. It begins by introducing microencapsulation and listing several techniques. It then describes coacervation-phase separation in more detail, explaining that it involves separating a solution into three immiscible phases to deposit a coating material onto a core material. The document outlines the three main steps of this process: forming the three phases, depositing the coating material, and rigidizing the coating. It provides examples of techniques used in coacervation-phase separation like temperature change, incompatible polymer addition, and salt addition. In conclusion, it states this technique is used to sustain drug release and stabilize oxidation among other purposes.
Osmotic drug delivery systems use osmotic pressure to provide controlled release of drugs over extended periods of time. They consist of a drug core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with a delivery orifice. When exposed to fluids, osmotic pressure causes water to enter the system, dissolving the drug and pushing it out through the orifice at a controlled rate. The three main types are Rose-Nelson pumps, elementary osmotic pumps, and controlled porosity osmotic pumps. These systems offer advantages over traditional methods for conditions requiring prolonged, consistent drug levels.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction defining ocular drug delivery and noting the challenges in overcoming barriers in the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including physiological barriers like tear turnover and anatomical barriers like the cornea. Finally, it discusses various methods to improve bioavailability and control drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancers, ointments, gels, and nanoparticles. The overall purpose is to explore how to effectively deliver drugs to the eye by overcoming its protective barriers.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the need for ocular drug delivery and routes of administration to the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye. The document outlines various traditional and advanced ocular drug delivery systems including solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts, and vesicular systems like liposomes and niosomes. It discusses factors influencing drug absorption in the eye and characteristics of ideal ocular drug delivery formulations. The trends in ocular drug delivery include controlled release systems like implants and iontophoresis.
ALZET osmotic pumps are implantable devices that continuously deliver solutions over a set duration at a constant rate. They offer a simple alternative to repetitive injections by providing around-the-clock exposure to test agents without needing frequent animal handling. ALZET pumps work through osmosis, using no batteries or electronics. They have various sizes to deliver agents from 1 day to 6 weeks at controlled rates. Common applications include delivering drugs, hormones, and other compounds in animal research.
This document discusses various ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, emulsions and ointments/gels. It notes advantages like ease of use but also disadvantages like short residence time. Vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes and pharmacosomes are described as able to better target drug delivery to the eye. Controlled release systems such as implants, iontophoresis, dendrimers and nanotechnology approaches are also summarized as ways to sustain drug effects. The document provides an overview of considerations and examples for different ophthalmic formulations.
ODDS (Ocular Drug Delivery Systems) provide novel approaches for instilling drugs onto the eye's surface or inside the eye. Common ODDS include gels, ointments, microspheres, and nanoparticles, and they offer benefits like increased dosing accuracy, sustained drug release, and improved ocular bioavailability. However, they also present disadvantages such as inability to stop treatment during emergencies and potential interference with vision. The eye has multiple barriers that limit drug penetration, including the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and blood-retinal barrier. Physical methods like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and microneedles can enhance drug transport across these barriers. A
Implantable drug delivery systems are designed to be placed under the skin and
release drugs into the blood circulation without repetitive insertion of needles.
Therefore, IDDS is defined as “a sterile drug delivery device for subcutaneous
implantation having the ability to deliver drugs at a controlled rate over a
prolonged time period, comprising a rod -shaped polymeric inner matrix
with an elongated body and two ends”.
Ocular inserts are sterile solid or semisolid preparations designed to prolong the residence time of drugs in the eye through controlled release over extended periods of time. There are two main types - non-erodible inserts like Ocusert which use a drug-filled reservoir surrounded by a rate-controlling membrane, and erodible inserts that gradually dissolve in the eye releasing drug. Examples include Lacriserts, SODI, and Minidisc inserts. Ocular inserts can provide several advantages over eye drops like increased contact time, reduced dosing requirements, and better drug efficacy and patient compliance.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by describing the anatomy of the human eye and then discusses mechanisms of ocular absorption. There are various pathways and factors that can affect intraocular bioavailability. Controlled release systems are then described as they can provide accurate dosing, increased shelf life, and prolonged drug delivery. Various types of ocular controlled release systems are classified including non-erodible, erodible, nanoparticle, and liposome systems. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery technologies are also mentioned such as gels, prodrugs, and mucoadhesive polymers.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on their use for buccal drug delivery. It begins with an introduction to mucoadhesion and bioadhesion. It then outlines the various routes mucoadhesive systems can be delivered through, including buccal, oral, vaginal, rectal, nasal and ocular delivery. The document focuses on the advantages of oral mucoadhesive systems for prolonged drug residence in the oral cavity. It discusses considerations for buccal drug delivery formulations, including drug properties, excipients used and factors affecting transmucosal permeability.
