Romila Thapar is an eminent Indian historian known for her work on ancient and medieval India. She was born in 1931 in India and received her doctorate from London University. She has taught at several top Indian universities and is currently an emeritus professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University. Thapar is interested in the social and cultural history of ancient India and uses comparative methods and multiple sources to study early Indian societies. She has authored several influential books on ancient Indian history and critiques nationalist narratives in Indian historiography.
The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
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*Meaning
*Main Features
*Development
*The Path Of Bhakti
*Impact
The word ‘Subaltern’ stands for ‘of inferior rank’ or status. Subordinate, hence, of rank, power, authority and action. In other words, it refers to the subordination of class, caste, gender, race, language and culture. It also indicates to those groups in society who are subject to the domination of the ruling classes.In general, subaltern classes include peasants, workers and other groups who have been denied access to ‘hegemonic’ power.
Antonio Gramsci: Italian Marxist, best known for his elaboration of the concept of 'hegemony'. A founder of the Italian communist party (in 1921), he was imprisoned by the Fascists in 1926, and spent the remainder of his life under arrest. While in prison, and despite poor health, he continued to study and write. The Prison Notebooks (1929—1935), published only after the fall of Fascism, represent the core of his considerable contribution to Marxist theory. (Edgar, Sedgwick, 2002) ...........
The Legacy of Bengal Renaissance in Public Library Development in India durin...Anup Kumar Das
Presentation titled "The Legacy of Bengal Renaissance in Public Library Development in India during the Colonial British Rule: A Historiographical Study" was presented at IFLA International Conference on History of Librarianship, at Lyon, France, 25-26 August 2014. Full-text paper will be published as a book chapter in a forthcoming book. Further information: http://histlibr2014.sciencesconf.org
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
The Bhakti movement refers to the theistic devotional trend that emerged in medieval Hinduism[1] and later revolutionised in Sikhism.[2] It originated in the eighth-century Tamil south India (now Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and spread northwards.[1] It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.
*Meaning
*Main Features
*Development
*The Path Of Bhakti
*Impact
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Romila Thapar :An Historian
1. Presented to:Dr. Rafi Ullah Khan
Presented by: Anum Khan
Mphils Scholar 1st Semester
Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations
Quaid-e-Azam University
Romila Thapar: An Historian
RomilaThapar
RomilaThapar
2. Life Story
Romila Thapar was born in India in 1931 of a well-known Punjabi
family and spent her childhood in various parts of the country because
her father was in army. She took her first degree in India from the Punjab
University and her doctorate at London University in 1958. She has
taught Ancient Indian History at London University, Delhi University
and Jawaharlal Nehru University. She was also an honorary fellow of
Lady Margaret Hall at Oxford, and has been a Professor at Cornell
University in the United States. In 1961 She joined Jawaharlal Nehru
University and still serving there as a Emeritus Professor of History .
3. Stance of Romila Thapar
• Thapar has an interest in the social and cultural history of ancient
India.
• The increasing interest in the historiography of the early period is an
indicator of the awareness of the role of ideology in historical
interpretation.
• She has also used comparative method to study similar societies with
the evidence both literary and archaeological sources. Other sources
include linguistic, ethnographic and other fields of Indology.
5. Cont….
Readings in Early Indian History
The Past Before Us: Historical
Traditions of Early North India
From Lineage to State: Social
Formations in the Mid-first
Millennium B.C.in the Ganga
Valley
6. Cont….
Raj Rewal
The Historian and Her Craft: Collected Essays
(4 Volume Set)
Exotic Aliens: The Lion & The
Cheetah in India
8. Cont….
The Past As Present: Forging
Contemporary Identities
Through History
The Past as Present: Forging Contemporary
Identities Through History
Asoka and the Decline
of the Mauryas
10. Cont….
Narratives and the Making of History
Time As a Metaphor of History: Early India
N on Nationalism
11. The Past and Prejudice
Exile and the Kingdom: Some Thoughts on the
Ramayana (1978)
Cont….
