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Pidgin and Creole languages develop as simplified means of communication between groups that do not share a common language. There are several theories about the origins of the term "pidgin," including that it derived from a Chinese pronunciation of "business" or the English word "pigeon." Pidgins formed in colonial contexts, like the Caribbean and Pacific, to facilitate trade and labor between European colonizers and local populations. They have simplified grammar and vocabulary compared to their source languages and serve restricted functions with low prestige.
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This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
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- There are 3 required examinations worth 100 points each that cover specific textbook chapters.
- Students can earn up to 10 bonus points for each evaluation by completing optional assignments.
- The first exam is open book and online, while the second and third exams are closed book and proctored.
- A minimum of 400 points is needed to pass the course with a D, while an A requires earning 400 points.
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1) Languages have evolved from over 10,000 languages historically to around 5,000-7,000 currently spoken. The two largest language families are Indo-European (spoken by half the world) and Sino-Tibetan (spoken by 20% of the world).
2) Related languages can be grouped into language groups that share a common origin like Romance languages derived from Latin. Variations within a language exist as dialects.
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2. Clinical findings include hemorrhages surrounding the lesion seen on MRI. Lesions can increase in size from repeated small hemorrhages.
3. The risk of rebleeding is higher for symptomatic lesions and those with overt extralesional hemorrhage, ranging from 5-30% per year depending on location in the brain or spinal cord.
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- Surgical approaches include posterior, anterior, or combined based on the fracture type and neurological status. Proper classification guides treatment to decompress the spine and restore stability.
- Complications include problems from immobilization as well as implant failure and infection. Careful consideration of fracture morphology, neurological findings, and ligamentous integrity directs optimal treatment.
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North America in the sourh Carolina Sea Islands off the coast ofCa I' . ~In~
He apparendy saw this as an exception [0 the predominately West A~ '
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a foundation for African American culture. Thus, whereas the ~la nJC"
had a greater influence on the developing white American culture. rh
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tion, which aroused fear of possible insurrections in the mind III
Charleston's planters. South Carolin.ians liked Gold Coast AfricJn)
(Akan), but not as much as Virginia and Maryland did. Although AfricJn.\
from the Upper Guinea Coast were highly prized, plamers were more will.
ing to invest in AngolanS as prime field slaves.
Slave merchanrs took great care, throughout the enti re history of lhe
South Carolinian trade, to inform potemial buyers of the African regiun
and geographic point of origination of the slaves being sold . Manyadn:r
tisements refer to the Southern plamers' famjl iariry with African ethnic
origins, and adverrisernems for slave cargo occasionally gave rhe source
from which the Africans originated. A cargo from Angola was advertised
in the 6 June 1771 South CaroLina Gazette as "mostly of the Masse-Cong,n
coumry and are esteemed equal to the Gold Coast and Gambia slaves..··:
Also, a notice in the Virginia Gazette during the eighteenth cemury giVl"\
clear evidence that planters distinguished escaped enslaved Africans by the
various pans of Africa they came from , describing the escapees as "a youn~
Angola Negro," "a very Black Mundigo [Mandingol negro man," "a nao\
"What Africa Hns Given America" 415
Madagascar," "a Congo Negro Slave, of the Suso Country," "New Negro
Fellow ... calls himself Bonna (Bonny) and says he came from a place of
[hat name in Ibo country, in Africa, " or "marked in rhe face as the Gold
Coast slaves generally are."43
It was once believed that North American planters were unsophisri
(ated about African ethniciry, but an examination of sources sugg.
The Bahamas
The Bahamas has a diverse population and culture that stems from its history. While many early settlers came for religious freedom, the population is now predominantly black descendants of African slaves who make up 85% of residents. These slaves brought African traditions that blended with English, Irish, and Scottish influences to create a unique Bahamian Creole language and festivals like Junkanoo, celebrating the small freedoms slaves experienced.
The Bahamas
The Bahamas has a diverse population and culture that stems from its history. While many early settlers came for religious freedom, the population is now predominantly black descendants of African slaves who make up 85% of residents. These slaves brought African traditions that blended with English, Irish, and Scottish influences to create a unique Bahamian Creole language and festivals like Junkanoo, celebrating the small freedoms slaves experienced.
The Bahamas
The Bahamas has a diverse population and culture that stems from its history. While many early settlers came for religious freedom, the population is now predominantly black descendants of African slaves who make up 85% of residents. These slaves brought African traditions that blended with English, Irish, and Scottish influences to create a unique Bahamian Creole language and festivals like Junkanoo, celebrating the small freedoms slaves experienced.