This document presents information on emulgels, which are emulsions gelled with a gelling agent to provide a new platform for topical drug delivery. Emulgels can incorporate hydrophobic drugs and improve their bioavailability. The document discusses the advantages of emulgels, different types based on the emulsion and drug, and the formulation process. Key steps in developing an emulgel include preparing the emulsion and gel base separately and then combining them. Excipients commonly used and evaluation methods like physical characterization, drug content, and stability testing are also summarized. Several commercial emulgel products are presented as examples. The conclusion states that emulgels can be a better topical delivery system than conventional options due to
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug delivery and the need for such systems given barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It then covers eye anatomy and physiology, classification of various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional and vesicular systems, methods to overcome barriers like penetration enhancers, and ideal characteristics of ocular delivery systems. Evaluation of these systems is also mentioned.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the key components of TDDS formulations including the polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, pressure sensitive adhesive, backing laminate and release liner. The document also describes the preparation methods for different types of TDDS and the evaluation methods used to test the physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and stability of TDDS. The evaluations help ensure the TDDS will safely and effectively deliver the drug through the skin as intended.
Ophthalmic drug delivery system :Challenges and Approaches.Ashish Kumar Mishra
This presentation mainly cover all the challenges which the pharmaceuticals scientist are facing in formulation of an ocular drug delivery system and the method involved to overcomes the problems and provided an more stable and convenient ODDS with increased Bio-availability.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems aim to increase drug bioavailability by keeping formulations in close contact with mucus membranes. There are three main stages of mucoadhesion: wetting and swelling, interpenetration of polymer chains with the mucus layer, and formation of chemical bonds. Several theories explain mucoadhesion, including electronic, adsorption, wetting, diffusion, and fracture theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are related to the polymer properties, such as molecular weight, concentration, flexibility, and spatial conformation, as well as environmental and physiological factors. Mucoadhesive systems can provide benefits like prolonged drug residence at the site of action and increased drug absorption.
Barriers and routes of occular drug delivery systemShresthaPandey1
The document discusses various barriers to ocular drug delivery and routes to overcome these barriers. The key barriers include anatomical barriers like the cornea and conjunctiva, physiological barriers like tear turnover and drainage, and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to improve bioavailability and provide controlled drug delivery include adjusting viscosity, using prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and ocular inserts. Inserts can be non-erodible like Ocusert or erodible like Lacriserts, SODI, and Mindisc to continuously deliver drugs to the eye.
Evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systemSagar Savale
This document discusses the evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems. Key aspects that are evaluated include physicochemical properties, adhesive properties, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, stability studies, and toxicological studies. These evaluations are important to ensure consistency between batches in terms of quality, performance, reproducibility and stability, and to predict factors that may influence drug delivery.
The document provides information on nasopulmonary drug delivery systems including nasal drug delivery and pulmonary drug delivery. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity and respiratory tract. It also describes various formulation approaches for nasal delivery such as nasal gels, drops, sprays and powders. The document further explains dry powder inhalers, metered dose inhalers and nebulizers as pulmonary drug delivery systems along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses some marketed products for nasal sprays, dry powder inhalers and metered dose inhalers.
The document discusses ocular inserts, which are thin, solid or semi-solid drug-impregnated devices placed in the eye to provide prolonged drug delivery. It defines ocular inserts and describes different types including soluble, insoluble, and erodible inserts. Applications include treatments for glaucoma, infections, and inflammation. Advantages are prolonged contact time and drug release, while disadvantages include potential loss or irritation. The document outlines manufacturing methods and innovations in ocular insert technologies and drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It provides an overview of eye anatomy and the various routes of ocular drug administration including topical, subconjunctival, and intravitreal. It describes barriers to ocular drug delivery such as drug loss from the eye surface and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to overcome these barriers include viscosity adjustment, prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and various controlled release systems like inserts, implants, and microparticulates. Evaluation of ocular drug delivery systems is also mentioned.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and then introduces various ocular drug delivery formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions, and gels. It describes the advantages of controlled delivery systems for ocular drugs in increasing bioavailability and residence time. Various controlled delivery technologies are classified and evaluated, with examples like inserts, shields, and iontophoresis. Emerging areas like carbon nanotubes, pseudolatices, and vesicular systems are presented. The document concludes that controlled delivery can improve treatment effectiveness but that devices need further development for patient comfort.