12. Approaches
• Rational:Rational explanation of Past
• Critical Realism : Critical Interpretation of Past .How and For What
purpose things to be done? Her Emphasis is to identify the reason or
Cause behind to an Historical event.
• Academia: She is known as a Think Tank, She wrote books of class
6th subjected to Ideology of India and its Nationalist narrative.
• Unbiased: She is Not abide by the norms which proliferates History.
• Subjective: Key elements of Evolution of Indian Society was a
Aftermath of Colonization.
• Descriptive Analysis: Historical data and figures and Analysis of
elements like politics, society, Economics, Capitalism etc.
• Historiography Analysis : She study the methods of historians in
developing history and make analysis of it by concerning other
chronicles in order to get the facts regarding history
14. Sources for Analyzing what really happened
• Turko Persian Chronicles
• Inscriptions in an around Somanatha
• Jain Chronicles
• Sanskrit Chronicles
• Epics –Literature of Resistance
• Folk Cult
• 1842 ,House of Commons
15. Rationalist
• Rationalist : Rational explanation of Past
To DeduceReason
Source of Knowledge
i.e Chronicles, Archival
Data ,Artifacts
Justifications for a
beliefs (Story) is Critical
analysis of Past
Source of conceptual
apparatus is Constructivism
and Interpretivism
16. What is Reason According to Thapar
Reason
To Figure
Out what
actually
happened
To Deduce
To work
something
Out
To think
logically
To use
mind
19. Stance of BB Lal and Romila Thapar
The existence of a Hindu temple in the Janma Bhumi area at
Ayodhya preceding the construction of the Babri Masjid is so
eloquent Unfortunately, the basic problem with a certain category of
historians and archaeologists—and others of the same ilk—is that
seeing they see not or knowingly they ignore. Anyway, in spite of
them the truth has revealed itself. — Prof B. B. Lal
In the uppermost levels of this trench, hardly 50 centimetres below the
surface, were encountered rows of pillar-bases, squarish on plan and
made of brick-bats sometimes intermixed with a few stones. While most
of these bases were well within the trench, a few of them lay underneath
the edge of the trench towards the boundary wall of the Masjid.
Associated with the pillar-base-complex there were successive floors
made of lime mixed with brick jelly. No coin or inscription was found on
these floors but on the basis of the associated pottery and other
antiquities the entire complex could be dated from the 12th to 15th
20. Attached to the piers of the Babri Masjid there were twelve stone pillars
which carried not only typical Hindu motifs and mouldings but also
figures of Hindu deities. It was self-evident that these pillars were not
an integral part of the Masjid but were foreign to it. Since, as already
stated, the pillar-bases were penetrating into the Masjid-complex, a
question naturally arose whether these bases had anything to do with
the above-mentioned pillars affixed to the piers of the Masjid.
Since the main objective of the excavation was to ascertain the
antiquity of the settlement, the brief report in the Review did not make
any mention of these pillar-bases. In fact, these had nothing to do with
the main enquiry.(A lay stance in order to support the 2nd Report )
Excavation Findings
21. Excavation Findings
On December 6, 1992, the Masjid was demolished by the Kar
Sevaks who had assembled in a large number at the site. The demolition,
though regrettable, brought to light a great deal
of archaeological material from within the thick walls of the Masjid.
From the published reports it is gathered that there were more than 200
specimens which included many sculptured panels and architectural
components which must have once constituted parts of the demolished
temple. Besides, there were three inscriptions…
One inscription is engraved on a stone slab, measuring 1.10 x .56
metres, and consists of 20 lines. It has since been published by Professor
Ajaya Mitra Shastri of Nagpur University in the Puratattva,
22. The inscription is composed in high-flown Sanskrit verse, except for a small portion in
prose, and is engraved in the chaste and classical Nagari script of the eleventh-twelfth
century AD. It has yet to be fully deciphered, but the portions which have been fully
deciphered and read are of great historical significance . It was evidently put up on the
wall of the temple, the construction of which is recorded in the text inscribed on it.
