3. One of the key concepts Bandura introduced is self-efficacy,
which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish
tasks and achieve goals.
He proposed that self-efficacy influences how people think, feel,
motivate themselves, and behave.
High self-efficacy is associated with perseverance, resilience,
and a greater likelihood of success,
while low self-efficacy may lead to feelings of helplessness and
decreased motivation.
4. Albert Bandura is a prominent figure in psychology, particularly known for his
contributions to personality theory and social cognitive theory. Born in 1925,
Bandura's work has had a profound impact on understanding how individuals
develop and express their personalities.He is most widely known for his Bobo
Doll study.
Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive
processes, observational learning, and environmental factors in shaping
personality. According to this theory, individuals learn not only through direct
experiences but also by observing and modeling the behavior of others.This
notion challenged earlier behaviorist views that focused solely on the role of
reinforcement in learning.
5. Bandura's research, including the famous Bobo doll
experiments, demonstrated how observational
learning and modeling influence behavior.
These experiments showed that individuals,
particularly children, imitate the behaviors they
observe in others, even if those behaviors are
aggressive.
8. The concept was theorized by psychologist
Albert Bandura and combined ideas behind
behaviorist and cognitive
learning approaches.Psychologist Albert
Bandura and Robert Sears proposed the
social learning theory as an alternative to the
previous work of fellow psychologist B.F.
Skinner, was famous as a proponent of
the behaviourist theory.
9. .The concept of social learning theory:
proposed by Albert Bandura, revolves around the idea that individuals
learn by observing others and imitating their behaviors. Here are the key comp
1. Observational Learning: People learn through observation, imitation, and
modeling of behaviors demonstrated by others in their environment.
2. Modeling: Individuals are more likely to imitate behaviors they have observed
in others, especially if the model is someone they perceive as similar,
competent, or prestigious.
3. Vicarious Reinforcement and Punishment:Observers learn from the
consequences experienced by others for their behaviors. If they see someone
being rewarded or punished for a particular behavior, they are more likely to
adopt or avoid that behavior accordingly.
10. 4.Self-Efficacy:
Central to Bandura's theory is the concept of self-efficacy, which
refers to an individual's belief in their own capability to perform tasks
and achieve goals. Higher levels of self-efficacy lead to increased
motivation, effort, and persistence in goal-directed activities.
5.Reciprocal Determinism:
Behavior, environment, and personal factors interact in a
dynamic and reciprocal manner.This means that individuals
influence and are influenced by their environment and their own
actions, leading to a continuous cycle of behavior change.
11. Observational Learning Process:
The process of observational learning according to Bandura:
Attention:
The first step in observational learning is paying attention to the
model's behavior.This attention can be influenced by various factors
such as the characteristics of the model (e.g., status, similarity to the
observer), the complexity of the behavior, and the environment.
Retention: After paying attention to the model, the observer must
retain the information about the behavior in memory.This involves
encoding the observed behavior into memory structures that can be
retrieved later.
12.
13.
14.
15. The experiment was conduced because the
Social learning theory explains human
behavior through observation and imitation.
The theory states that humans learn socially,
not just intellectually.This means we learn
from our peers, parents, teachers, coaches,
etc., r
18. Bandura was a psychologist who studied human behavior. He is
most widely known for his Bobo Doll study. In these
experiments, Bandura had children watch adults model positive
and negative behaviors towards a toy balloon resembling a
clown. In some cases, the adults were aggressive and violently
beat the doll. After observing this footage, the children were
given hammers and asked to interact with the doll. Most children
who witnessed the aggressive behavior towards the doll also
acted violently towards it, while most children who witnessed
positive, non-aggressive behavior responded less aggressively.
Bandura concluded that the children learned their social
behaviors through observation.
20. Bobo Doll Experiment was conducted by a
famous Psychologist Albert Bandura in 1961
at Standford University . According to Albert
Bandura, “observation” and “modelling” plays
a crucial role in “social learning.”
In this experiment,he wanted to study that to
which extent a behaviour is learnt via
“observation” and “Modelling”.
21. The experiment was conducted into 3 stages
Modelling
Aggression Arousal
Delayed Imitation
Total participants = 72 (24 in each group
which were further divided into subgroups
12 boys and 12 girls )
Age Range: 3 to 6 yrs.
22. Stage 1 Modelling
Three groups were included along with a
control group.
These groups were divided again into groups
of boys and girls. Each of these subgroups was
then divided so that half of the participants
would be exposed to a same-sex adult model
and the other half would be exposed to an
opposite-sex adult model.
23. Playroom:
Each child was tested individually to ensure
that their behavior would not be influenced by
other children. .The child was first brought
into a playroom where there were a number
of different activities to explore.The
experimenter then invited the adult model
into the playroom.
24. Then, an adult model entered the room.There
were different conditions:
*Aggressive model
*Non Aggressive model
25. Group 1
24 children (12 boys and 12 girls) watched a
male or female model behaving aggressively
towards a toy called a “Bobo doll”.The adult
attacked the Bobo doll in a distinctive manner
– used a hammer in some cases, and in others
threw the doll in the air and shouted “Pow,
Boom.”
26. Group 2
Another 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls)
were exposed to a non-aggressive model who
played in a quiet and subdued manner for 10
minutes (playing with a tinker toy set and
ignoring the bobo-doll).
27. Group 3
The final 24 children (12 boys and 12 girls)
were used as a control group and not
exposed to any model at all.
28. Stage 2 Aggression Arousal
All the children (including the control group)
were subjected to “mild aggression arousal.”.
After the ten-minute exposure to the adult
model, each child was then taken to another
room that contained a number of appealing
toys including a doll set, fire engine, and toy
airplane.
29. The children were permitted to play for a
brief two minutes, then told they were no
longer allowed to play with any of these
tempting toys.The purpose of this was to
build up frustration levels among the
young participants.
30. Stage 3 Delayed Imitation
Finally, each child was taken to the last
experimental room.This room contained a
number of “aggressive” toys including a
mallet, a tether ball with a face painted on it,
dart guns, and, of course, a Bobo doll.The
room also included several “non-aggressive”
toys including crayons, paper, dolls, plastic
animals, and trucks.
31. Each child was then allowed to play in this
room for a period of 20 minutes. During
this time, researchers observed the child’s
behavior from behind a one-way mirror
and judged each child’s levels of
aggression.
32. The children who watched the adult figures
hitting and punching the Bobo Doll also
started doing the same, punching and using
harsh words toward that bobo doll.
Contrary to that the children who saw the
adults of non aggressive behaviour didn’t
notice the Bobo Doll and diverted their
frustration towards the other toys in the
room.
34. >Boys would behave more aggressively than
girls.
>Children who observed an adult acting
aggressively would be likely to act
aggressively, even when the adult model was
not present.
35. >Children would be more likely to imitate
models of the same sex rather than models of
the opposite sex.
>The children who observed the non-
aggressive adult model would be less
aggressive than the children who observed
the aggressive model; the non-aggressive
exposure group would also be less aggressive
than the control group.
37. The second Bobo Doll Experiment was
conducted right after two years in 1963.But
this time,there is Conditioning along with the
Modelling to see either Consequences exhibit
any impact on behaviour or not.
38. In this experiment, Bandura showed children a
video of a model acting aggressively toward the
Bobo doll.Three groups of children individually
observed a different final scene in the video.The
children in the control group did not see any scene
other than the model hitting the Bobo doll. In
another group, the children observed the model
getting rewarded for their actions.The last group
saw the model getting punished and warned not to
act aggressively toward the Bobo doll.
39. All three groups of children were then
individually moved to a room with toys and a
Bobo doll. Bandura observed that the children
who saw the model receiving a punishment
were less likely to be aggressive toward the
doll.
40. A second observation was especially
interesting.When researchers asked the
children to act aggressively toward the Bobo
doll, as they did in the movie, the children did.
Consequences simply influenced whether or
not the children decided to perform the learned
behaviors.The memory of the aggression was
still present, whether or not the child saw that
the aggression was rewarded or punished.
44. Consent
The primary ethical concern in performing
psychological experiments on children is the issue
of consent.
While it is possible for parents or guardians to
give consent on behalf of their children,
Bandura's paper suggests that consent was
obtained only from the teachers of the children
involved.
45. Confidentiality
Because the subjects in this case were
all children, all this information should have
remained confidential. Instead, videos of
the children undertaking the experiment
were published and widely circulated.This
violates current ethical standards for both
consent and privacy.
46. Safety
The most basic rule of ethics in human
experimentation is to minimise possible harm to
the subjects.
Bandura's stated goal in the experiment was
to increase the aggressive tendencies in young
children by exposing them to aggressive role
models.This sort of behavioural modification
would be considered mental harm by modern
ethical codes, especially if the subjects are young
children.
48. The social learning theory is still commonly used in
social psychology today and relates with other
behaviorist theories such as nature versus nurture,
symbolic interaction, situated
learning, reinforcement learning and social
development.
49. The theory states that humans learn socially, not
just intellectually.This means we learn from our
peers, parents, teachers, coaches, etc., rather
than solely from books.
It helps us understand how our environment and
the people around us shape our behavior. It helps
explain how individuals develop new skills and
behaviors by paying attention to the behavior of
others and then trying to reproduce that
behavior themselves.