ALZET osmotic pumps are implantable devices that continuously deliver solutions over a set duration at a constant rate. They offer a simple alternative to repetitive injections by providing around-the-clock exposure to test agents without needing frequent animal handling. ALZET pumps work through osmosis, using no batteries or electronics. They have various sizes to deliver agents from 1 day to 6 weeks at controlled rates. Common applications include delivering drugs, hormones, and other compounds in animal research.
This document discusses various ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, emulsions and ointments/gels. It notes advantages like ease of use but also disadvantages like short residence time. Vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes and pharmacosomes are described as able to better target drug delivery to the eye. Controlled release systems such as implants, iontophoresis, dendrimers and nanotechnology approaches are also summarized as ways to sustain drug effects. The document provides an overview of considerations and examples for different ophthalmic formulations.
ODDS (Ocular Drug Delivery Systems) provide novel approaches for instilling drugs onto the eye's surface or inside the eye. Common ODDS include gels, ointments, microspheres, and nanoparticles, and they offer benefits like increased dosing accuracy, sustained drug release, and improved ocular bioavailability. However, they also present disadvantages such as inability to stop treatment during emergencies and potential interference with vision. The eye has multiple barriers that limit drug penetration, including the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and blood-retinal barrier. Physical methods like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and microneedles can enhance drug transport across these barriers. A
Implantable drug delivery systems are designed to be placed under the skin and
release drugs into the blood circulation without repetitive insertion of needles.
Therefore, IDDS is defined as “a sterile drug delivery device for subcutaneous
implantation having the ability to deliver drugs at a controlled rate over a
prolonged time period, comprising a rod -shaped polymeric inner matrix
with an elongated body and two ends”.
Ocular inserts are sterile solid or semisolid preparations designed to prolong the residence time of drugs in the eye through controlled release over extended periods of time. There are two main types - non-erodible inserts like Ocusert which use a drug-filled reservoir surrounded by a rate-controlling membrane, and erodible inserts that gradually dissolve in the eye releasing drug. Examples include Lacriserts, SODI, and Minidisc inserts. Ocular inserts can provide several advantages over eye drops like increased contact time, reduced dosing requirements, and better drug efficacy and patient compliance.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by describing the anatomy of the human eye and then discusses mechanisms of ocular absorption. There are various pathways and factors that can affect intraocular bioavailability. Controlled release systems are then described as they can provide accurate dosing, increased shelf life, and prolonged drug delivery. Various types of ocular controlled release systems are classified including non-erodible, erodible, nanoparticle, and liposome systems. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery technologies are also mentioned such as gels, prodrugs, and mucoadhesive polymers.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
This document discusses mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on their use for buccal drug delivery. It begins with an introduction to mucoadhesion and bioadhesion. It then outlines the various routes mucoadhesive systems can be delivered through, including buccal, oral, vaginal, rectal, nasal and ocular delivery. The document focuses on the advantages of oral mucoadhesive systems for prolonged drug residence in the oral cavity. It discusses considerations for buccal drug delivery formulations, including drug properties, excipients used and factors affecting transmucosal permeability.
This document presents information on emulgels, which are emulsions gelled with a gelling agent to provide a new platform for topical drug delivery. Emulgels can incorporate hydrophobic drugs and improve their bioavailability. The document discusses the advantages of emulgels, different types based on the emulsion and drug, and the formulation process. Key steps in developing an emulgel include preparing the emulsion and gel base separately and then combining them. Excipients commonly used and evaluation methods like physical characterization, drug content, and stability testing are also summarized. Several commercial emulgel products are presented as examples. The conclusion states that emulgels can be a better topical delivery system than conventional options due to
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug delivery and the need for such systems given barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It then covers eye anatomy and physiology, classification of various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional and vesicular systems, methods to overcome barriers like penetration enhancers, and ideal characteristics of ocular delivery systems. Evaluation of these systems is also mentioned.
