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The document discusses collectivism and its various forms. Broadly, collectivism embraces philosophies that see groups as more important than individuals. It results from the belief that health matters should not be left to individuals and instead should be improved by governments. Collectivism is exemplified by national healthcare systems where citizens pay taxes and are entitled to services. While Britain is individualistic, its national healthcare system NHS takes a more collectivist approach.
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Lesson 3 - collectivism and postmodernism
Collectivism views society as collectively responsible for meeting the needs of vulnerable groups through taxation and national insurance. It aims to eliminate poverty, idleness, disease, squalor, and ignorance. The New Right emerged in the 1980s advocating for smaller government and individual responsibility over welfare. Postmodernism sees society as uncertain and fragmented without stable institutions due to rapid change. It believes people construct their own identities and make independent choices from a range of options rather than conforming to social roles.
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This document provides an introduction to medical sociology. It defines key concepts like sociology, society, group, community, role, culture, and social control mechanisms. Medical sociology studies the medical profession, relationship between medicine and the public, and role of social factors in disease. A society is a system of social relationships with compulsory membership and cooperation/conflict. Culture refers to learned behaviors acquired in a society through customs, beliefs and skills. Acculturation describes the diffusion of cultures with contact between groups. Social problems can threaten community welfare when affecting many individuals.
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This document provides an overview of sociological approaches to health and disease. It discusses the sociological perspective and how sociology can be used as a tool to understand society and address problems. The sociological perspective invites us to examine the connections between individual behavior and broader social structures. Sociological data collection and theories enable authorities to plan appropriate healthcare. The document also discusses structural functionalism and conflict theories as two major sociological frameworks for understanding society, health, and social issues. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts striving for equilibrium, while conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and competition over resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the subjective meanings individuals ascribe to their actions and symbols.
Evaluation
The document discusses and compares the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health. It provides details on each model, including their key aspects and strengths and weaknesses. It then asks the learner to apply the models to case studies of three individuals - Lucy, Arthur, and Collin - to evaluate how each model would approach their illnesses and what it may miss. The learner is also asked to link the appropriate sociological perspectives to each case and model to fully assess how the individual's needs are met from both health and social care perspectives.
Sociology Of Health And Illnesslec1
This document discusses conceptualizing and defining health and illness from various perspectives. It addresses the problems with defining these terms, as definitions vary between disciplines and over time and culture. Views range from seeing illness as a biological phenomenon to a social construction. A multi-perspective approach is needed. While social constructionism emphasizes the social basis of these concepts, biological factors are also relevant. An interdisciplinary understanding that incorporates different views is most useful for studying health and illness sociologically.
Lesson six - Evaluation and application
The document provides instructions for an assignment on sociological models of health. It begins by outlining the tasks for Assignment 1 and then provides context and explanations for Assignment 2. It discusses the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Examples are given of how each model might approach hypothetical patient cases. The models are then linked to sociological perspectives like Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Students are instructed to research the key concepts and models to complete a P2 explanation and M1 assessment for Assignment 2.
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The document discusses different perspectives on health and illness from a sociological standpoint. It defines key terms like health, illness, disease, and the "sick role." It also outlines two main models of health - the biomedical model which views health problems as biological issues, and the social model which sees health as influenced by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors beyond just biology. Both models are discussed, including their strengths and criticisms.
Final lesson on assignment 1
The document discusses different sociological perspectives on health and illness, including:
- The functionalist perspective of the "sick role" and how illness impacts society.
- The Marxist view that the health system serves the interests of the ruling class.
- The interactionist focus on how social relationships influence illness.
- The feminist perspective on how gender impacts health and the medical system.
Key concepts like positive and negative health, the clinical iceberg, and holistic health are also introduced. The document guides discussion of these topics to help students learn about sociological approaches to health and prepare for an assignment.
