Social psychology of individual groups

Learning objectivesLearning objectives
Socialization of the IndividualSocialization of the Individual
 What is Socialization?What is Socialization?
 Features of SocializationFeatures of Socialization
 Socialization and Personality DevelopmentSocialization and Personality Development
 Agencies of SocializationAgencies of Socialization
Human GroupHuman Group
 What is Group?What is Group?
 Features of GroupsFeatures of Groups
 Goals of GroupsGoals of Groups
 Benefits and Demerits of GroupsBenefits and Demerits of Groups
 Types of GroupsTypes of Groups
 Dimensions of GroupsDimensions of Groups
Group Formation/ DevelopmentGroup Formation/ Development
Psychology of Collective BehaviorPsychology of Collective Behavior
 Friday, February 2, 2018Friday, February 2, 2018
Kabir, SMS et al. (2016). BangladesherKabir, SMS et al. (2016). Bangladesher
Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). ProtikSamajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh). Protik
Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar,Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-2, Banglabazar,
1

What is Socialization?What is Socialization?
Socialization is the process bySocialization is the process by
which children and adults learn fromwhich children and adults learn from
others.others.
Socialization is the process through
which we develop our own individual
personalities: our cognitive beliefs,
perceptions, intellectual concepts of
how the world is put together.
Socialization is the process bySocialization is the process by
which children and adults learn fromwhich children and adults learn from
others.others.
Socialization is the process through
which we develop our own individual
personalities: our cognitive beliefs,
perceptions, intellectual concepts of
how the world is put together.
Friday, February 2, 2018Friday, February 2, 2018
2

What is Socialization?What is Socialization?
 Natural socializationNatural socialization occurs when infants andoccurs when infants and
youngsters explore, play and discover the socialyoungsters explore, play and discover the social
world around them.world around them.
 Planned socializationPlanned socialization occurs when other peopleoccurs when other people
take actions designed to teach or train others -take actions designed to teach or train others -
from infancy.from infancy.
 Positive socializationPositive socialization is the type of socialis the type of social
learning that is based on pleasurable and excitinglearning that is based on pleasurable and exciting
experiences.experiences.
 Negative socializationNegative socialization occurs when others useoccurs when others use
punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try topunishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to
“teach us a lesson”.“teach us a lesson”.
 Natural socializationNatural socialization occurs when infants andoccurs when infants and
youngsters explore, play and discover the socialyoungsters explore, play and discover the social
world around them.world around them.
 Planned socializationPlanned socialization occurs when other peopleoccurs when other people
take actions designed to teach or train others -take actions designed to teach or train others -
from infancy.from infancy.
 Positive socializationPositive socialization is the type of socialis the type of social
learning that is based on pleasurable and excitinglearning that is based on pleasurable and exciting
experiences.experiences.
 Negative socializationNegative socialization occurs when others useoccurs when others use
punishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try topunishment, harsh criticisms or anger to try to
“teach us a lesson”.“teach us a lesson”.
3

Features of SocializationFeatures of Socialization
 Socialization differs markedly fromSocialization differs markedly from
society to society.society to society.
 Socialization differs also by subculture.Socialization differs also by subculture.
 Socialization can also differ by region.Socialization can also differ by region.
 Socialization is an on-going, life-longSocialization is an on-going, life-long
process.process.
Socialization is a critical process - itSocialization is a critical process - it
enables society to reproduce itselfenables society to reproduce itself
socially as well as biologically.socially as well as biologically.
4

Socialization andSocialization and
Personality DevelopmentPersonality Development
Personality is simply an individual’s typicalPersonality is simply an individual’s typical
patterns of attitudes and behaviors recognizedpatterns of attitudes and behaviors recognized
by the individual and by others.by the individual and by others.
Basically three components to personality –Basically three components to personality –
CognitiveCognitive: what we think, perceive, and: what we think, perceive, and
remember.remember.
BehavioralBehavioral: our abilities, talents, and skills.: our abilities, talents, and skills.
EmotionalEmotional: feelings, love, hate, sympathy,: feelings, love, hate, sympathy,
anger.anger.
5

Three Levels of SocializationThree Levels of Socialization
 Primary SocializationPrimary Socialization typically begins attypically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginningbirth and moves forward until the beginning
of the school years.of the school years.
Secondary SocializationSecondary Socialization occurs in lateroccurs in later
childhood and adolescence when children gochildhood and adolescence when children go
to school and come under the influence ofto school and come under the influence of
non-family members.non-family members.
Adult SocializationAdult Socialization occurs as we assumeoccurs as we assume
adult roles such as wife/ husband/adult roles such as wife/ husband/
employee/ etc.employee/ etc.
 Primary SocializationPrimary Socialization typically begins attypically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginningbirth and moves forward until the beginning
of the school years.of the school years.
Secondary SocializationSecondary Socialization occurs in lateroccurs in later
childhood and adolescence when children gochildhood and adolescence when children go
to school and come under the influence ofto school and come under the influence of
non-family members.non-family members.
Adult SocializationAdult Socialization occurs as we assumeoccurs as we assume
adult roles such as wife/ husband/adult roles such as wife/ husband/
employee/ etc.employee/ etc.
6

Erikson’s TheoryErikson’s Theory ofof PersonalityPersonality
DevelopmentDevelopment
Stage IStage I: Trust vs.: Trust vs.
Mistrust (1 year; Infancy)Mistrust (1 year; Infancy)
Stage IIStage II: Autonomy vs.: Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt (2+3Shame and Doubt (2+3
yrs)yrs)
Stage IIIStage III: Initiative vs.: Initiative vs.
Guilt (4+5 yrs)Guilt (4+5 yrs)
Stage IVStage IV: Industry vs.: Industry vs.
Inferiority (6-11 yrs;Inferiority (6-11 yrs;
Elementary school)Elementary school)
Stage VStage V: Identity vs. Role: Identity vs. Role
Confusion (12-18 yrs)Confusion (12-18 yrs)
Stage VIStage VI: Intimacy vs.: Intimacy vs.
Isolation (young adulthood)Isolation (young adulthood)
Stage VIIStage VII: Generativity: Generativity
vs. Self- absorptionvs. Self- absorption
(middle age)(middle age)
Stage VIIIStage VIII: Integrity vs.: Integrity vs.
Despair (old age)Despair (old age)
7

Agencies of SocializationAgencies of Socialization
 The FamilyThe Family
 ReligionReligion
 Peer groupPeer group
 EconomicEconomic
systemssystems
 Legal systemsLegal systems
 Penal systemsPenal systems
 LanguageLanguage
 Mass mediaMass media
 LearningLearning
8

What is Group?What is Group?
A group is defined as two or moreA group is defined as two or more
individuals who are connected to oneindividuals who are connected to one
another by social relationships (Donelsonanother by social relationships (Donelson
R. Forsyth, 2006).R. Forsyth, 2006).
This definition has the merit of bringingThis definition has the merit of bringing
together three elements: the number oftogether three elements: the number of
individuals involved; connection, andindividuals involved; connection, and
relationship.relationship.
Human Group
9

What is Group?What is Group?
Human Group
J. F. Benson (2000) has to identify a list of attributes-J. F. Benson (2000) has to identify a list of attributes-
 A set of people engage in frequent interactions.A set of people engage in frequent interactions.
 Identify with one another.Identify with one another.
 Defined by others as a group.Defined by others as a group.
 Share beliefs, values, and norms about areas ofShare beliefs, values, and norms about areas of
common interest.common interest.
 Define themselves as a group.Define themselves as a group.
 Come together to work on common tasks and forCome together to work on common tasks and for
agreed purposes.agreed purposes.
They have three crucial characteristics-They have three crucial characteristics-
•There are parts;There are parts;
•There is relationship between the parts; andThere is relationship between the parts; and
•There is an organizing principle.There is an organizing principle.
10

Features of Groups
Norms that determine appropriateNorms that determine appropriate
behavior.behavior.
Roles that are assigned to people thatRoles that are assigned to people that
determine what behaviors anddetermine what behaviors and
responsibilities people should take on.responsibilities people should take on.
A communication structure thatA communication structure that
determines who talks to whom within thedetermines who talks to whom within the
group.group.
A power structure that determines howA power structure that determines how
much authority and influence groupmuch authority and influence group
members have.members have. Friday, February 2, 2018Friday, February 2, 2018
Human Group
11

GoalsofGroups
1.1.AffiliativeAffiliative
2.2.EgoisticEgoistic
3.3.Functional andFunctional and
4.4.CognitiveCognitive
Human Group
12

Benefits and Demerits of GroupsBenefits and Demerits of Groups
Socialization and educationSocialization and education
 Relationships can form and growRelationships can form and grow
 Help and supportHelp and support
 Wisdom flourishesWisdom flourishes
 The many are smarter than the fewThe many are smarter than the few
× Inter-group conflict× Inter-group conflict
× Warp their judgments× Warp their judgments
× Damaging decision making× Damaging decision making
Human Group
13

Types of Groups
Primary and Secondary GroupsPrimary and Secondary Groups
Planned and Emergent GroupsPlanned and Emergent Groups
Formal GroupsFormal Groups
Informal GroupsInformal Groups
Human Group
14

Types of Groups
Formal and informal organizations differ from eachFormal and informal organizations differ from each
other in the following respects-other in the following respects-
 OriginOrigin
 PurposePurpose
 SizeSize
 Nature of GroupsNature of Groups
 Number of GroupsNumber of Groups
 AuthorityAuthority
 Behavior of MembersBehavior of Members
 CommunicationCommunication
 AbolitionAbolition
Human Group
15

Dimensions of GroupsDimensions of Groups
Group interactionGroup interactionGroup interactionGroup interaction
Group interdependenceGroup interdependenceGroup interdependenceGroup interdependence
Group structureGroup structureGroup structureGroup structure
Group goalsGroup goalsGroup goalsGroup goals
Group cohesionGroup cohesionGroup cohesionGroup cohesion
Friday, February 2, 2018Friday, February 2, 2018SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong
Human Group
Common fateCommon fate
ProximityProximity
SimilaritySimilarity
Group SizeGroup Size
Group NormsGroup Norms
Group RolesGroup Roles
•Cooperative GoalCooperative Goal
•Competitive GoalCompetitive Goal

Human Group
Group Formation/ DevelopmentGroup Formation/ Development
Psychologist Bruce Tuckman's (1965)Psychologist Bruce Tuckman's (1965)
breaks group development into the followingbreaks group development into the following
five stages –five stages –
 Forming
 Storming
 Norming
 Performing
 Adjourning/Mourning
17

PsychologyofCollectivePsychologyofCollective
BehaviorBehavior
Human BehaviorHuman Behavior
• AttitudeAttitude
• Social NormsSocial Norms
• Core Faith and CultureCore Faith and Culture
• GeneticsGenetics
Collective BehaviorCollective Behavior
• FadsFads
• CrazesCrazes
• Disaster BehaviorDisaster Behavior
• Mass HysteriaMass Hysteria
• RumorsRumors
• RiotsRiots
• Moral PanicsMoral Panics
• CrowdsCrowds
18

QuestionsQuestions
AnswersAnswers
19

Friday, February 2, 2018
Kabir, SMS et al. (2016). Bangladesher
Samajtattwa (Sociology of Bangladesh).
Protik Publisher, ISBN: 978-984-8794-69-
2, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100;
20

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