This document provides information on transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). It discusses the key components of TDDS formulations including the polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers, pressure sensitive adhesive, backing laminate and release liner. The document also describes the preparation methods for different types of TDDS and the evaluation methods used to test the physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, and stability of TDDS. The evaluations help ensure the TDDS will safely and effectively deliver the drug through the skin as intended.
Ophthalmic drug delivery system :Challenges and Approaches.Ashish Kumar Mishra
This presentation mainly cover all the challenges which the pharmaceuticals scientist are facing in formulation of an ocular drug delivery system and the method involved to overcomes the problems and provided an more stable and convenient ODDS with increased Bio-availability.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems aim to increase drug bioavailability by keeping formulations in close contact with mucus membranes. There are three main stages of mucoadhesion: wetting and swelling, interpenetration of polymer chains with the mucus layer, and formation of chemical bonds. Several theories explain mucoadhesion, including electronic, adsorption, wetting, diffusion, and fracture theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are related to the polymer properties, such as molecular weight, concentration, flexibility, and spatial conformation, as well as environmental and physiological factors. Mucoadhesive systems can provide benefits like prolonged drug residence at the site of action and increased drug absorption.
Barriers and routes of occular drug delivery systemShresthaPandey1
The document discusses various barriers to ocular drug delivery and routes to overcome these barriers. The key barriers include anatomical barriers like the cornea and conjunctiva, physiological barriers like tear turnover and drainage, and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to improve bioavailability and provide controlled drug delivery include adjusting viscosity, using prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and ocular inserts. Inserts can be non-erodible like Ocusert or erodible like Lacriserts, SODI, and Mindisc to continuously deliver drugs to the eye.
Evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systemSagar Savale
This document discusses the evaluation of transdermal drug delivery systems. Key aspects that are evaluated include physicochemical properties, adhesive properties, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, stability studies, and toxicological studies. These evaluations are important to ensure consistency between batches in terms of quality, performance, reproducibility and stability, and to predict factors that may influence drug delivery.
The document provides information on nasopulmonary drug delivery systems including nasal drug delivery and pulmonary drug delivery. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity and respiratory tract. It also describes various formulation approaches for nasal delivery such as nasal gels, drops, sprays and powders. The document further explains dry powder inhalers, metered dose inhalers and nebulizers as pulmonary drug delivery systems along with their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses some marketed products for nasal sprays, dry powder inhalers and metered dose inhalers.
The document discusses ocular inserts, which are thin, solid or semi-solid drug-impregnated devices placed in the eye to provide prolonged drug delivery. It defines ocular inserts and describes different types including soluble, insoluble, and erodible inserts. Applications include treatments for glaucoma, infections, and inflammation. Advantages are prolonged contact time and drug release, while disadvantages include potential loss or irritation. The document outlines manufacturing methods and innovations in ocular insert technologies and drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It provides an overview of eye anatomy and the various routes of ocular drug administration including topical, subconjunctival, and intravitreal. It describes barriers to ocular drug delivery such as drug loss from the eye surface and blood-ocular barriers. Methods to overcome these barriers include viscosity adjustment, prodrugs, penetration enhancers, and various controlled release systems like inserts, implants, and microparticulates. Evaluation of ocular drug delivery systems is also mentioned.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an overview of eye anatomy and then introduces various ocular drug delivery formulations including solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions, and gels. It describes the advantages of controlled delivery systems for ocular drugs in increasing bioavailability and residence time. Various controlled delivery technologies are classified and evaluated, with examples like inserts, shields, and iontophoresis. Emerging areas like carbon nanotubes, pseudolatices, and vesicular systems are presented. The document concludes that controlled delivery can improve treatment effectiveness but that devices need further development for patient comfort.
This document discusses strategies for subconjunctival drug delivery to the eye. It begins by covering the anatomy and barriers of the eye, and then discusses various drug delivery systems including implants, dendrimers, iontophoresis, microemulsions, microneedles, and contact lenses. It also covers formulation considerations and strategies to improve drug delivery such as using viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesives. Specific delivery systems like Ocusert, inserts, liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes are also summarized.