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Collectivism views society as collectively responsible for meeting the needs of vulnerable groups through taxation and national insurance. It aims to eliminate poverty, idleness, disease, squalor, and ignorance. The New Right emerged in the 1980s advocating for smaller government and individual responsibility over welfare. Postmodernism sees society as uncertain and fragmented without stable institutions due to rapid change. It believes people construct their own identities and make independent choices from a range of options rather than conforming to social roles.
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Evaluation
The document discusses and compares the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health. It provides details on each model, including their key aspects and strengths and weaknesses. It then asks the learner to apply the models to case studies of three individuals - Lucy, Arthur, and Collin - to evaluate how each model would approach their illnesses and what it may miss. The learner is also asked to link the appropriate sociological perspectives to each case and model to fully assess how the individual's needs are met from both health and social care perspectives.
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This document discusses conceptualizing and defining health and illness from various perspectives. It addresses the problems with defining these terms, as definitions vary between disciplines and over time and culture. Views range from seeing illness as a biological phenomenon to a social construction. A multi-perspective approach is needed. While social constructionism emphasizes the social basis of these concepts, biological factors are also relevant. An interdisciplinary understanding that incorporates different views is most useful for studying health and illness sociologically.
Lesson six - Evaluation and application
The document provides instructions for an assignment on sociological models of health. It begins by outlining the tasks for Assignment 1 and then provides context and explanations for Assignment 2. It discusses the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Examples are given of how each model might approach hypothetical patient cases. The models are then linked to sociological perspectives like Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Students are instructed to research the key concepts and models to complete a P2 explanation and M1 assessment for Assignment 2.
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The document discusses different perspectives on health and illness from a sociological standpoint. It defines key terms like health, illness, disease, and the "sick role." It also outlines two main models of health - the biomedical model which views health problems as biological issues, and the social model which sees health as influenced by a variety of social, economic, and environmental factors beyond just biology. Both models are discussed, including their strengths and criticisms.
Final lesson on assignment 1
The document discusses different sociological perspectives on health and illness, including:
- The functionalist perspective of the "sick role" and how illness impacts society.
- The Marxist view that the health system serves the interests of the ruling class.
- The interactionist focus on how social relationships influence illness.
- The feminist perspective on how gender impacts health and the medical system.
Key concepts like positive and negative health, the clinical iceberg, and holistic health are also introduced. The document guides discussion of these topics to help students learn about sociological approaches to health and prepare for an assignment.
Evaluation take two
This document provides instructions and content for a sociology lesson on models of health. Students are assigned to:
1. Explain different sociological approaches to health and illness, and assess the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health. This will include outlining key concepts, the models' strengths and weaknesses, and applying each perspective to examples.
2. The lesson introduces the bio-medical and socio-medical models, and instructs students to evaluate each by considering what is meant by "evaluate", "assess", and "analyze". Examples of strengths and weaknesses are provided.
3. Students are given scenarios for three individuals (Lucy, Arthur, and Colin) and instructed to analyze each
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Evaluation take two
This document provides instructions and content for a sociology lesson on models of health. Students are assigned to:
1. Explain different sociological approaches to health and illness, and assess the bio-medical and socio-medical models of health. This will include outlining key concepts, the models' strengths and weaknesses, and applying each perspective to examples.
2. The lesson introduces the bio-medical and socio-medical models, and instructs students to evaluate each by considering what is meant by "evaluate", "assess", and "analyze". Examples of strengths and weaknesses are provided.
3. Students are given scenarios for three individuals (Lucy, Arthur, and Colin) and instructed to analyze each
Lesson One - Introduction in the Sociology unit.
This unit introduces sociological perspectives for understanding health and social care. It will cover major sociological theories like Marxism, feminism, and functionalism. Students will learn how these perspectives explain concepts of health and illness in society. They will also study trends in population health and models for analyzing health. The unit assessment consists of three assignments focused on applying sociological ideas to health and requiring analysis at different levels of difficulty. Deadlines for the assignments are spaced throughout the term in October, November, and December.
Unit 2 – Sociology Of Healthintro
The document discusses definitions of health from a sociological perspective. It introduces absolute versus relative definitions of health and how health is socially constructed and can mean different things to different cultures and groups within society. It also briefly outlines biomedical and traditional models of health and how health is generally measured through morbidity and mortality rates.
