This document contains entries from a student named Chong Zhao Lun for their Social Psychology class. The first entry defines social learning perspective as learning new attitudes or behaviors from observing others, whether good or bad behaviors. The second entry explains social comparison as comparing oneself to others in terms of characteristics, abilities, and opinions. The third entry defines availability heuristic as relying on immediate examples that come to mind to make decisions, even if those examples are not the most common. The fourth entry discusses covariation theory, which looks at consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency when explaining others' behaviors. The fifth entry defines cognitive dissonance as the unease resulting from clashing beliefs when making a decision.

1. NAME: CHONG ZHAO LUN
ID: 0320408
GROUP: MONDAY 9AM – 11AM
SUBJECT: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, FNBE
SUBMISSION DATE: 26TH APRIL 2015

2. Entry 1: Social Learning Perspective
The definition of Social Learning Perspective is people learnt a new attitude or behavior by
observing other people behavior. The social learning required to give attention on observed
people behavior. When a person born, he or she will do everything from other people action,
even their action is good or bad and they try to learning new attitude from those people. For
example, an underage kid following an adult taking a cigarette but he still don't know how harm
to his body is. When I was a student, I observing the other student was received a gift because
he doing a great job helping the teacher, I imitate the student in the hope to get the gift too.
Moreover, the people will observe the other in a bad attitude or behavior, the will starting a
new behavior that they not doing from it. For example, a thief robbed a bank and gets caught
by the police officer, the citizen will giving attention from that behavior and not imitates the
same behavior from him because they know that the action will take disadvantage for them. A
new behavior will came out if one else observing and imitating or copy the other behavior.

3. Entry 2: Social Comparison
Social Comparison carried out on people own personal or their own social based on how they
compared with each other by comparing their characteristics, abilities and opinions. People
usually making self-compare the thing in their life like a variety of domain. For example, people
always envy on other people attractive, successful, wealth, population, and intelligence. Social
Comparison got two types, which are upward comparison and downward comparison. Upward
comparison is like comparing with the people with higher achieves by envy them. Downward
comparison is expecting oneself thing that enough. For example, for me, I was an upward
comparison in school. I always envy own my classmates that getting high achieves then me.
Every time wanted to achieve more higher than them. For example, I always wanted to score a
A+ to target myself to get the higher mark. But actually when I get higher achieves than all of
my classmates, I will stop getting the higher score because no one had better than me. That
mean you reach enough when you get better thing than other but not getting the higher.

4. Entry 3: Availability Heuristic
Availability Heuristic defined is a mental shortcut on how easily the immediate example that
crosses into brain. When I want to making a decision, something wills immediate came into my
mind that some number of related to those situation had happen before. Those kind of thing
are usually where you have saw or when you had heard that been saved in your mind. Mostly,
these memories are remembered as important as thing that you don't remember as normal.
For example, I want to travel to Singapore, but do I go there by airplane or bus? The question
automatically come to mind and some of news that happen before about negative of airplane,
like hijacking airplane in Malaysia or some reason the airplane suddenly fall down from
somewhere. That kind of dangerous reason had come to my mind. Then I will make decision
again that I rather taking by bus better because safety. Another example, there a burger fast-
food stall and fried chicken fast food stall. People said that this burger had cause a lot of people
getting food poison cause of dirty. People will start making decision on having food on the
other fast food stall. Availability Heuristic will give a shortcut of example for when a people are
thinking about specific topic.

5. Entry 4: Covariation Theory
Covariation mean when we explaining on other people behavior. We are looking on the
similarities to help us making less wide for some specific topic. There are three kind of
covariation that helps us to taper down the question. Examples for three covariations are
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Each of these three had high or low. For example,
when I and my friend ordering food in a restaurant, then these three covariations will help us
decide that situation. When my friend order two pieces of ‘roti canai’ and I look around other
table of people also eating on two pieces of ‘roti canai’, then my friend’s behavior is high
consensus. My friend eats two pieces of ‘roti canai’ at that restaurant, but he eats breakfast at
my house or other place just only one pieces of “roti canai”, this show that my friend’s behavior
was high distinctiveness. Does my friend always eat two pieces of ‘roti canai’? We came here
last week, he also orders two pieces of ‘roti canai’, and so the behavior for my friend is
consistency as high. This covaraiton theory that helps us to understand what the other people
are thinking.

6. Entry 5: Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance is something that uneasy when you do something that you against your
belief. For example, the story of fox and grape is related to this theory. The fox can’t get the
grape because is too high, so he told himself that the grape is sour and not tasty. A disagreeable
decision by the people when a new belief when clash with the belief before. For example, when
old men had a high cholesterol level, then he continues to eat food that will increase his
cholesterol level, like seafood. He also know that was bad for his health, he know that if his
cholesterol level was high will cause him fade up too. He may also thinking that he was enjoying
the food so much and is worth that he only live once. Another option is he thinks that his health
is not that serious and negative for himself. The third option he can’t avoid any accident or
dangerous occur that came for him. The last one is if he stop eating food that with high
cholesterol but he will continue drinking alcohol and smoking cigarette. Cognitive Dissonance
can help us to be aware of how conflict belief on making decision is a good way to improve our
ability.