This document discusses advances in ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of delivering drugs to the eye due to protective barriers. It then covers ocular anatomy, barriers to absorption like the cornea, and general pathways for ocular absorption. The rest of the document details various advanced delivery systems including mucoadhesives, nanoparticles, ocular inserts, liposomes and future trends in targeted and novel delivery methods.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the challenges with conventional eye drop formulations and how ocular drug delivery aims to increase bioavailability. It then describes the key parts of the human eye and various approaches to ocular drug delivery classification including inserts, nanoparticles, gels and more. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as drug content uniformity, in vitro diffusion testing and more. The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery approaches and considerations.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the need for ocular drug delivery to treat eye diseases and the benefits of topical administration. It then covers conventional dosage forms like solutions and gels as well as advanced controlled release systems like inserts, contact lenses, and implants. Vesicular systems like liposomes and niosomes are described as ways to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and provide sustained release. The ideal properties of ocular delivery systems are prolonged residence at the eye, sustained drug release, and patient comfort. Barriers to drug delivery via the eye are also summarized.
Ophthalmic drug delivery aims to treat eye diseases through various dosage forms that administer drugs topically, intraocularly, or periocularly. Common dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, and ointments but these are rapidly drained from the eye. Newer sustained release forms include gels, inserts, and implants that maintain drug levels in the eye over time. Absorption occurs mainly through the cornea but can also occur through non-corneal routes. Several factors influence corneal absorption including drug properties and dosage form characteristics. Controlled release mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and bioerosion. Novel particulate systems for ocular delivery include liposomes, niosomes, and nanoparticles.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ODDS, ideal characteristics, formulations, classifications like Ocuserts, barriers to ocular absorption, evaluation methods, and reasons for poor bioavailability. Ocuserts are described as elliptical drug delivery devices that continuously release drugs like pilocarpine for 7 days when placed in the eye. Barriers to absorption include the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, aqueous humor, and retinal barriers. Evaluation methods covered include thickness, drug content, weight variation tests, moisture absorption tests, in vitro diffusion tests, in vivo studies in animals, and accelerated stability studies.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, formulations for ocular drug delivery including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts, and evaluation methods for ocular drug delivery systems like in vitro diffusion and dissolution testing. Marketed ophthalmic formulations are also briefly highlighted.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining the composition of tear fluid and how drugs administered via the eye are typically absorbed. It then categorizes various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional, vesicular, particulate, and implant-based systems. Specific examples like liposomes, niosomes, ocular inserts and implants are described in further detail. Key advantages and disadvantages of different systems are provided. Testing parameters for ocular thin films are also listed.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the composition of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, factors affecting drug bioavailability, and barriers to drug delivery. Various traditional and advanced dosage forms are described, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, inserts, and particulate systems. Recent formulation trends involve vesicular, controlled release, and in-situ gelling systems to improve precorneal residence time and drug absorption. Inserts like Ocuserts, Lacriserts, and Minidiscs provide sustained drug release while in-situ gels transform from liquid to gel upon instillation in the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery methods. It begins with an introduction and overview of eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption by the eye. It then describes various barriers to drug delivery in the eye. The document classifies and describes different ocular drug delivery systems including inserts, implants, nanoparticles, and nanostructured films. It discusses challenges with current delivery methods and the need for further in vitro and in vivo testing of novel approaches to optimize ocular drug delivery.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and factors that influence drug absorption through the cornea. Various ocular drug delivery formulations are discussed including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, polymeric solutions, and particulate/vesicular systems. Recent advances include bioadhesive systems, collagen shields, pseudolatices, and penetration enhancers. Ocular inserts provide sustained drug release and increased bioavailability. Evaluation methods for these systems include in vitro drug release and in vivo studies in animals.
This document discusses ocular inserts, which are thin, multilayered devices placed in the eye to provide sustained release of drugs for ocular diseases. It describes how ocular inserts are made of biodegradable polymers and can achieve increased bioavailability. The document outlines different types of ocular inserts including insoluble inserts like reservoir and matrix systems, and soluble inserts made from natural or synthetic polymers. It also discusses advantages of ocular inserts like reduced systemic side effects and improved patient compliance compared to traditional eye drop delivery.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (OCDDS) that aim to prolong drug release in the eye. It introduces various approaches for controlled release, including polymeric solutions, phase transition systems, mucoadhesive dosage forms, collagen shields, and ocular inserts. Specific examples are provided, such as Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at controlled rates over 4-7 days to treat glaucoma. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of OCDDS and mechanisms of controlled drug release via diffusion, osmosis and bioerosion. It also reviews factors influencing ocular drug penetration and absorption.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then covers various ophthalmic dosage forms including solutions, suspensions, ointments, and gels. The document discusses challenges with conventional forms and various controlled release systems including non-erodible and erodible inserts, nanoparticles, and vesicular systems. Recent trends in ocular drug delivery include polymeric solutions, phase transition systems, bioadhesive forms, collagen shields, and pseudolatices. The goal of these advanced delivery systems is to increase precorneal residence time and intraocular bioavailability of drugs.
