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This document summarizes a lesson on the nature vs nurture debate in sociology. It discusses the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura which found that children who observed an adult acting aggressively towards a doll were more likely to imitate that behavior. The results supported social learning theory that behavior can be learned through observation. It also discusses a case study of a boy who killed classmates after being obsessed with a violent video game, questioning if this shows behavior is learned from the environment. Finally, it lists several cases of "feral children" and asks students to analyze what these case studies show about human behavior.
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The document discusses how the learning perspective explains aggression. It states that aggression is an innate response to frustrating stimuli in the environment according to frustration-aggression theory. It also discusses how social learning theory shows that aggression can be learned through observation, as found in studies by Eron where children exposed to violent media at a young age were more aggressive. Additionally, a study by Anderson and Dill found that participants who played violent video games administered more intense punishment in a subsequent game than those who played non-violent games.
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The document discusses how nurture, such as how one is brought up and their experiences, can influence behavior according to the Social Learning Theory. It summarizes three studies that provide evidence for this. Bandura's study found that children are more likely to copy aggressive behaviors if rewarded. Anderson and Dill's study showed that playing violent video games increases aggression levels in participants. Williams et al's study found that aggression doubled in a town introduced to television and it reduced leisure time and intelligence.
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This document discusses the nature versus nurture debate regarding whether human behavior is determined by genetics or environment. It describes nature as biological and genetic factors, while nurture refers to external environmental influences after conception like experiences and learning. Behavioral genetics studies how genes and environment contribute to traits, finding through twin and adoption studies that traits are highly heritable, on average 50%. While IQ scores differ between ethnic groups, environmentalists argue this is due to biases and unequal access to opportunities rather than genetics. Most traits are polygenetic, influenced by multiple genes interacting rather than single genes, like depression which is linked to around 1000 genes.
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The words linked with Social Learning Theory are:
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3) Several factors influence observational learning, including attention to the model, memory of the model's actions, ability to reproduce those actions, and motivation based on consequences for the model.
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Bandura's social learning theory proposes that aggression is learned through direct experience or observing others. His Bobo doll experiment demonstrated this by showing that children who observed an adult acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to imitate that behavior, especially if the adult was rewarded. While the study provided evidence for social learning of aggression, it had limitations such as lacking realism and raising ethical issues by encouraging children to act aggressively. The theory also faces criticism for being overly simplistic and not accounting for biological factors influencing aggression. However, it can explain inconsistencies in when and where people display aggressive behaviors.
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Albert Bandura was an influential psychologist who developed social learning theory. He believed that children learn through observation and modeling of others' behaviors, both consciously and unconsciously. Bandura conducted a famous experiment using Bobo dolls to test this theory. In the experiment, children observed an adult acting aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. Those who saw the aggressive model were much more likely to imitate that behavior when placed in the room with the doll. This provided strong evidence that social learning occurs through observation as Bandura had theorized.
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The words linked with Social Learning Theory are:
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observation.pdf
1) Observational learning occurs when people learn new behaviors or information from watching others.
2) Studies show that children are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe in adults. In one famous study, children who saw an adult act aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to later act aggressively towards the doll themselves.
3) Several factors influence observational learning, including attention to the model, memory of the model's actions, ability to reproduce those actions, and motivation based on consequences for the model.
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2. Research is summarized that shows how holding stereotypes can impact perceptions and expectations of others. Studies demonstrate stereotypes influence judgments of intelligence and ability.
3. Additional research shows how knowing stereotypes exist about one's own group can negatively impact performance through "stereotype threat."
4. The document ends by reviewing studies on ways stereotypes may be overcome, such as exposing children to counter-stereotypical media portrayals and increasing awareness of implicit biases
Social cognitive theory power point
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The social learning theory of aggression suggests that aggression is learned through observation and modeling of others. Children observe aggression being rewarded or punished and are more likely to imitate the resulting behaviors. Low levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and high levels of dopamine in the brain have also been linked to increased aggression. Hormones such as testosterone and cortisol may influence aggression levels as well. Institutional aggression in prisons can be explained by both deprivation theory, which cites deprivations of goods, autonomy, relationships etc. as causes, and the importation model, which argues that prisoners import their social histories and traits upon entering the system.
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2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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- 1. Date: 28 Jan 2015 Learning Objectives Know and understand how nature/nurture has an impact on out behaviour Examine the concept of nurture and how it plays a key role in sociology Exam date 17th Jan Title: Introduction to Sociology: Nature versus nurture Lesson:
- 2. Starter: Think of the things that we inherit as humans. E.g. Eye colour, height etc. Make a list of these.
- 3. • The Bobo doll experiment • Bandura hoped that the experiment would prove that aggression can be explained, at least in part, by social learning theory. The theory of social learning would state that behaviour such as aggression is learned through observing and imitating others Is our behaviour Taught or part of our nature?
- 4. • Nature: what we are born with • Nurture: part of our upbringing Key terms?
- 6. • In this experiment three groups of children saw a film which showed the adult attacking an inflatable doll with a stick. The doll was thrown across the room, sat on, punched and kicked. Bandura provided three alternative endings to the film: • Group A - Saw only the doll being hit. Group B - Saw the adult being praised and rewarded for hitting the doll. Group C - Saw the adult being punished for hitting the doll. • When the children had seen the film, they were given the same doll. Bandura observed their behaviour which showed that groups A and B imitated the aggressive behaviour they had witnessed, while group C were less aggressive. The experiment
- 7. • Bandura found that the children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. For those children exposed to the aggressive model, the number of imitative physical aggressions exhibited by the boys was 38.2 and 12.7 for the girls. Results
- 8. 1. Is violence part of nature? 2. Can violent/aggressive behaviour be learnt from video games? 3. Does this alter behvaiour? Implications
- 10. • George was a thirteen year old from a middle class family in America • He was obsessed with Grand theft Auto • One day he decided to go into his high school gun down members of his class. • His family said he showed no signs of aggressive behaviour prior to this 1. What does this case teach us about the effect of the environment on a person? 2. Is this case study enough to show that behaviour is learnt rather than part of our nature? Study
- 11. 1. Wild Peter 2. Victor, The Wild Child of Aveyron 3. Kaspar Hauser 4. The Indian Wolf-Girls 5. John Ssabunnya 6. The wild boy of Hesse Feral children
- 12. 1. Outline the case study 2. What the case study show about human behaviour? 3. Is human behaviour nature or nurture? Give reasons for your answer? Feral children