Line 15 of this inscription, for example, clearly tells that a beautiful temple of
Vishnu-Hari, built with heaps of stone (sila-samhati-grahais) and beautified with a
golden spire (hiranya-kalasa-srisundaram) unparalleled by any other temple built by
earlier kings (purvvair-apy-akritam nripatibhir) was constructed. This wonderful
temple (aty–adbhutam) was built in the temple-city (vibudh–alayani) of Ayodhya
situated in the Saketamandala (district, line 17) showing that Ayodhya and Saketa
were closely connected, Saketa being the district of which Ayodhya was a part. Line
19 describes god Vishnu as destroying king Bali (apparently in the Vamana
manifestation) and the ten-headed personage (Dasanana i.e. Ravana).
23. Who? When? Why?
Refers to causality (cause), causality is fundamental to rational thinking.
You can’t have rational thinking until you are committed to some sense
of causality
Cause and effect Relation ship
There must be a Logic and rationality behind to causality
Somnath Temple Destroyed Hindus Truman Attack on BabriMosque
Critical Inquiry
24. Left Centric Historian /Unbiased
In autobiography titled Njan Enna Bharatiyan (I an Indian) of Dr KK
Muhammed, former Regional Director(North) of Archaeological Survey
of India, after Twenty four years later of the demolition of Babri Masjid
, Muhammad has come out with the allegation that Left historians like
Romila Thapar had thwarted(oppose) an amicable(polite) settlement to
the Babri Masjid issue. Dr KK Muhammed also claim that remains of a
Hindu temple were found during the excavation made by a team of
archaeologists headed by Professor BB Lal.
25. E vA
Epistemology
(How do we know)
Axiology (What is
right)
Ontology
Metaphysics (What is
Real)
Axiology
(What is right)
Ontology
Nature and Origin of the
matter
Critical Realism used to emphasis on
Knowing Through
Experience-Reason
Authority –Intuition
Active Construction
Ethics
Aesthetics
Axiology (What is
right)
Axiology (What is
right)
Axiology (What is right)
Searching of Facts with
the help of
Evidences(Archaeologi
cal Evidences )
Chronicles
(Sansikrat,Persian,Jain)
Analysis of Records
Innate Knowledge :
Skepticism
She make Judgments of
stories through
Rationalism approach
She became
objective while
perceiving History
and Interpret it in the
light of chronicles and
logics
Critical Realism
26. Primary Evidence
• Artifacts as the primary source for Interpretation of Past
• Further Excavations carried out will broaden the cultural profile will negate the
theory or some times add on the existing theory
Theory is Tentative
Existing
Theory
Excavations
Carried out
Artifacts
Contributes the
Cultural Profile of
Region
Rejection of old
theory
Consistency
Achieved
Scientific Theory
New theory
(Paradigm Shift)
Rejection of old
theory
27.
28. Colonization
Secular Nationalism
James Mill : They are not 1 Religious Nationalism
• Hinduism
• Muslims
Anti Colonization
Two
Monolithic
Societies
Muslims were
spread in sects
• Shia,
• Baralayee,
• Sunni
Hindus were
spread in sects
• Brahmanas
• Sharamans
etc
Society and its Discourse
29. Nationalism emerged as
Shared History, Religion
and Language
Historical origins gave power
to Anti Colonial Movements
Anti Colonial Nationalism
gave shape to wider identity
i.e Secular Identity
History is to the Nationalism while POPPY is to the opium addict
James Mill stance of Two different
Religions
Two Nation Theory
• Emergence of Nations State
Territoriality
Sovereignty
Equality of States
Nationalism
Power Politics
•
30. Critical Realism :Critical Interpretation of Past
Stance of Romila Thapar: An Historical Methodology
Q. What is Researcher’s evidence?
Q. How reliable is Researcher’s evidence?
Q. What are the causal linkups a Researcher’s is making in evidence?
Q. What is this leading Researcher’s to?
Q. Is Researcher’s “Eventual Argument” based on logic and
Reasoning?
Triangulation of Matter
Actuality
Reality
Experience
31. Triangulation:
• Reality : Knowledge of What and Why Things done (Somnath Destruction)
• Actuality: Knowledge of What actually happened (what was distructed Manath,
Langham)
• Experience: Knowledge of What is perceived to be happened (Invasion on Hindus
Sentiments )
Ontology
32. She did Academic Research. Thapars focus of study is Society .Her research model is
“Circular Model” qualitative in nature
Academia
Scientific
Theory
HypothesisObservation
Research
Available Historical
Theories are tested
with the help of
Chronicles and
Archaeological
Evidences
Design a study to test
hypothesis
Perform the Research
Create or
modify the
theory
34. • Qualitative Research
Historical Research
Research Method/Type
Particulars Description
Focus Experience -Stories
Philosophical Roots Constructivism , Interpretivism
Goals of Investigation Discover a new Theory
Design Characteristics Flexible -Easy to implement
35. Research Methodology
Rational behind the study
Rearch Hypothesis
Research
Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
Gap /Problem Definition
Research Objective
Research HypothesisResearch Design
Evidence
(Archaeological/Chronicles
Data Collection & Analysis tools
Limitations of the Study
36. Conclusion
• Romila did her extensive Study of Socio –Cultural ,Politics and Economical
Courses and discourses of India etc.
• Her study includes Historiography Analysis of Past events .She left the
theory of Somanatha open and wait for more evidence in order to know
what was really happened As she knows when studied Archaeological
findings . She came up with a complete insight of a past event.
• 1st Report of Archaeological survey of India did not mentioned the structural
elements of Somanatha which laid beneath the structure of Babri Mosque, and
and in the mosque(pillars) too the 2nd Report illustrates that structural elements
so it is quite doubtful and It is said that the 2nd report of ASI is not representing
facts. if structural elements were unearth earlier so why they cant reveal.
• She uncover the Stories which are the part of Nationalist narrative by
describing the facts.
37. Bibliography
• Thapar Romila https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiIACiUhuA8&fbclid=IwAR2M3M-
2XA1IEXof7FdnIz6k9xcjvykEKTpvg8l-XTxc5iEsY6Jk5cqKqg0 Accessed (1-Nov-2018)
• ThaparRomilahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJqjb4NzFRU&fbclid=IwAR2bBrmq2Eg
lm2ycSWlNdvIr3Mb6MmYAZ86e44-kJt4314WKQkXcgVE4hz4 Accessed (15-Nov-2018 )
• Thapar Romila https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
LxPzkeLBOo&fbclid=IwAR2ewsA_D9BSqcqiinyq-
lhnYwW2WixHL2S0EFQj4fe2uCbj_i_ANlXeUl8
• Accessed (17-Nov-2018)
• https://www.firstpost.com/india/left-historians-connived-with-extremists-mislead-muslims-
on-babri-issue-says-archaeologist-in-new-book-2592188.html accessed 1-dec-2018
• Thapar ,R.(2012) Umashankar Joshi Memorial Lecture “Perspectives of the History of
Somnatha” .
• Thapar,P. (2016), DNA , Efforts are being made to 'obfuscate' the definition of nationalism:
Romila Thapar .
38. • Bharata Bharati (2010) Was there a temple at the Ramjanmabhumi before the Babri Masjid was
built? – B.B. Lal https://bharatabharati.wordpress.com/2010/09/25/archaeology-was-there-a-
temple-at-the-ramjanmabhumi-before-the-babri-masjid-was-built-b-b-lal/ Accessed 17-Nov-2018)
• Thapar ,R.(2018) Quartz India ‘A histtorian explains why India’s ‘national culture’ is
both Hindu and Muslim .
Bibliography
Editor's Notes
Rational:Rational explanation of Past
Critical Realism : Critical Interpretation of Past .How and For What purpose things to be done? Her Emphasis is to identify the reason or Cause behind to an Historical event.
Academia: She is known as a Think Tank, She wrote books of class 6th subjected to Ideology of India and its Nationalist narrative.
Unbiased: She is Not abide by the norms which proliferates History.
Subjective: Key elements of Evolution of Indian Society was a Aftermath of Colonization.
Descriptive Analysis: Historical data and figures and Analysis of elements like politics, society, Economics, Capitalism etc.
Historiography Analysis : She study the methods of historians in developing history and make analysis of it by concerning other chronicles in order to get the facts regarding history
Stanza from a article A historian explains why Indian’s ‘National Culture’ is both Hindu and Muslim.
In her Interview
She told that It made her Intrigue when she moved from one set of Sources to another ,As she was grown up on the theory which comes from the Turko Persian Chronicles. Chronicles narrated that Mahmood of Ghazna Came and broke the temple and that was the beginning of Hindu Trauma: that is the way these chronicles were interpreted but when Rumila looked into the Chronicles i.e. Persian, Sanskrit and Jain these are depicting a different story
Romila wanted to see what He break: Did he break a Image or a Lighum at One stage they state that Piercing of belley of the image and whole bunch of
precious stones come out of belley
In the case of Linghum One man says that its on the ground other man says its suspended because there is a magnet in the ceiling and they placed the linghum on an Iron bar so whole thing was suspended its quite interesting that How a stone Linghum used to be suspended by a Magnet
One person demonstrates that Arabic Deities (Worshipped in Arabia) There were 3 Goddesses and Muhammad(P.B.U.H) had tell that people should stop worship these goddesses because they are Pre-Islamic, it was that Manath who used to bring out from there in order to save her,but Mahmood of Ghazna was anxious to destroy this godess to have a claim that he destroy Manath; Romila after having insight with in the chronicles was no more satisfied she astonnished about the fact that with in the chronicles they don’t agree.She Concerned Sansikrit Chronicles They narrated that there was a persian trader
Noor Ud Din, who signed a legal contract with the local traders about construction of Mosque ,Some of the land from Somnath State was given to him (200 years after the rade) more inscriptions tells where the Chief Priest of the Somanath Temple was doing deals with all these Persian traders as infact many of the wealthy temple used to trade with these persians as trade is a side activity it has nothing to do with religious sectors .
Then she study Jain Chronicles History of Charokiya Dynasty :why Kumara pala decided to restore temple which he does:there is no story mentioning Raid by Mahmud of Ghazana : Temple was restored because it was delapidated bacause of two reasons
1.one is the local ministers cant put attention to this temple
2.2nd is that as its in viscinity of Sea Shore ,wind spray came and destroys temple
That considered as a Prt of nationalist narrative
She is Rationalist According to her: Knowledge is possible through reason alone
She interpret past events in the light of Reasoning
Reason has 3 Yardsticks
What are the Sources of Knowledge for her: while interpreting Somanath’s history she used to concern i.e Persian,Sansikrat Jian Chronicles and Archival
Justifications for a beliefs (Story) is Critical analysis of Past :::Indian society Grown up on the Theory which comes from the Turko Persian Chronicles that Mahmmod of Ghazan broke the temple in order to destroy Manath ,,,Romila did her Critical Analysis on this Theory
Source of conceptual apparatus is Constructivism and Interpretivism :: Correct interpretation of Past what really happened and Constructivism refers to the filling of loop wholes
Unbiased: Not abide by the norms which proliferates History
So, what are norms The truma of hindus an aftermath of Somanath Temple destruction (she was not adherent of it as she cant support this stance of destroying Babri Mosque) why , because she discover the background or the fact as illustrated with in the chronicles
Romila Thapar on The Pattanam Excavations : this sight introducing the new dimension of Indian History and Archaeology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5_vD_KK3Dto
Inclusive Identity is comprehensive background (religious extremist Hindus and Muslims too) citizenship, religion spirituality, socio economic status , Nationalism, when Nationalism emerged ? It emerged as a resistance to Colonies (Anti Colonial Movements gave birth to Nationalism )
What is Nationalism and what is Integral to Nationalism this is the idea of Secular and Democratic Society.
Nationalism emerged at a point in history ,generally connected with the historical changes as of the last couple of years ,among these changes are the obvious ones that every body speaks of The rise of middle class in a society, Industrial technology,elements of electronic capitalism, idea of social equality and social justice. These didn’t exists in earlier times before 20r 300 years ago.they certainly did not exists when part of India were called Aryawarth,Jumbuveth, Bharatvarsh,and Alhind .etc Nationalism completely absent because historical context required for nationalism to emerged was also absent Historial Context when Nationalism Emerged::: The idea of nationalism that brings together the people of contiguous territories who believe that they are connected, They claim common origins shraed history ,religion and language. Colonization give birth to anti colonial movements.i.e. Hindu Muhatsabah and Muslim League . Freedom from colonial control raise questions regarding other kinds of control namely Religious and cast Thus these moments give shape to the wider nationalism in India ,Indian nationalism applied the older identities of the religion ,cast and language community would gradually have to give way to secular identity ,that of the Indian nation and citizen,thus Idea of India and its citizenship both are seculari.e Secular Nationalism … then James Mill put forward his idea through Colonial Nationalism thatIndia does not belongs to one state he sucessfully planted the idea through religious Nationalism and concept emerged as Two Nation Theory
Anti Colonial movement united Muslim and Hindus and termed it as Secular Nationalism it meant tolerance,co exsistance of religious groups ,non violence, etc Nationalism is a historical phase and evolutionay process where change in the phase is observed either colonization, anticolonial movement ,capitalistic development (identity of people coming together ) .Post Indepence gives equality of different religions,identities like language will be subordinated by national identity,creation of citizenship,equalituy of all citizens social justice,gender justice,rights of all the citizens
This concept is different from
Majority vs Minority we say those who are maximum so we had ths national identity ….
Geography territorial Nationalism
One identity what citizeshship
Nationalism emerged as Shared History, Religion and Language
Historical origins gave power to Anti Colonial Movements
Anti Colonial Nationalism gave shape to wider identity Secular Identity
James Mill stance of Two different Religions
Indian Independence Duties and obligations of state and Citizens Rights of Constiution are protected,State duty is to govern and administration it should protect rights of citizens ,right to life, livelihood,health,education social justice,equal status
Historical change go in size with the emergence of middle class ,society takes shape,Technology moves,Focus from agriculture,and activities of merchants changing technology,that tends to hold industrialization ,This enters in the industrial capitalization controlled by some of the industrialist and elites so clery emerged
A new nationalism identity emerged as Pakistan and India
Reality : Knowledge of What and Why Things done (Distruction of Babri Mosque and what was the chief cause of its destruction )
Actuality: Knowledge of What actually happened (what was distructed Manath, Langham and make sure about the fact that Manath was distructed or not)
Experience: Knowledge of What is perceived to be happened (Distruction of Somanath )
There are two models followed by Academia Researchers
1.Linear and Circular Model
Linear Model is for Geologist
Circular Model is followed by Historians it subject matter is Community and lated to Center of Power i.e. Institutions
In the Course of this Model Traditional Knowledge was examined then Historians made their extensive research in order to cover the loop holes through new understandings and new cultural findings emerged as a result of excavations then the Academic Publications done. As we know Theory is tentative it will be changed as a result of new sources and findings which contributes History .
Romila did her extensive Study on Ideology of India , Discourse in Indian Society ,Aftermaths of Colonization. National narratives and Politics of Subcontinent etc.
WW1
WW2
Non state actor gained Importance (East India Company)
State, Nation and Government
Sovereign State System
State as Monopoly
State as Functional Unit
State as Free Agent
State as Control of its International Role
State as Determenat of World Politics
Modern States
Territoriality
Sovereignty
Equality of States
Nationalism
Power Politics