The document discusses various aspects of ocular drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy of the eye and factors influencing ocular drug absorption such as the corneal layers. Various ocular dosage forms are described including solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels and inserts. Insert-based delivery systems can provide sustained release and increased bioavailability. Inserts can be soluble, erodible or non-erodible depending on the polymer used. Collagen shields and soluble ocular drug inserts are examples of insert systems that dissolve gradually releasing the drug over time.
This document discusses buccal drug delivery systems (BDDS). BDDS administer drugs through the buccal mucosa, located within the cheeks. Drugs are placed between the upper gum and cheek to provide local or systemic effects. The buccal route offers potential for delivering hydrophilic compounds while avoiding first-pass metabolism. BDDS have advantages like ease of use, termination of therapy, and localization of drugs in the oral cavity. However, drugs must not irritate the mucosa or have an unpleasant taste. The document reviews the anatomy of the buccal cavity, principles of mucoadhesion, drug pathways, environment and advantages/disadvantages of BDDS. It concludes with limitations and uses of the
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Concept of In Situ Gel and Its Applications.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses in situ gels, which are liquid formulations that transform into gels inside the body. This allows for sustained drug release. In situ gels use polymers that undergo sol-gel transitions in response to temperature, pH, or ion changes. Common polymers for in situ gels include pectin, alginate, chitosan, and carbopol. The document reviews various polymer types and approaches, such as thermally triggered and pH-triggered systems, for achieving sol-gel transitions and sustained drug delivery via in situ gels.
The document summarizes Pawan Dhamala's seminar on intrauterine drug delivery systems presented to Dr. A. Geetha Lakshmi at R R College of Pharmacy, Bangalore. The seminar discussed the anatomy of female reproductive organs, defined intrauterine drug delivery systems, described types of intrauterine systems, and cited advantages and disadvantages. References included textbooks on novel drug delivery and online sources.
A hospital is a healthcare institution that provides medical services and treatments to patients with illnesses or injuries. It is staffed by healthcare professionals and equipped with medical technologies. Hospitals can be public or private and range in size. In addition to medical care, hospitals may provide education, research, and community outreach.
Stucture of skin relating to problems like dryskin, acne, pigmentation.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses the structure of skin relating to conditions like dry skin, acne, and pigmentation. It begins with an overview of basic skin histology, describing the two main regions of the epidermis and dermis. It then provides more detail on the layers, cells, and functions of the epidermis and dermis. The document also discusses dry skin, its causes and treatments. For acne, it covers causes like genetics and bacteria, as well as common treatment options. Finally, it briefly introduces skin pigmentation and some related terminology starting with "mela."
Problem associated with oral cavity .pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses problems associated with the oral cavity. It begins by describing the functions and components of the oral cavity. It then lists and describes eight common problems: gum disease caused by lack of brushing and flossing; cavities formed by bacteria and acid on teeth; bad breath from dental issues like gum disease; oral cancer which is important to screen for regularly; receding gums exposing painful root surfaces; mouth sores like canker sores caused by stress; yellow staining of teeth from drinks like coffee and wine; and teeth grinding from stress which can damage teeth and jaws. Treatment options are provided for some issues. References conclude the document.
Cleansing for face,eye lids, lips ,hands, feet,nail,scalp,neck,body & underar...PawanDhamala1
This document discusses various controversial ingredients found in cosmetic products and provides information about them. It covers parabens, formaldehyde liberators, and 1,4-dioxane. For each ingredient, it describes what they are, why they are controversial according to the FDA, relevant regulations, and alternatives. The document aims to inform readers about common controversial ingredients in cosmetics.
This document discusses active transport mechanisms including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), and nucleoside transporters. It provides details on the role of these transporters in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion. The document also describes computational models that have been developed to predict substrate requirements and inhibition of these transporters using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses and pharmacophore modeling of available in vitro data. Developing an understanding of active transport mechanisms is important for computational programs aimed at predicting absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) properties of drug candidates.