Lesson 2 - feminism and interactionalism
Feminism and interactionism are two main sociological perspectives described in the document. Feminism views society as divided by gender, with women unfairly treated and seeking equality with men. There are three main types of feminism: Marxist feminism sees women as oppressed by capitalism and men; radical feminism believes patriarchy biases society toward men; and liberal feminism believes equality can be achieved through legal reforms. Interactionism focuses on small groups and how individuals interpret situations and roles, rather than viewing people as programmed by socialization. It examines dynamics within groups like families or workplaces.
Sociology of health and illness wk 15 medical power
Medical power shapes our understanding of health and bodies. Through processes like medicalization and surveillance medicine, more aspects of life come under medical jurisdiction. This establishes medicine's authority and social control. The National Child Measurement Programme exemplifies how surveillance produces data to monitor populations while reinforcing self-discipline and normalizing certain bodies. Overall surveillance medicine constructs bodies as always requiring monitoring, expanding medicine's power in the guise of public health.
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Medical sociology examines health, illness, and healing from social, cultural, and behavioral perspectives rather than only medical views. It studies how social factors influence health and the distribution of illness. Medical sociology analyzes the social causes and consequences of health and illness, incorporating research on communities, patients' social dimensions, and policy development. The field has roots in both sociology and medicine and encompasses topics like the social construction of health and the influence of culture, economics, and social structures on disease processes.
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https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
Health & Medicine
This document discusses several key topics in sociology of medicine and health, including different perspectives on defining health and illness, the concept of the "sick role", and factors that influence health outcomes and access to healthcare. It also examines issues related to the medicalization and stratification of health, as well as threats to health such as HIV/AIDS, weight issues, drugs and harmful medical experiments.
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 19-health and medicine
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Lecture 1 introdication medical sociology for nursing
This document provides an overview of a lecture on medical sociology for nursing students. It defines sociology and discusses its importance and applications in nursing. Specifically, it outlines 3 major sociological theories - functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It also distinguishes between the sociology of nursing versus sociology in nursing. Finally, it discusses several ways sociology can be useful for nurses, such as understanding patients' social and cultural backgrounds, recognizing social factors that influence health, and addressing social problems in healthcare.
Basic concepts in medical sociology
This document provides an introduction to basic concepts in medical sociology. It defines sociology as the study of human relationships and behavior and how they relate to health. Medical sociology specifically examines the cultural and social factors that influence illness. The document then defines and provides examples of key sociological terms like society, community, social institutions, roles, socialization, and social problems. It also discusses the role of social factors in health issues and diseases. The overall purpose is to introduce students to the field of medical sociology and how it examines the relationship between social and cultural factors and health/illness.
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This document discusses whether health issues should be considered social problems. It defines a social problem as something that contradicts desired quality of life, is caused by multiple social factors, and requires social action to resolve. The document argues that health issues meet this definition as illnesses can reduce quality of life, have social causes like lifestyle and environment, and require changes to things like healthcare access and costs. It examines how classical perspectives and normative approaches view health and social problems. The conclusion is that health issues relate to the definition of a social problem due to how they can impact life and wider social factors must be addressed through actions like prevention and healthcare reform.
Sociology and application in public health
Shreejeet Shrestha provides an overview of sociology and its application in public health. Sociology developed from 19th century theoretical writings and emphasizes social structures and processes over individuals. Key concepts in sociology like social fabric, conflict, and social systems are highly relevant to public health. While psychology has traditionally dominated social sciences in public health, sociology is increasingly important for understanding large-scale social determinants of health like inequality, social capital, and health systems. Sociological methods involving both quantitative and qualitative data are valuable tools for public health research and evaluation.
C, h, s unit 2
The document discusses various social institutions and groups. It defines institutions as systems of norms that govern behavior to achieve important goals or activities. It outlines key institutions like family, religion, political and legal systems, and education. It describes different family types, marriage customs, and religious beliefs. It also defines primary, secondary, and reference groups and how they differ. Minority groups are discussed as subordinate groups with unequal treatment based on attributes.
Sociological approach to health and disease
The sociological perspective:
• What is the sociological perspective? Direct and indirect relationships
• Establishing patterns
• The sociological imagination-
Theories:
• Sociological theory- pg 7 in Pretoruis
• Why are theories useful and practical?
• The generally accepted definition of a theory
• The main sociological theories:
• 1) Structuralism/ Functionalism (Durkheim): Society as an organism, tendency towards equilibrium, statuses and roles, functions: manifest and latent+ benefits and disadvantages of this approach
• 2) Conflict theory (Karl Marx): Evaluation
• 3) Symbolic theory (Max Weber)
• Comparison of theoretical perspectives
• Applying the theoretical theories:
Social construction of health
This document discusses the social construction of health and illness. It introduces sociological theories of illness such as Talcott Parsons' sick role and Eliot Freidson's types of illness. The sick role refers to the behaviors expected of those who are ill, including being exempt from normal duties but also obligated to seek treatment. Freidson identified conditional, legitimate, and illegitimate sick roles depending on the seriousness and stigma of different illnesses. The social construction of health and illness has changed over time and varies between cultures.
Models of health
This document discusses two models of health: the socio-medical model and the biomedical model. The socio-medical model believes that social and environmental factors influence health and that addressing these causes can improve health for groups in society. It notes that factors like disability, social class, age, gender, ethnicity and unemployment can impact health. The biomedical model defines health as the absence of disease and sees diseases as having specific causes. It aims to treat illness through surgery or drugs. The document asks questions about the models and links the socio-medical model to Marxist and feminist approaches, seeing it as demonstrating social inequalities, while linking the biomedical model to functionalism.
Sociology
This document discusses the role of medical sociology and how social factors influence health and disease. It covers key topics such as how social epidemiology studies the social determinants of health, how social conditions can cause and spread disease, and how cultural beliefs and traditions impact health behaviors. The family is presented as the primary social unit that can both positively and negatively influence health through shared environment, practices, and support systems. Medical sociology aims to understand these social dimensions of health to help develop more effective public health interventions and policies.
Sociology and psychology in public health
introduction
Sociology and psychology in public health
Theories of sociology and psychology
Sociological and psychology methods, investigations and interventions.
Developing interventions to change health-related behaviour and;
Conclusion
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Sociology of health and illness wk 15 medical power
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Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...
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Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 19-health and medicine
Prof.dr. halit hami öz sociology-chapter 19-health and medicine
Lecture 1 introdication medical sociology for nursing
Lecture 1 introdication medical sociology for nursing
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MSF shapes the identities of those it aims to help in potentially problematic ways. Through employing images of 'victims' and 'heroes' in its discourse, MSF defines the identities and citizenships of volunteers, victims, and the global community. The author argues that by focusing on polarized identities, MSF prevents those it helps from escaping positions of victimization and marginalization. While the goals of MSF are honorable, the rhetoric it uses may do more to lock people into identities as victims rather than restoring their dignity and citizenship.
Islam and The Egyptian Civil society
The document discusses the concept of civil society and analyzes Egypt's civil society. It notes that religious actors, particularly Islamic groups, are influential elements of Egyptian civil society. However, it argues that some Islamic factions operate more like charlatans, preying on Egyptians' emotions and needs by promoting promises and dreams to gain followers, similar to how religious leaders misled people in the 16th-17th centuries. Specifically, the Muslim Brotherhood has succeeded in creating a cult-like following through tactics that exploit the public's desires rather than promoting true religious ideals. Overall, the document examines the role and influence of religion within Egypt's civil society.
Critical Review of Different Sociological Perspectives toward Conceptualizati...
Critical Review of Different Sociological Perspectives toward Conceptualizati...International Multispeciality Journal of Health
Abstract—Theories of sociology of health and illness defy the biomedical model of disease as many of them are ‘concerned with the social origins and influence on disease’ rather than pathological reasons only. There are five sociological perspectives of health and illness: Social Constructionism, Marxism, Feminism, Foucaulian analysis, and Functionalism. These different sociological perspectives were critically analyzed through this article as for better understanding of conceptualize management of health services Social Constructionism is a sociological perspective focus on the sociology of knowledge and reality. Marxism focuses on equity between social classes and emphasizes inequality in capitalist society. According to Marxism inequality of distribution healthcare services in capitalist society arise from the marginalization of some categories of the population who do not contribute to economic system. Feminist theory is to understand and explore the multiple and various reasons for inequalities between the genders. In the healthcare sector, feminists believe that healthcare organizations are hierarchical systems, where doctors (usually men) are at the top level while nurses (usually women) have a lower level of importance. Main areas that Foucault theory emphasizes are power, knowledge and discourse. Foucault believes that there is a relationship between power and knowledge. This relationship appears clearly in the health field, as medical professionals comprise a group of people who have special knowledge (medical knowledge) and they gain the power from this knowledge. Finally, functionalism is a sociological perspective that describes society as a system made up of ‘interconnected and interrelated parts’ and it highlights the relationships between different parts of society In conclusion, the five sociological perspectives provide holistic picture about conceptualization of healthcare systems.Sociology introduction
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociology. It defines sociology as the scientific study of human society and human social behavior. It discusses related fields like social psychology, anthropology, economics, and political science. It also defines and compares key sociological concepts like society, community, social structure, social institutions, roles, culture, acculturation, social control, customs, and social problems. The document aims to comprehensively introduce foundational ideas and topics within sociology.
Sociology of knowledge and social institution
This document discusses key concepts in sociology and various social institutions. It defines sociology as the study of society and how human behavior and attitudes are influenced by social structures, categories, and institutions. It then examines several major social institutions - the family, schools, religion, government, and economy - and discusses how they shape knowledge, socialization, and society. Overall, the document analyzes how social institutions are integral to human societies as they establish norms and govern behavior in important aspects of social life.
chsunit2-210506062450.pdf
This document discusses various social institutions and groups. It defines institutions as systems of norms that govern social behavior and groups. It outlines the key differences between primary, secondary, and reference groups. The document also describes different types of social institutions like family, religion, political systems, education and legal systems. It provides examples of different family types, marriage customs, and religious and political systems.
Economic system
Socialism is an ideology that argues citizens are best served by policies that meet the basic needs of society rather than individuals. It originated in Western Europe in the 1800s as critics advocated for reforming the inequality of the Industrial Revolution through egalitarian wealth distribution and small communities without private property. Socialism aims to provide all citizens access to survival needs and care for those unable to participate economically. However, criticisms argue socialist economies may be inefficient and incompatible with civil liberties, and do not eliminate poverty despite redistributing some wealth.
Pol3_075530.pptx
This document outlines four major theoretical perspectives in political economy: classical liberalism, modern liberalism, conservatism, and radicalism. It discusses the key ideas and thinkers associated with each perspective. Classical liberalism focuses on individual choice and free markets. Modern liberalism shares this focus but also supports government intervention to ensure basic welfare. Conservatism views society as organic with hierarchical roles and supports tradition. Radicalism prioritizes collective interests over individual interests and an expansive government role. The document provides examples of influential thinkers from each perspective.
CIVIL SOCIETY & SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.pptx
Civil society organizations play an important role in democracy according to the document. They can help establish and maintain democracy in several ways: by monitoring the government, exposing issues, encouraging democratic values, promoting political participation, providing democratic education, and acting as an arena for expression. In the Philippines, civil society groups helped transition the country to democracy and shaped the new constitution after People Power Revolution in 1986. Examples of civil society groups in the Philippines include Bagong Alyansang Makabayan which advocates for national and social issues, and National Secretariat of Social Action-Justice and Peace which focuses on poverty and governance issues.
