Socialism means and ends
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The document discusses different types of socialism, including fundamentalist socialism which seeks to abolish capitalism through revolution, and revisionist socialism which aims to reform capitalism through evolution and narrow economic inequalities. Revisionist socialism includes social democracy, which seeks social justice through welfare and redistribution within capitalism. Revolutionary socialists reject electoral politics as serving capitalist interests, while evolutionary socialists believe the state can be reformed through parliamentary processes.
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1. Socialism has evolved and changed over time, with Marxism being an important part of its history but not defining it entirely. Socialism predates and postdates Marxism.
2. While Marxism provided important insights, it failed to fully account for the complexity of modern societies and phenomena like power, democracy, and civil society that exist outside of just economics. This contributed to its decline.
3. Socialism now primarily lives on as a social and political theory or critique, rather than a dominant model of government. But it remains relevant by informing ideas around democracy, equality, and critiquing modern capitalism.
THE CAUSES OF FAILURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM AND ITS FUTURE
This article aims to present the promises of socialism, its construction process in several countries in the world, the causes of its failure with the conclusions about its future.
socialism
The document defines socialism and communism, noting that socialism focuses on meeting the basic needs of society as a whole rather than individuals, while communism focuses on meeting individuals' basic needs. It provides background on the origins and introduction of socialism in the 19th century in Western Europe. Both positive and negative aspects of socialism are discussed, including criticisms that socialist economies are inefficient and can restrict civil liberties, as well as benefits like reducing inequality. Examples are given of countries that have practiced socialism.
Communism And Communism
Communism had a significant political impact in the 20th century. It originated from ideas of equality in the 18th century revolutions in France and Britain. Karl Marx further developed communist theory, believing that inequality would only end through workers revolution and public ownership. Many early communist regimes like in Russia and China aimed to establish classless societies but instead created authoritarian governments with total state control. While early communist countries saw economic issues, communism appealed to ideas of equality and sharing for many. Overall, communism had widespread influence politically but also faced challenges in practice.
Capitalism and SocialismWeek-13The (Im-)Possibility of Ratio
Capitalism and Socialism
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The (Im-)Possibility of Rational Socialism: Mises in China’s Market Reform Debates – Isabella M. Weber
How the Austrian critique of socialist economics was mobilized by radical Chinese reform economists to reinterpret the meaning and content of Chinese socialism culminating in the official designation of the new economic system as Socialist Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics in 1992?
Many of China’s prominent promoters of Austrian economics of the 1930s and 1940s fled to Taiwan where they pioneered the translation of Mises, Hayek, Röpke and others and lobbied for neoliberal economic policies. In contrast, after the Communist revolution in 1949 Austrian economics largely vanished in the People’s Republic except for a short revival from the viewpoint of critique in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The disaster of the Great Leap Forward and the catastrophe of the Great Famine posed again the question of the right economic system and the role of the law of value under socialism in China’s young People’s Republic. In this context, Soviet-trained Sun Yefang pioneered the demand for socialist markets inspired by Oscar Lange and the Socialist Calculation Debate. In 1962 Teng Weizao translated Hayek’s (1944) The Road to Serfdom. Teng assures that the purpose of this translation was criticism. Yet, given the failure of the great push for collectivization that was becoming apparent at the time, Hayek’s critique of collectivism must have resonated with some of Teng’s readers. Some 20 years later, this Austrian critique and Mises’ claim of the impossibility of a rational socialist economy was embraced by some prominent Chinese reform economists and political leaders. It came to play a role in the redefinition of China’s economic model in the 1980s and early 1990s.
During the Cultural Revolution, Mao had rejected the notions of efficiency and rational economic management. In the late 1970s, the reformers under Deng Xiaoping’s leadership elevated these notions to highest principle. As a result, Mises’ (1920) critique that socialism could not achieve a rational economic order came to be debated throughout the 1980s and Chinese economists developed their own reading of Mises and the Socialist Calculation Debate. When market reforms were reinstated in the 1990s after having been stalled since the Tiananmen crackdown, a history of thought review of the possibility of rational socialism and socialist markets by Jiang Chunze helped to justify the Socialist Market Economy with Chinese Characteristics as the new official designation of China’s economic system and target for reform.
How Mises Became Relevant to China’s Reform
The breaking down of the hope for a “communist dreamland”, the collapse of the “revolution’s emancipatory promises” and the exhaustion of the “original communist strength” that gave way to a reorientation from Mao’s emphasis on ‘continuous revolution’ to Deng Xiaoping’s ‘reform and opening up’. Pe ...
Speech of comrade salah adly, secretary general of the egyptian communist par...
1. The Secretary General of the Egyptian Communist Party thanked the Portuguese Communist Party for hosting the meeting and conveyed greetings from the Egyptian Communist Party in support of the Egyptian people's revolution against tyranny, religious fascism, and imperialism.
2. He described the June 30, 2013 revolution in Egypt as the second wave of the 2011 revolution, which removed the Muslim Brotherhood threat and defeated a U.S.-backed plan to enable fundamentalist control over Egypt.
3. While having reservations about the transitional government and "Map of the Future", he believes they must be implemented through public pressure to achieve the revolution's goals, including a civilian constitution, economic reforms, freedom of association, and elections within a year
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THE CAUSES OF FAILURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM AND ITS FUTURE
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John rawls (1921 2002) – a brief
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The house of lords – functions
The document summarizes the four core functions of the House of Lords: making laws, holding the government accountable, acting as a forum of independent expertise, and carrying out judicial work as the highest court in the UK. It provides details on how the House of Lords spends its time scrutinizing legislation, questioning government ministers, and debating policies. It also gives examples of how Lords committees have influenced policy areas like mental health and internet security by gathering evidence from experts.
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Socialism means and ends
- 2. The difference between fundamentalist and revisionist socialism lies in the means (revolution v evolution) and in the ends (abolishing v taming capitalism) Reason why evolutionary socialism emerged and triumphed over revolutionary socialism in 20th century western Europe Some remained fundamentalist in their goals eg Eurocommunists-postwar western European communist parties
- 3. Revisionist socialism seeks to reform or tame capitalism – reconcile socialism with capitalism It seeks social justice in the sense of narrowing economic and social inequalities within capitalism through welfare and redistribution Social democracy is the most obvious form of revisionist socialism
- 4. Compare democratic socialism with social democracy Third Way – acceptance of the market over the state, community and moral responsibility, consensus rather than conflict, social inclusion, a hand up not a hand out, enabling state Market socialism? Markets could be made to serve socialist ends
- 5. Reasons why revolutionary socialists reject electoral and constitutional politics closely linked to the interests of capitalism and the ruling class – see revolution as inevitable Reasons why evolutionary socialists accept the parliamentary road – different theory of the state as being capable of reform to serve all classes