The document discusses ICH Q8 guidelines for pharmaceutical development. It provides an overview of the guidelines' objectives to describe contents for regulatory submissions and provide a comprehensive understanding of products and manufacturing processes. The guidelines indicate areas where demonstrating scientific understanding can provide regulatory flexibility. The document reviews key aspects of pharmaceutical development addressed in the guidelines, including drug substances, excipients, formulations, manufacturing processes, process validation, design spaces, control strategies, and product lifecycle management.
DESCRIPTIVE VERSUS MECHANISTIC MODELING ppt..pptxPawanDhamala1
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This document discusses sensitivity analysis in drug development. Sensitivity analysis determines how changes in independent variables impact dependent variables. It allows decision-makers to identify areas for improvement. The document outlines methods of sensitivity analysis including local analysis of derivatives and global analysis using Monte Carlo techniques. Sensitivity analysis is useful for assessing risk, aiding decision making, and identifying errors in models. It provides insight into how sensitive outcomes are to changes in parameter values.
Optimal design & Population mod pyn.pptxPawanDhamala1
This document discusses optimal design and population modeling. It begins with an introduction to optimal design, noting that it allows parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance. The advantages of optimal design are that it reduces experimentation costs by allowing statistical models to be estimated with fewer runs. It then describes different types of optimal designs such as A, C, D, and E optimality. The document next discusses population modeling, explaining that it is a tool for integrating data to aid drug development decisions. It notes the key components of population models are structural models, stochastic models, and covariate models. Structural models describe the response over time using algebraic or differential equations, while stochastic models describe variability and covariate models influence factors like dem
Descriptive Vs Mechanistic Modeling.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses two types of models: descriptive models and mechanistic models. Descriptive models describe the overall behavior of a system without explaining the underlying mechanisms, while mechanistic models correspond directly to the real mechanisms in the system. Descriptive models are empirical and based on observation and data, while mechanistic models represent tangible system components and are based on understanding how each part behaves. Both have benefits and challenges for modeling complex systems.
Statistical modeling in Pharmaceutical research and development.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses statistical modeling in pharmaceutical research and development. It begins with definitions of statistics and pharmaceutical statistics. It then discusses the history and concepts of statistical modeling, noting that models help reduce drug development costs and time while improving quality. Models can be descriptive, modeling real-world events, or mechanistic, based on natural science principles. The objective of models is to improve understanding of experiments and drugs through representation of reality.
SCIENTIFICALLY BASED QUALITY BY DESIGN(QBD) and APPLICATION.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses Quality by Design (QbD) and its applications. QbD is a systematic approach used in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing to ensure quality. It involves defining quality targets, identifying critical quality attributes, understanding sources of variability, and establishing process controls. The document provides examples of how QbD has been applied to various pharmaceutical development areas like formulation, manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and biotherapeutics. QbD can help improve efficiency, reduce costs and defects, streamline regulatory approval and inspections.
Aquasomes are spherical, nanoparticulate carrier systems that are 60-300nm in diameter. They have a three-layered structure comprising a central nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which biologically active molecules can be adsorbed. Aquasomes protect and preserve fragile molecules due to their water-like properties. They are prepared through self-assembly using sonication or colloidal precipitation to form the core, followed by coating with carbohydrates and immobilization of drug molecules. Due to their size and structure, aquasomes can efficiently deliver drugs, vaccines, proteins and other molecules by avoiding clearance from the body.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT- hPEPT1,ASBT,OCT,OATP, BBB-Choline Transporter.pptxPawanDhamala1
The document discusses various transporters involved in active transport of drugs including hPEPT1, ASBT, OCT, OATP, and the BBB-choline transporter. Pharmacophore and QSAR models have been developed for many of these transporters based on in vitro data to understand their substrate binding requirements. These models can assist in predicting the effects of transporters on drug absorption, distribution, and excretion during drug development.
This document discusses different types of clinical data management systems. It describes pure paper-based systems, electronic-based systems, and hybrid systems. Pure paper-based systems use only paper forms but have limitations around efficiency and data editing. Electronic systems provide cleaner data faster but require computer hardware and software. Hybrid systems combine aspects of paper-based and electronic systems, such as using paper forms with centralized data entry. The document provides details on different approaches within each of these categories.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis