This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology related to crime and deviance. It defines crime and deviance and discusses explanations for criminal behavior including subculture theory, Marxist theory, and labeling theory. It also addresses measuring crime through official statistics, victim surveys, and self-report studies. Additionally, it examines the relationship between crime and factors like age, gender, ethnicity, and locality.

1. GCSE sociology revision

2. 1. Crime and DevianceDefining crime and devianceRules, social order and social controlExplanations for crimeMeasuring crimeAge and crimeGender and crimeEthnicity and crimeLocality and crime

3. a.Defining crime and devianceCrime = law breakingDeviance = not conforming to norms and valuesDeviance is socially constructed = depends on time (in history), Place, culture, who doing it etc

4. b. Rules, social order and social controlConformity = fitting in/obedience = social order/predictableSanctions Positive = rewards

5. Negative = punishmentSocial controlFormal = written rules/laws = agencies carry this out (police, courts, teachers etc) = punishmentInformal = unwritten = social pressure (ridicule/ignore/ gossip)

6. c.Explanations for criminal behaviour4. SubculturegangPeer pressureFrustrationSource of identityBelongingRebellion 5. MarxistCapitalism = greedMedia advertisingJealousy/frustration6.LabellingStereotypingSelf conceptSelective policingBiased courtsMedia amplification1.Family backgroundSocialisationRole modelsLack of disciplineNeighbourhood2.Opportunity StructureCareer pathRole models3. DeprivationPovertyJealousy/frustration

7. d. Measuring crimeOfficial crime figures = annual/Home OfficeHelp police target resources/spot trends/advise publicProblems of non-detection/non-reporting/non-recordingNON-REPORTING = trivial/no trust/fear of reprisal/private matterVictim Surveys = people list crimes against themOvercome problem of non-reportingReveal DARK FIGURE OF CRIME = lots more than official figuresSelf-Report Studies = people list crimes they have doneShow that m/c and females commit more crimeChallenges stereotypeProblems – exaggeration/under-reporting

8. e. Age and crimeWhy are youth seen as a problem?Media portrayal = folk devilMedia moral panic (hoodies)Seen as disrespectful, trouble ASBO, acohol/drugs, knife crimeStrategiesASBOSDispersal ordersTaggingFining parentsYoung people commit most crimeYouth crime = juvenile delinquency/delinquentsFactors causing youth crimePeer pressureFrustrationSeek excitementPoor disciplineLabelled by society and treated unfairly

9. f. Gender and crimeMore males in prisonReasons why less girls involved in crime:Gender role socialisationParental expectations (& control of girls)Less opportunities for girlsMacho image/peer pressure = boysStereotyping and labelling = girls let off (chivalry)Why more girls getting involved in crime?Less chivalryChanging roles = more opportunitiesMore women in poverty (with less male support)

10. h. Crime and ethnicityMore Afro-Caribbean men in prisonWhy are so many in prison?Unemployment and poverty = frustrationRacism in society = unemploymentPoor socialisation and values (Cultural = attitudes/lifestyle)Police racism/biased courts = stereotyping and more arrests