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The document summarizes tensions over slavery in the United States prior to the Civil War. It describes how Africans were captured and sold into the transatlantic slave trade, with millions dying during the journey or in captivity. The southern economy became dependent on slave labor to cultivate cash crops like cotton and tobacco. Slavery divided the nation along sectional lines, pitting the industrialized North against the agricultural South. Southern states defended the institution of slavery, leading to conflicts over states' rights and the expansion of slavery into new western territories. Enslaved people resisted through acts of sabotage, running away, and occasional rebellions, despite facing severe punishment if caught. The tensions over slavery and states' rights would
Big history
This document covers several topics related to world history and the slave trade. It discusses early European exploration and colonization beginning in the 15th century with voyages by the Portuguese and Vasco da Gama circumnavigating the globe. Christianity spread with European empires until the 20th century. The Portuguese established trading posts in Africa and Asia. Henry the Navigator sponsored the first voyage to Africa to obtain slaves in 1444, with the slave trade lasting until 1890. It also mentions the development of agriculture and domestication of animals leading to the rise of early civilizations, and Europeans conquering empires in the Americas with technology like guns and horses. Racist views of black Africans developed as the slave trade expanded cultivation of crops
COUNTRY GUAM.pptx
Guam is an island territory of the United States located in the Western Pacific. It is home to the indigenous Chamorro people and their language, which incorporates many Spanish words. Chamorro culture blends ancient traditions with influences from Spanish colonial rule as well as American and other cultures. Respect for elders and family/community are highly valued. Traditional foods, festivals, and practices continue while adopting outside influences. The Chamorro language and culture have persevered despite colonial impacts.
RBG | We the Maroon People
Maroons (from the Spanish word cimarrón: "fugitive, runaway", lit. "living on mountaintops"; from Spanish cima: "top, summit") were runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America, who formed independent settlements together. The same designation has also become a derivation for the verb to maroon.
Album of the american colonies
The document summarizes the colonization of the Americas by various European powers between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Africans were brought as slaves to the colonies and their treatment. It then covers the colonization efforts of Spain, Portugal, France, the Dutch, and England, including their colonies, crops grown, and conflicts. It also discusses the devastating impact of diseases and warfare on indigenous populations and their loss of land.
C:\fakepath\album of the american colonies
The document summarizes the colonization of the Americas by European powers including Spain, Portugal, France, the Dutch, and England between the 15th-18th centuries. It describes how Africans were brought as slaves to the colonies and the establishment of the slave trade. It provides details on the conquests of the Inca and Aztec empires by Spain and the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous populations. It also discusses the different types of colonies established by each European nation and the impact of colonization on Native Americans.
4 3-notes-8th-grade
Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas beginning in the 1500s by Spanish and Portuguese settlers, with slavery later spreading to British, Dutch, and French colonies. Over 10 million enslaved Africans were transported in the brutal Middle Passage, where many died due to poor conditions. In the colonies, enslaved Africans faced auction and family separation, with laws restricting their rights. African culture influenced colonial American culture through crafts, music, and folktales.
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Sociolinguistic Presentation
- 1. Pidgin and Creole Tatiana Avila Sandra Cabrera Magdalena Mendez Thomas Youman
- 3. Etymology Theorigin of Pidgin isuncertain. There are 3 possiblesourcesfromwhichitmayhaveappeared. A Chinese mispronunciation of the English word business洋涇濱. English pigeon, a bird sometimes used for carrying brief written messages, especially in times prior to modern telecommunications. From Hebrew pidjom meaning “trade or exchange”
- 4. Pidgin definition Simplified language made up of parts of two or more languages, used as a communication tool between speakers whose native languages are different.
- 5. Types of pidgins Caribbean:result of colonialism. HaitianKreyol Jamaican Patois Papiamento Pacific: Melanesianpidgins mayhaveoriginated off their home islands, in the 19th centurywhentheislanderswereabductedforindenturedlabour. Hawaiian Pitcairnese
- 6. Sabir: common pidgin in theSouthwesternports of theMediterranean
- 7. Reasonwhy Pidgins develop In the 19th Century, Africanslaveswerebroughtto North Americatoworkonplantationsand mixedwithothercommunities, so theycoudn’tcommunicate. Tocommunicatewithpeers and bossestheyformed a language in whichtheycouldcommunicate Pidgins alsoarosebecause of colonialization.
- 8. On sea-coasts in multilingualcontexts, pidgins develop as language of trade. Thereisalways a dominantlanguagewichcontributesmosttothevocabulary of pidgin; itiscalledthesuperstratelanguage. Theminoritylanguageorlanguages are calledsubstratelanguage(s).
- 9. PIDGIN CHARACTERISTICS Itisused in restricteddomains and functions It has simplifiedstructuredcomparedtothesourcelanguages Itgenerally has lowprestige, and attractsnegativeattitudes – especiallyfrom outsiders.