Log -exam, group 3
This document discusses different welfare models and their political ideologies. It summarizes the key features of the Nordic, liberal, and conservative welfare regimes. The Nordic model focuses on universal benefits funded by high taxes. The liberal model emphasizes individual responsibility and targeted benefits for the poor. The conservative model values community but also individualism. It then analyzes the economics of each model and debates between universal and selective services. Overall, the document provides an overview of different approaches to welfare systems and their underlying political philosophies.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and economic doctrine that emphasizes individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, press, equal opportunity, and private property rights. Classical liberalism focuses more on individual liberty, while social liberalism promotes more equality. Liberalism first emerged during the Enlightenment as a rejection of absolute monarchy and state religion. Key founders included John Locke, who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and Adam Smith, who supported free markets and private ownership. Liberalism values the individual over society and limited constitutional government. It also supports democracy, secularism, civil rights, and economic freedom.
Socialism
This document provides an overview of socialism as an economic system. It defines socialism as collective or government ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange for use rather than profit. Key features discussed include collective ownership, central planning, equality of income distribution, and lack of private property and competition. Different forms of socialism are also outlined such as utopian socialism, Marxist communism, anarchism, social democracy, and libertarian socialism. The document compares socialism to capitalism and communism, highlighting differences in their approaches to class distinctions, ownership, and production. Potential merits and demerits of socialism are listed.
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Report for Philippine politics and governance by viveca.pptx
Report for Philippine politics and governance by viveca.pptx
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES.pptx PHIL.POLITICS&GOVERNANCE
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES.pptx PHIL.POLITICS&GOVERNANCE
State, Government and Society and differences among them
State, Government and Society and differences among them
MSF and the Narrative Power of Medical Humanitarianism FINAL
MSF and the Narrative Power of Medical Humanitarianism FINAL
Critical Review of Different Sociological Perspectives toward Conceptualizati...
Critical Review of Different Sociological Perspectives toward Conceptualizati...
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
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Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
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1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
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This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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- 1. Broadly, collectivism embraces any philosophy which perceives any group, society or state as more important than the individual.
- 2. The UK is an Individualistic nation but the NHS is a Collectivist approach to health. Most industrialised countries have a Government financed health care system, in varying degrees.
- 3. Medical collectivism results from the belief that health matters should not be left to individuals – both the sick and the healer. The health of society must be improved, directly or indirectly, by the hand of Government. This means that medical practice and medicines must be regulated by Government.
- 4. Healthcare is funded out of general taxation, although there may be some direct charges, such as for medication. Every (legal) citizen is entitled to access the health services.
- 5. In return for the right to access services we are required by Government to pay (according to our means) National Insurance contributions and Income Tax. We have the right to pay for private medical treatment if we want to but we don’t have the right to opt out of paying for the Government funded services (NHS)
- 6. Compared with collectivistic cultures, higher rates of loneliness, depression, suicide, and marital dissatisfaction are found in individualistic countries. Although Britain is an individualistic nation we have better health that Americans because they do not have a collectivist system of healthcare.
- 7. This is because health is seen as a group responsibility in a collectivist society, whereas in an individualist society, health is seen as a personal responsibility so ill health is seen as a failure and dysfunctional.
- 8. Anthropologists believe early human societies were collectivist because they could only survive in groups.
- 9. Political Roots of Collectivism Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an early collectivist thinker In his essay, The Social Contract, Rousseau explained that each individual has a social contract with society. Individuals voluntarily give up their own self-interests to follow the collective will of society. This collective will encourages liberty and equality of individuals, and applies to everyone equally because everyone has chosen it.
- 10. Collectivism has a range of forms: Communism - advocacy of a classless society in which private ownership has been abolished and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community . In the twentieth century, communism was associated with the economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union. Socialism - an economic system in which property is held in common and not individually, and relationships are governed by a political hierarchy - individuals in positions of authority make decisions in the name of the collective group. Socialism co-exists with capitalism so is an incomplete form of Communism. Fascism - strongly associated with right-wing fanaticism, racism, totalitarianism, and violence. Political ideology that seeks to regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity.