The document discusses the concept of social structure. It defines social structure as the organized set of social institutions and patterns of relationships that compose society. Social structure determines and is determined by social interaction. The key elements of social structure discussed include values, groups/institutions, organizations, collectivities, roles, and norms. Talcott Parsons identified four main types of social structure based on the values of universalism/particularism and achievement/ascription: universalistic-achievement, universalistic-ascriptive, particularistic-achievement, and particularistic-ascriptive.
This PPT Aims to Provide knowledge and Understanding about the Émile Durkheim Theory of Suicide, Types of Suicide, Methodology Used By Émile Durkheim for his Study of Suicide
In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of
social life, and these are called paradigms. Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks
used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in
support of them. Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide
useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction.
Agencies of social control(social work)Sindhu Naga
its about the agencies that help people in making social and controlling them. these are the agencies that control a person. this especially deals with the subject of social work
This PPT Aims to Provide knowledge and Understanding about the Émile Durkheim Theory of Suicide, Types of Suicide, Methodology Used By Émile Durkheim for his Study of Suicide
In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help explain many different aspects of
social life, and these are called paradigms. Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks
used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in
support of them. Three paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking, because they provide
useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction.
Agencies of social control(social work)Sindhu Naga
its about the agencies that help people in making social and controlling them. these are the agencies that control a person. this especially deals with the subject of social work
Social literacy helps you to have an ability to interpret and comprehend social policy and privacy. To manage social interaction with the community that you belong.
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
SEQ CHAPTER h r 1Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)Parsons w.docxadkinspaige22
SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
Parsons was a Professor of Sociology at Harvard University for most of his career.
He wrote 17 books and more than 200 articles
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Parsons was a dominant figure in sociology.
A major point in his career was the publication in 1937 of The Structure of Social Action, which is a major treatment of four major thinkers – Alfred Marshall, Durkheim, Weber, and Pareto. Parsons argues that these men were converging toward what Parsons calls
TheVoluntarstic Theory of Action
Elements of Action:
1. We start with an actor.
2. There are the ends (or goals) toward which the actor strives.
3. Action takes place in situations. There must be means, resources which help the actor reach the goal and there are conditions, obstacles the actor must cope with. All this is regulated by norms.
DEFINITION OF ACTION:
(1) the behavior of a person oriented toward reaching ends or goals,
(2) action takes place in situations,
(3) behavior is regulated by norms,
(4) it involves energy or effort in motivation.
Actions are organized into different systems of action at various levels. Action is organized into four systems: the organism, personality systems, social systems, and cultural systems.
A. The Human Organism as a system. Motor activity, the nervous system, the biological bases of behavior
B. The Personality System. Needs, drives, attitudes, skills. The individual actor is the focus.
C. The Social System. The interaction of individuals. Basic unit in the Social System is roles, not actors. We are concerned with:
A. Role Expectation
B. Role Performance
C. Role Sanctions
D. Degree of Institutionalization of Roles
FOUR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS:
A G I L
1. Adaptation – getting and distributing resources from the environment; how well the system adjusts to its envoronment
2. Goal Attainment – set and pursue goals and establish priorities
3. Integration – adjusting and coordinating parts of the system; cohesion and solidarity
4. Latent Pattern Maintenance – motivating actors to play roles and manage tensions
THE PATTERN VARIABLES
Issues that must be settled before any interaction can take place.
1. Ascription – Achievement
2. Specificity – Diffuseness
3. Affective – Affective Neutrality
4. Universalism – Particularism
5. Self – Collectivity
WHAT HOLDS SOCIAL SYSTEM TOGETHER:
1. Consensus on Values
2. Socialization
3. Social Control
D. CULTURAL SYSTEMS. Philosophical ideas, religion, habits, traditions, other parts of the culture.
SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1Robert King Merton (1910-2003)
Born in Philadelphia to poor immigrant parents; name not Merton
Spent most of his career at Columbia University
In 1994 Merton won the National Medal of Science, the nation’s highest scientific honor
Wrote more than 20 books and articles
MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. No Grand Theory, it’s premature
2. Emphasize Middle Range Theory, he c.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Meaning of Social Structure
Social structure is the organized set of social
institutions and patterns of institutionalized
relationships that together compose society.
Social structure is both a product of social
interaction and directly determines it.
3. Definition of Social Structure
Talcott Parsons(1951)-
“Social structure is a term applied to the particular arrangement of
interrelated institutions, agencies and social patterns as well as status
and roles which each person assumes in the group.”
A. R. Radcliffe-
“Components of social structure are human beings, the structure
itself being an arrangement of persons in relationship institutionally
defined and regulated.”
4. Elements of Social Structure
(1) Values:
At the top level are the societal values. These are the most general or abstract
normative conceptions of what the ideal society itself would be like.
Individuals or groups are found to be emotionally committed to values. These values
help to integrate personality or a system of interaction.
(2) Groups and Institutions:
Social structure can be viewed in terms of inter relationships of the component parts.
Social structure includes social groups and institutions. These are called the major
groups and institutions. Four of these – the family, economic institutions, political
institutions and religious institutions – centre upon getting food and other items of
wealth, procreation, worship and ruling.
5. Contd…..
(3) Organizations:
In the larger societies of modern time, human beings deliberately establish certain
organizations for the pursuit of their specific ends or purposes. These organizations, very
often called associations, are group manifestations of life and common interests. To
quote Maclver and Page, “The associations constitute the most conspicuous part of the
social structure and they gain in coherence, definite number and efficacy as the
conditions of the society grow more complex”.
(4) Collectivities:
There are specialized collectivities such as families, firms, schools, political parties etc.
(Differentiated institutional patterns almost directly imply the existence of collective and
role units whose activities have different kinds of functional significance).
6. Contd…..
(5) Roles:
Finally, within all such collectivities one can distinguish types of roles. “Concretely these are the
relevant performances of their individual occupants. Functionally, they are contributions to
collective goal attainment”. Role occupants are expected to fulfill their obligations to other
people (who are also role occupants). For example, in family the husband has obligations
towards his wife. According to Nodal, the elements of social structure are roles.
(6) Norms:
According to H.M. Johnson, sub-groups and roles are governed by social norms. Social norms
are of two types: (i) obligatory or relational and (ii) permissive or regulative. Some norms
specify positive obligations. But they are not commonly applied to all the roles and sub-
groups. For example, the positive obligations of a family are not the same as those of business
firm.
7. Types of Social Structure
Talcott Parsons has described 4 principal types
of social structure. His classifications is based on
four social values – universalistic social values,
particularistic social values, achieved social
values and ascribed social values.
8. Contd…
Universalistic social values are those which are found almost
in every society and are applicable to everybody.
Particularistic social values are the features of particular
societies and these differ from society to society. When the
statuses are achieved on the basis of efforts it means that
such societies attach importance to achieved social values.
When the statuses are hereditary even the society gives
importance to ascribed social statuses.
9. Universalistic –achievement pattern
This is the combination of the value patterns which
sometimes opposed to the values of a social structure built
mostly around kinship,community,class and race. Under this
type of social structure, the choice of goal by the individual
must be in accord with the universalistic values. His pursuits
are defined by universalistic moral norms. Such a system is
dynamically developing norms. Such a system is dynamically
developing system with an encouragement for initiative.
10. Universalistic ascriptions pattern
under this type of social structure the elements of value-
orientation are dominated by the elements of ascription.
Therefore in such a social structure strong emphasis is laid on
the status of the individual rather than on his specific
achievements. The emphasis is on what an individual is rather
than on what he has done. Status is ascribed to the group
rather than to the individuals. The individual derives his status
from his group. In this type of social structure all resources
are mobilized in the interest of the collective ideal.
11. Particularistic-Achievement Pattern
This type combines achievement values with particularim.The
primary criterion of valued achievement is found not in
universalistic terms such as conformity to a generalized ideal
or efficiency but these are focussed on certain points of
reference within the relational system itself or are inherent in
the situation. The emphasis on achievement leads to the
conception of a proper pattern of adaption which is a
product of human achievement and which are maintained by
continuous efforts.
12. Particularistic-ascriptive pattern
In this type also the social structure is organized around the
relational reference points notably those of kinship and local
community but it differs from the particularistic achievement
type in as much as the relational values are taken as given
and passively adapted to rather than make for an actively
organized system. The structure tends to be traditionalistic
and emphasis is laid on its stability.
